Grammar Notebook Felicia Billings
Semester 1
Table of Contents
Qué vs Cuál Ser: doctorped Estar: helping Gustar Transitions Words Imperfect
› Triggers› Irregular
Acabar de + infinitive Hace expressions Formulas
Verbos como Gustar Reflexive Verbs
› Sentirse Modal Verbs Tú Commands
› Affirmative › Negative› Irregulars
DOP + placement Preterite
Example:• ¿De que color es los zapatos?• ¿Cuál es tu
numero de telefono?
Qu
é v
s. C
uál
Qué
Cuál
What? Used when asked for
defintions Most often used before
nouns Same singular and pural
form
Which or What? Usually used before es and other
forms of ser when not seeking a definition
Used to seggest a choice or selection form a group
Singular: Cuál Pural: Cuáles
Ser to be
Description› ¿Qué es?
Origin› ¿De dondé es?
Characteristics› ¿Cómo es?
Time› ¿Qué hora es?
Occupation› ¿Qué hace?
Relationships› ¿Quien es?
Possession› ¿De quienes?
Events› ¿Cyando/
donde es?
Dates› ¿Qué dia es
hoy?
Heath
¿Como estas?
Emotions
¿Como estas?
Location
¿Donde esta?
Present Condition
¿Como esta?
Estar to be
I ar: ando N ir/er:
endo
G ir/er:
-yendo
Estar is used when you are talking about something temporary.
Gustar to like or enjoy
Me gusta Nos gusta
Te gusta Os gusta
Le gusta Les gusta
Singular:•The singular forms of gustar are used when the object that follows is singular.Ex. Me gusta el boligrafa
Me gustan Nos gustan
Te gustan Os gustan
Le gustan Les gustanPlural:•Use the plural form when the object following gustar is also plural.Ex. Me gustan los bibligrafas.
To say you do NOT like something, you put a NO before the me,te, le, nos, os, or
les.
You should clarify or make it easier for the reader/listener to understand who or what likes the ____, since the pronouns are not very direct.Place an “a (name or regular pronoun) + gustar pronoun + gustar. Examples:
A mi me gusta – clarify that I like it.
A Juan le gusta –clarifying Juan likes it.
Transition Words
Primero first Entonces then Después after Normalmente normally Típicamente tipically Cada diás everyday Por la mañana in the morning Por la tarde in the adternoon
Por la noche in the night
Antes before Segund second Igualmente generally También also Una vez once Por la tonto accordingly
Imperfect
Uses› Ongoing past tense action› Repeated action› No definite beginning or end
Like a film not just a single snap shot› Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions
AR ER/IR
- aba Yo - ía
- abas Tú - ías
- aba Usted - ía
- ábamos Nostrosos - íamos
- abais Vostoros - íais
- aban Ustedes - ían
Examples:Todos los días yo
hablabaEveryday I talk.
Cuando era una niña, montaba los cabollos.
When I was a little girl, I rode horses.
Only Regular Imperfect Verbs.
Irregular Imperfect
Have the same uses! 3 irregular verbs are ir, ser, and ver.
Ir• iba• ibas• iba• íbamos• ibais• iban
Ser• era• eras• era• éramos• erais• eran
Ver• veía• veías• veía• veíamos• veíais• veían
Triggers
todos los días•everyday
a menudo•often
a veces•sometimes
Siempre•always
cada día•everyday
los lunes•Mondays
generalmente•generally mientras
•while
De vez en cuando•occasionally
Muchas veces•Very often
frecuentemente•frequently
Acabar de + infintive
Conjugate acabar:› Examples
I have just finished swimming
Acabo de nadar. Acabar conjugated de
infinitive
Yo Acabo de
Tú Acabas de
Usted Acaba de
Nosotros Acabamos de
Ustedes Acaban de
Acabar de : to just have finished Use this formula to say you have just done
something, you have just completed an action
Hace expressions
Hace + time + que + conjugated verb › = have mush time you have spent doing
something The conjugated verb can be in any tense Examples
› I spent 4 hours working on my Spanish Grammar Book
› Hace cuatro horas que trabajo en mi Español Libro Gramática Hace + time + que + conjugated verb
Formulas
Hace + time + que + conjugated verbThis formula is used to talk about how much time you have been
doing something.
