Handbook of Antenna Technologies
Zhi Ning ChenEditor-in-Chief
Duixian Liu • Hisamatsu NakanoXianming Qing • Thomas ZwickEditors
Handbook ofAntenna Technologies
With 2473 Figures and 176 Tables
Editor-in-ChiefZhi Ning ChenDepartment of Electrical and ComputerEngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
EditorsDuixian LiuIBM T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, NY, USA
Hisamatsu NakanoFaculty of Science and EngineeringHosei UniversityKoganei, Tokyo, Japan
Xianming QingInstitute for Infocomm ResearchSingapore, Singapore
Thomas ZwickKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
ISBN 978-981-4560-43-6 ISBN 978-981-4560-44-3 (eBook)ISBN 978-981-4560-45-0 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-981-4560-44-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016934309
# Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore
To my father Mr. Chen Liang and my motherMrs. Wang Ruizhi for my inheriting theirpatience, persistence, and perseverance.(To my father I dedicate this volume in tokenof affection and gratitude.)To my wife Mrs. Liu Lin and my twin sonsShifeng and Shiya for their fullyunderstanding and supporting me to work onthis huge project.
Foreword
It is my great pleasure to write a foreword for this very important Antenna Hand-book. This, the sesquicentennial year of the completion of Maxwell’s equations in1865, is a conspicuous year to publish this handbook. Even though antenna tech-nology has been around for about a hundred years, its importance remains hitherto.The key experiment done by Heinrich Hertz in 1886 proved that wireless signaltransfer was possible. Furthermore, the work of Guglielmo Marconi in 1895underscored the importance of wireless communications. He subsequently usedsimple antennas to transmit radio signals over the earth’s surface: the antenna wasa quarter wave dipole mounted on the earth’s surface, and the receiver was a longstring of wire raised by wind power, namely, a kite. On the other hand, Nicola Teslawas investigating the use of induction coil for wireless power transfer as far backas 1891.
Communication, remote sensing, and radar technologies have induced antennatechnology to grow by leaps and bounds. Some of the most notable ones are theYagi-Uda antenna invented in 1926, horn antenna, antenna array, reflector antenna,and patch antenna. Patch or microstrip antenna was suggested by George Deschampsin 1953, and later developed further by many workers, including Yuen Tse Lo. Also,Paul Mayes worked on broadband antennas, such as the log-periodic array antenna,which morphed from the Yagi-Uda antenna. Deschamps, Lo, and Mayes were myformer close colleagues. The importance of antenna technology is more recentlymagnified by the demand in the cell phone industry, calling for ever smaller antennasand continuous miniaturization.
The advent of computer technology instills the growth of numerical methods tomodel antenna structures. The growth of numerical methods which are robust,efficient, and fast algorithms to solve problems gives rise to a sleuth of commercialsoftware to simulate antenna performance. Antennas can be virtually prototyped in acomputer, and their performance optimized before their actual fabrication. Thisprocess gives rise to great cost reduction, as well as the opportunity for cut-and-tryengineering without incurring exorbitant costs.
The ease of antenna design is greatly aided by the availability of many commer-cial simulation software suites. Moreover, these software suites unleash the creativeenergy of many antenna engineers, expanding their design space. Examples of thenumerical methods that have found their ways into commercial software suites are
vii
the finite element method, method of moments, and fast multipole algorithms. Manymore will emerge in commercial software: the general lag time between conceptionin research and migration to commercial applications is about a decade or two. Thegrowth of computational electromagnetics in antenna design, in addition to hardwaregains in computer technology, is also propelled by the emergence of fast solvers suchas fast multipole solvers, hierarchical matrix solvers, and reduced rank matrixsolvers.
Antenna design is also an interesting area where wave physics meets circuitphysics. The way energy is fed into an antenna is via design of matching networksdrawing upon the vast knowledge in circuit design. However, the way energy istransmitted from antenna to antenna is via wave physics; hence the concept ofantenna aperture, gain, radiation pattern, and polarization are instrumental in antennadesign. Therefore, low frequency as well as high frequency electromagnetics areequally important. In fact, for many reflector antennas, the waves are in their quasi-optical regime, allowing their analysis with high-frequency techniques and approx-imations. On the other hand, the interface with circuit physics calls for multiscaleanalysis which is a fervent area of research in computational electromagnetics.
Due to the rapid growth of nanofabrication technology, nanostructures on theorder of optical wavelengths are now possible. This spurs the growth of nanoantennatechnology in the optical regime. Many antenna concepts in the microwave regimeneed to be revisited or reused in the optical regime. This has been used forspontaneous and stimulated emission, and the enhancement of the Purcell factor.This is an area in need of new ideas as well.
