Green actions in the Air Traffic Management perspective
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Tomas Mårtensson, Martin Hagström; FOI
Outline – what will I talk about?
• Overview on emissions from aviation
• Compositions and effects on climate
• How much emissions are there from aviation (EU-perspective)
• What can Air Navigation Service (ANS) providers do?
• How to measure “green actions”, what is good and what is bad?
• Environmental Key Performance Indicators.
• The need for Trade-off studies.
• Conclusions
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Emitted substances
From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009),
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Aviation emissions
• Aviation is an unique emission source. Release occur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (8-12 km) on a global scale
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Emitted substances
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009),
Aviation emissions in European airspace
2009Flights within
EUROCONTROL area
Flights to/from EUROCONTROL
area
within / outside
TOTAL within EUROCONTROL
area
Number of flights ~7,700 000 ~1,700 000 ~9,400 000
Average number of seats 123 220 153
Average Max Take Off Weight 63 t 203 t 94 t
Average Distance flown 900 km 1691 / 3039 km 1046 km
Average flight time 80 min 125 / 206 min 88 min
Fuel per flight 3.1 t 10.8 / 22.4 t 4.5 t
Total Fuel 23 000 000 t 19 Mt / 39 Mt 42 000 000 t
CO2 74 000 000 t 59 Mt / 122 Mt 133 000 000 t
% 56 % 44 % 100 %
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009
Aviation fuel efficiency
Airlines / Manufactures ANS Air Navigation Service
Load factor Aircraft fuel efficiency
ANS fuel efficiency
Optimal vs actual trajekctory
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Horizontal flight efficiency
TMA
TMA
GCD
DC
A
TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring AreaGCD = Great Circle DistanceDC = Direct CourseA = Actual route
Horizontal flight efficiency
Actual route
Direct Course
Great Circle
Direct Route extension32,3 km
TMAInterface15,3 km
En route Extension+47.6 km
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009
922 km
890 km
874 km
Terminal Manoeuvring Area
From FL95 to “gear out”
B737-600 BROWN GREEN DIFF
Flown Distance 89,4 km 54,9 km 34,5 km
Fuel used 276 kg 109 kg 167 kg
Inefficiencies actionable by ANS
2009Fuel
Flight
Fuel Total
CO2 Total
%
Estimated average within European airspace 4,5 t 42 Mt 133 Mt 100 %
Horizontal en-route flight path 163 kg 1,5 Mt 4,8 Mt 3,6 %
Vertical en-route flight profile 25 kg 0,2 Mt 0,7 Mt 0,6 %
Airborne Terminal 51 kg 0,5 Mt 1,5 Mt 1,1 %
Taxi-out phase 32 kg 0,3 Mt 0,9 Mt 0,7 %
Total ~271 kg ~2,5 Mt ~8,0 Mt ~ 6 %
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Green actions from ANS acts on all aircrafts
Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009
ANS ways of reducing emissions
• Airspace design
• Free route air spacing (FRAS)
• Arrival and Departure route design (STAR/SID)
• Use of Precision Navigation procedures
• Arrival and departure manager (AMAN/DMAN)
• Continuous Descend Operations
• Better use of weather information
• Optimum use of Runways
• Timing and punctuality
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
What are the problems?
• The European borders…
• Trade-off considerations
• Safety versus Nothing
• Capacity versus Environment
• Emissions versus Noise
• How to measure what actual benefits there is from “green” actions taken in ATM?
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
How to measure potential benefits from operational procedure changes?
• FOI worked with LFV ANS to develop environmental Key Performance Indicators (KPI) 2009-2010.
• Build the KPI:s from available systems.
• The limitations with data from available systems are:
• Swedish airspace, Phase of flight, not all airports, Spatial resolution, time resolution, formats, metadata
• The recommendation was to use radar-tracks archived in Noise monitoring system. Covers the ten largest airports in Sweden out to 50 nm with high resolution in space and time for all flights.
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Suggested environmental KPIs
• Flown distance [nm]
• Excessive lateral flown distance [nm]
• Fuel consumption [kg]
• Additional fuel consumption [kg]
• Number of CDA.
• Time in levelled flight [minutes] [%]
• Taxi time [minutes]*all defined as an average per flight
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
FOI project team with LFV: Benny Jansson, Tomas Mårtensson, Björn Nevhage, Maria Stenström
Flown distance
DARR1DARR2
DARR3
DDEP3
DDEP2DDEP1
DARR1DARR2
DARR3
DDEP3
DDEP2DDEP1
deparr
n
jDEP
n
iiARR
nn
DD
KPI
dep
j
arr
111
deparr
n
jDEP
n
iiARR
nn
DD
KPI
dep
j
arr
111
DARR = True flown distance of arriving flights [nm]
DDEP = True flown distance of departing flights [nm]
narr = number of landings
ndep = number of take-off
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
The sum of flown distance over a day
Sum of flown distancein TMA
Time of day00 06 12 18 24
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
DARR1DARR2
DARR3
DDEP3
DDEP2DDEP1
DARR1DARR2
DARR3
DDEP3
DDEP2DDEP1
Excessive lateral flown distance
d = norm [nm]
ddep
darr
deparr
n
jdepDEP
n
iarriARR
nn
dDdD
KPI
dep
j
arr
11
)()(
2
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
How to chose a normative distance in real life operations ?
(Figure from LFV)Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
ARLANDATake Off RWY 08Landing RWY 01L
Time in levelled flight
1 2 3 654
Six flights to Arlanda from distance 50 nm until touch down at RWY 26
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
(Data from LFV/(Swedavia, ANOMS system)
Trade-off: Noise - Emissions
Emissions versus Noise
Runway
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Lowest emissions = Direct Course
RWY
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Lowest Noise
RWY
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Real operations
RWY
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
Emissions versus Noise
Release of CO2
/day
NoiseImpact
/day
Minimum CO2
Minimum Noise
“Today”
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
CO2 Cap
Noise legislation
Today = x movements/day
FOI. Clausen Mork et al.
“Tomorrow
Tomorrow = y movements/day
Conclusions
• Last year, ~44 Million tones of kerosene was burned within in EUROCONTROL Area (excl sport & military aviation).
• ANS can act on ~6 % of aviation emissions (more for individual flights)
• There is a need for better measures (KPI:s) with high resolution in time and space to be able to quantify “green actions”
• Suggested Key Performance Indicators
• Flown distance, Excessive Lateral flown distance, Fuel burn, Excessive fuel burn, Number of CDA:s, Time in levelled flight and Taxi time.
• As aviation grows, there is a clear need to put numbers on the trade-off between noise and emissions to meet future legislations.
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October
FOI U research for a safer world
Thank you for your attention!
Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October