Hay + que + infintiveThis formulas is used to talk about how much time you have been
doing something.
Se prohibe + infintiveThis formula is used to talk about what needs to be done or what
must de done.It is very impersonal and is directed to no one in particular.
Ir + a + infintiveThis formula tells what someone is going to do. * Remember to conjugate ir and leave what they are going to do in the infinitive.
Verbos como Gustar
•gusta
•gustan
Me•falt
a•falt
an
Te
•duele
•duelen
Le
•fascina
•fascinan
Nos
•molesta
•molestan
Les
Gustar(to like)
Faltar(to miss, missing)
Doler(to hurt, hurts)
Fascinar(to fasinate)
Molestar(to bully, bother)
PronounsVerbs
The singular and plural forms rules apply to these verbs too.The clarifying rules are also the same.
Reflexive Verbs
Verbs to do for or to yourself -se stuck on to the end of the verb
› Example: Levarse, Peinarse The do-er and reciever of the action are the
same.› I wash my face. I am doing the washing but I (my
face) is also receiving the washing. Refelxive pronouns: me nos
te osse se
Reflexive verb, reflects on how oneslf feels
Stem changer (e – ie) “boot” ¿Cómo te sientes?
› Me siento… ¿Cómo se sienten?
› Se siente…
Sentirse to feel
Me siento Nos sentimos
Te sientes Os sentís
Se siente Se sienten
Modal Verbs
ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
poder + infinitive (are able to do something)
querer + infinitive (want to do something)
deber + infinitive (should do something)
* Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning.
The o now has an accent because
when you attach a DOP to a
affirmative commands, you have to accent the third to last syllable so the pronunciation says the same
Tú C
om
an
ds
Aff
rimativ
eN
egativ
e
Conjugate into tú form Simply drop the “s” DOPs can be attached to the end
› Examples How do you say “Eat the hamburger!” ¡Come la hamburguesa! Or you can say ¡Cómelo!
Irregulars: TVDISHES Conjugate to the yo form Change the vowel
› ar = e er/ir = a Add a “s” DOPs can NOT attach to the
end, instead they come after the no but before the verb.› Examples
Don’t eat it ¡no lo comas! Comas
Coma
Add s
Como
Change vowel er verb =a
ComerConjugate to yo form
Salir
AffrimativeDiHazVePonSalSéTen Ven
Irregular tú commands Negative
No digasNo hagasNo vayasNo pongasNo salgasNo seasNo tengasNo vengas
Ser
Decir
Hacer Ir
Poner
Tener
Venir
DOP + placement rules are the same.
DOP + placement Reflexives
› A sentence can have both a subject pronoun and reflexive Yo me quito la ropa El se pone el desodorante. Subject pronoun reflexive pronoun conjugated reflexive verb …
› Infintive Contruction: The pronouns are added to the end of the infintive reflexive verb You replace the –se with the correct subject-verb agreement pronoun Voy a afeitarme Infintive reflexive verbreflexive pronoun.
3 ways to attach DOPs at the end› Infintives
Voy a Comerlo I am going to eat it› Affirmative Commands
¡Cómelo! Eat it! The o now has an accent because when you attach a DOP to a affirmative
commands, you have to accent the third to last syllable so the pronunciation says the same.
› Present Progressive Estoy comiendolo I will eat it
Negative Commands› Pronouns are placed after the no but before the verb in a negative command.
¡No lo comas! Do not eat it!
Me Nos
te Os
LoLa
LosLas
Preterite
AR ER/IR
- é Yo - í
- aste Tú - iste
- ó Usted - ió
- amos Nostrosos - imos
- aran Ustedes - ieron
Endings
Uses› Simple happened and its over action; a definite
time in the past› Has a beginign and or ending› It’s a single snapshot in time› Example
• The boy fell and broke his leg. It happened at that single point in time.
Tigger words for Preterite:Ayer yesterday
A noche at night
El año pasado last year
La semana passado
Last week
Ante ayerbefore
yesterday
FIN