I am also very happy to see that the collection of these chapters is done under theleadership of Prof. Zhi Ning Chen at the National University of Singapore. I haveknown Prof. Chen since he was a young man in China, and during my very first tripto China in 1994. Being born overseas, my first trip to China was full of clashbetween fantasy and reality. But Prof. Chen impressed me as a forthright young manwith great curiosity. The economic growth of the pacific-rim region, includingSingapore, also touches a resounding chord in me since I grew up in Malaysiawhen it was still one country with Singapore. I was happy to learn of the creativeresearch of Prof. Chen in both National University of Singapore (NUS) and Instituteof Infocomm Research (I2R) in Singapore on my various trips to Singapore. Thishandbook, being published on SG50, the 50th anniversary year of the founding ofSingapore in 1965, also bears special meaning.
October 10, 2015 Weng Cho CHEWUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
viii Foreword
Preface
A century and a half have passed since James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) publishedA Dynamical Theory of the Electrodynamic Field, which features the original set ofMaxwell’s equations. Through these equations, Maxwell mathematically describedthe diffusion of light and electromagnetic waves travelling through space at thespeed of light. His equations have been undoubtedly the most important break-through following Isaac Newton’s formulation of the laws of motion and gravity. Hiscontribution had affected – and continues to affect – the physics world and our dailylife. He is considered the founder of the field of electromagnetic theory. Thepublication of the Handbook of Antenna Technologies is dedicated to the 150thAnniversary of Maxwell’s Equations.
With the rapid development of very large scale integration (VLSI) and computerscience, wireless technologies have quickly penetrated all aspects of our daily life;almost everyone has at least one wireless device such as a mobile phone, laptop,contactless smart card, or smart watch on the move. As the key device of radiationand induction of electromagnetic waves or fields, antennas have certainly played aunique and irreplaceable role in all wireless systems. As a result, these new appli-cations have greatly driven the focus on antenna technology to high performance,small size, and embeddable configuration, especially in the past three decades.
The state-of-the-art antenna has been electrically controllable, or regarded as anintelligent sub-system integrated with a signal processing unit instead of only apassive hardware component. As such, beamforming, multiple-input-multiple-out-put (MIMO), massive MIMO, multibeam antenna systems, and so on have beenwidely implemented in advanced mobile communications, radars, and imagingsystems. With more and more complicated functions for antenna technologies, thedesign and optimization of antennas must be carried out at a system level. To achievethe desired system performance, the antennas should be designed closely withradiofrequency (RF) channels, RF front ends, and even signal processing unit, ofwhich MIMO systems have been an excellent example. Also, the groundbreakingantenna technologies strongly rely on the progress in new materials and fabricationprocesses. Like the existing printed circuit board (PCB) and low-temperatureco-fired ceramic (LTCC) processes, the recently developed additive process-basedthree-dimensional (3D) printing has started a new phase for antenna design andfabrication. Unfortunately, we do not have too many new materials for antennas.
ix
However, recently the novel physical concepts of metamaterials, that is conventionalmaterials-based artificial electromagnetic structures, have opened a new window forinnovative antenna technology.
I vividly remembered that the interviewer for my master degree program askedme if I am ready to start my academic career in antenna engineering, a hard andtedious field. Thirty years later, I can only concur with him that a good antennaengineer must be proficient in engineering and other disciplines such as mathemat-ics, physics, mechanics, and even materials. However, on the contrary to his belief ofa stagnant engineering discipline, the design of antennas can be interesting andenergizing if you regard the design as an artwork, that involves changing of shapes,dimensions, and orientations for the desired performance. In particular, the fusion(not conventional integration) of antennas with other parts of the wireless systemswill bring in a totally new and inspiring era for antenna technologies. As a result,many exciting technical challenges will invoke more out-of-the-box thinking increating solutions for antenna technologies.
To faithfully reflect on the recent progress in antenna technologies and theemerging technical challenges, we have invited 140 reputable experts all overworld to contribute to this project, Handbook of Antenna Technologies, with77 excellent chapters and 3500 printed pages. However, I was initially hesitant tostart this huge project when Dr. Yeung Siu Wai Stephen, from Springer Asia,approached me, simply because I did not have any idea how to make one moreunique handbook amongst many other handbooks related to antennas, a very classicfield. In order for the readers to fully appreciate and benefit from the Handbook ofAntenna Technologies, I structured the handbook around three key objectives. First,as an education-driven handbook; the high-priority targeted readers will be juniorresearchers, engineers, and postgraduates. All the chapters will provide the readerswith enough historic background information about the specific topics in order tohelp them avoid possible reinvention. Second, apart from fundamental and classicantenna technologies, the state-of-the-art electromagnetics related topics will beincluded to further enhance the readers’ appreciation of antenna technologies inmodern context. Last, digital media will be made available, downloadable chapter bychapter, besides the conventional printed media. I hope that this Handbook willprovide practitioners (novice or expert) of antenna technologies an informative andupdated reference guide.
