Download - Graphs 2 Know For The AP Econ Exam

“Redelsheimer’s Graphs to Know” AP Macro Review Copyright 2005


Q

QQ

Rob

ots

(thou

sand

s)

Pizzas (thousands)

1413121110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A B

C

D

E

W

Attainablebut

Inefficient

Unattainable

Attainable& Efficient

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES


Production Possibilities Curve

Shows: • Opportunity Cost: More pizzas means less

robots• Unempolyment / Inefficiency: Inside the curve• Efficiency: On the curve• Economic Growth: Curve shifts to the right


Pric

e Le

vel

Real Domestic Output, GDP

Q

P AS

AD

AGGREGATE DEMAND / AGGREGATE SUPPLY

EquilibriumReal Output

Y

P


Pric

e Le

vel


Q

P AS

AD

AS/AD: Recession


ASLR

Long Run Aggregate Supply (Full Employment)

Y

P


Pric

e Le

vel


Q

P AS

AD

AS/AD: Inflation: Beyond Full Employment


ASLR

Long Run Aggregate Supply (Full Employment)

Y f Y 1

P


Pric

e Le

vel


Q

P ASAD1

INCREASES IN AD: DEMAND-PULL INFLATION

P2

P1

AD2

Yf Y1


Pric

e Le

vel


Q

P AS1

AD1

DECREASES IN AS: COST-PUSH INFLATION

P2

Y 1Y 2

AS2

P1


AGGREGATE SUPPLY / AGGREGATE DEMAND

SHOWS: • National Output: (Real GDP)• Employment and Unemployment• Price Level

Aggregate Demand CurveDown Sloping Due To:

• Real-Balances Effect• Interest-Rate Effect• Foreign Purchases Effect


NO

MIN

AL

inte

rest

rate

, i

Quantity of Money

Dm

Sm

THE MONEY MARKETShift the Supply curve (always vertical) when FED changes the money supply to change nominal interest rates!

i

•If Nominal GDP Increases, Transactions Demand increases, and Dm Curve Shifts to the right.

•If Asset Demand for money increases, Dm Curve shifts to right

“Redelsheimer’s Graphs to Know” AP Macro Review Copyright 2005Real domestic output, GDP

Dm

InvestmentDemand Graph

rate

of i

nter

est,

i 10

8

6

0

Qty. of Money Amount of investment, I

MONETARY POLICY AND EQUILIBRIUM GDPSm1

AS

AD1(I=$15)

P1

10

8

6

0

Sm2

AD3(I=$25)P2

If the Money SupplyIncreases to Stimulatethe Economy…Interest Rate DecreasesInvestment IncreasesAD & GDP Increases with slight inflation

Pric

e le

vel

AD2(I=$20)

P3

Sm3

Increasing money supply continues the growth – but, watch Price Level.

ID

rate

of i

nter

est,

i

Money Market

Graph


Rea

l Int

eres

t Rat

e, r

Quantity of Loanable Funds

LOANABLE FUNDS MARKET

r

D

Q

S

This graph shows how the supply and demand for loanable funds affects real interest rates!


Loanable Funds Market Graph(Long-Term Interest Rates)

What changes Supply: 1. Increase in

Household savings2. Increase in Gov’t

savings3. Increase in Business

savings4. Increase in Business

savings5. Increase in

Foreigners’ savings

What changes Demand: 1. Increase in Household

borrowing2. Increase in business

Investment3. Increase in Foreign

borrowing4. Increase in Government

borrowing (When the gov’t has a budget deficit!) = (the crowding -out effect)


The Market for Yen

Quantity of Yen

Dol

lar P

rice

of 1

Yen

0

P

QQe

Sy

Dy

THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET


P

Q

Dy

SyD

olla

r pric

e of

one

Yen

Quantity of Yen

3

2

1

Dollardepreciates

Dollarappreciates

The Market for Yen

THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET


Ann

ual r

ate

of in

flatio

n(p

erce

nt)

Unemployment rate (percent)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

As inflation declines...

THE PHILLIPS CURVE CONCEPT

unemploymentincreases

And vice versa!

SRPC


Ann

ual r

ate

of in

flatio

n(p

erce

nt)

Unemployment rate (percent)

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

THE PHILLIPS CURVE CONCEPT

SRPC 1

LRPC = Is the naturalRate of Unemployment

SRPC 2

With Stagflation, Shift SRPC to the right

With AD shift, move along existing SRPC


Phillips Curve

• Short run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.

• In the Long Run there is no trade off. The long run Phillips curve is Vertical!

• Stagflation (an increase in Unemployment and inflation) or an Aggregate Supply Shock will shift the SRPC to the right.

• Decreases in Inflation and Unemployment will shift the SRPC to the left. (and increase in AS would cause this)


TWO WAYS TO SHOW ECONOMIC GROWTH

A

B

C

D

Cap

ital G

oods

Consumer Goods

Pric

e Le

vel

Real GDP

ASLR1 ASLR2

Q1 Q2


Causes of Economic Growth

1. Increased investments in Capital Stock. 2. Increased investments in Human Capital

(education, training) and increases in quantity of human resources

3. New Technology leading to increased productivity

4. Increase in quantity and quality of natural resources


BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS

RESOURCES INPUTS

$ COSTS $ INCOMES

PRODUCTMARKET

GOODS &SERVICES

GOODS &SERVICES

$ CONSUMPTION$ REVENUE

GOVERNMENT

RESOURCEMARKET

Circular Flow Model