Without a strong editorial team, Dr. Duixian Liu from IBM Watson ResearchCenter, USA, Prof. Hisamatsu Nakano from Hosei University, Japan, Dr. XianmingQing from Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, and Prof. Thomas Zwick,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, we could not have finished this hugeproject in one year! We all worked very hard to select and decide more than 90 topics,communicate with prospective authors, review manuscripts, negotiate with authorsfor revision of each chapter, and so on, all very time-consuming tasks. Also, ourheartfelt thanks go to Mrs. Barbara Wolf and, in particular, Mrs. Saskia Ellis as wellas the Publication Department of Springer References for their support and profes-sionalism. We would like to give special thanks to all the authors for their excellentcontribution, valuable time, and full cooperation.
x Preface
All team members, Dr. Duixian Liu, Prof. Hisamatsu Nakano, Dr. XianmingQing, and Prof. Thomas Zwick, like to thank their families for their strong supportand understanding during this project, in particular, Dr. Duixian Liu to his wife Mrs.Shuang Huang and Dr. Xianming Qing to his wife Mrs. Xiaoqing Yang. ProfessorHisamatsu Nakano also likes to thank Prof. Junji Yamauchi and Lecturer HiroakiMimaki both from Hosei University, Japan, for their kind help in working on thisproject.
The Handbook covers the wide range of topics related to antenna engineering.Section I: Theory: Overview and Fundamentals briefs the antenna relevant
electromagnetic fundamentals and selected latest topics in the areas ofnonconventional antennas such as nanoantennas and metamaterials.
In Section II: Design: Elements and Arrays, the latest progress in classic antennatechnologies is updated. The developed technologies can be customized for partic-ular applications with high performance. To be complete, the important setups andmethodologies of antenna measurement are included.
As part of important antenna technologies, the unique design considerations forthe antennas in specific wireless systems are worked out and addressed by practicaldesign examples in Section III: Applications: Systems and Issues Associated toAntennas.
10 October 2015 Zhi Ning Chen (陈志宁)National University of Singapore, Singapore
Singapore
Preface xi
Contents
Volume 1
Part I Theory: Overview and Fundamentals – Introduction andFundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Maxwell, J.C. Maxwell’s Original Presentation of ElectromagneticTheory and Its Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Tapan K. Sarkar and Magdalena Salazar-Palma
Physics and Mathematics of Radio Wave Propagation in CellularWireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Magdalena Salazar-Palma, Tapan K. Sarkar, Mohammad N. Abdallah,Walid Dyab, M. V. S. N. Prasad, and Sio Weng Ting
Commercial Antenna Design Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Qing Huo Liu
Numerical Modeling in Antenna Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Weng Cho Chew, Li Jun Jiang, Sheng Sun, Wei E. I. Sha, Qi Dai, MojtabaFallahpour, and Yu Mao Wu
Physical Bounds of Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Mats Gustafsson, Doruk Tayli, and Marius Cismasu
Concept and Applications of Receiving Mutual Impedance . . . . . . . . . 235Hon Tat Hui
Part II Theory: Overview and Fundamentals – New Topics andKey Issues Associated to Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Metamaterials and Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Richard W. Ziolkowski
Optimization Methods in Antenna Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Douglas Werner, Micah Gregory, Zhi Hao Jiang, and Donovan E. Brocker
xiii
Transmission-Line Based Metamaterials in Antenna Engineering . . . . 377Marco A. Antoniades, Hassan Mirzaei, and George V. Eleftheriades
Theory of Transformation Optics in Antenna Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Di Bao and Tie Jun Cui
Frequency Selective Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471De Song Wang, Shi-Wei Qu, and Chi Hou Chan
Optical Nanoantennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Robert D. Nevels and Hasan Tahir Abbas
Localized Waves: Theory, Techniques, and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 567Mohamed A. Salem and Christophe Caloz
Terahertz Antennas and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619Xiaodong Chen and Xiaoming Liu
Three-Dimensionally Printed/Additive Manufactured Antennas . . . . . . 661Min Liang and Hao Xin
Volume 2
Part III Design: Elements and Arrays – Introduction andBasic Types of Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Linear Wire Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701Kazuhiro Hirasawa
Loop Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723Peter J. Massey, P. Fellows, Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal, Arpan Pal, andAmit Mehta
Microstrip Patch Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787Kai Fong Lee and Kin-Fai Tong
Reflector Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853Trevor S. Bird
Spiral, Helical, and Rod Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923Hisamatsu Nakano and Junji Yamauchi
Dielectric Resonator Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955Eng Hock Lim, Yong-Mei Pan, and Kwok Wa Leung
Dielectric Lens Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001Carlos A. Fernandes, Eduardo B. Lima, and Jorge R. Costa
Circularly Polarized Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065Lot Shafai, Maria Z. A. Pour, Saeed Latif, and Atabak Rashidian
xiv Contents
Phased Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113Takashi Maruyama, Kazunari Kihira, and Hiroaki Miyashita
Self-Complimentary and Broadband Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163Kunio Sawaya
Fresnel Zone Plate Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187Hristo D. Hristov
Grid Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249Mei Sun and Yue Ping Zhang
Reflectarray Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279Shenheng Xu and Fan Yang
Part IV Design: Elements and Arrays – Performance EnhancedAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321
Small Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323Kyohei Fujimoto and Zhinong Ying
Waveguide Slot Array Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389Jiro Hirokawa and Miao Zhang
Omnidirectional Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415Xianming Qing and Zhi Ning Chen
Antenna Design for Diversity and MIMO Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479Zhinong Ying, Chi-Yuk Chiu, Kun Zhao, Shuai Zhang, and Sailing He
Low-Profile Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531Gijo Augustin, Qinjiang Rao, and Tayeb A. Denidni
On-Chip Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565Tianwei Deng and Yue Ping Zhang
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585Tarek Djerafi, Ali Doghri, and Ke Wu
Ultra-Wideband Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657Max J. Ammann, Matthias John, and Giuseppe Ruvio
Volume 3
Beam-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697Jun H. Choi and Tatsuo Itoh
Reconfigurable Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737Joseph Costantine, Youssef Tawk, and Christos G. Christodoulou
Contents xv
Radial Line Slot Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773Hiroyuki Arai
Millimeter-Wave Antennas and Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787Wonbin Hong
Conformal Array Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1851Lars Josefsson and Patrik Persson
Multibeam Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1893Bybi P. Chacko, Gijo Augustin, and Tayeb A. Denidni
Reduced Surface Wave Microstrip Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1933David R. Jackson
Wideband Magnetoelectric Dipole Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969Mingjian Li and Kwai-Man Luk
Part V Design: Elements and Arrays – Antenna Measurementand Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021
Antenna Measurement Setups: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023Xianming Qing and Zhi Ning Chen
Anechoic Chamber Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051Boon Kuan Chung
EMI/EMC Chamber Design, Measurement, and Instrument . . . . . . . . 2077Boon Kuan Chung
Near-Field Antenna Measurement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2107Flaminio Ferrara, Claudio Gennarelli, and Rocco Guerriero
Radiation Efficiency Measurements of Small Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2165Yi Huang
Mm-Wave Sub-mm-Wave Antenna Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2191Heiko Gulan, Cyril Luxey, and Diane Titz
Evaluation of Wearable and Implantable Antennas with HumanPhantoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239Koichi Ito, Chia-Heisn Lin, and Ho-Yu Lin
Part VI Applications: Systems and Issues Associated toAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269
Antenna Systems for Cellular Base Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2271Roland Gabriel and Matthias Geissler
MIMO Systems and Antennas for Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2347Hui Li and Buon Kiong Lau
xvi Contents
Antennas in Wireless Charging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2389Qiang Chen and Qiaowei Yuan
Antennas in Partial Discharge Sensing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2419Guillermo Robles, Ricardo Albarracín, and José Luis Vázquez
Antennas in Automobile Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2475Wolfgang Menzel
Satellite Antennas on Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2501Stefan Lindenmeier and Simon Senega
Smart Antennas for Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2541Qi Luo and Steven Gao
Antennas in Access Points of WLAN/WiFi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2579Hiroyuki Arai
Volume 4
Antennas in Body-Centric Sensor Network Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2589Leena Ukkonen and Yahya Rahmat-Samii
Implanted Antennas in Biomedical Telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2613Asimina Kiourti and Konstantina S. Nikita
Antennas and EM Issues in Medical Diagnosis and TreatmentSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2653Kazuyuki Saito and Koichi Ito
Holographic Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2689Christian Rusch
Radiometer Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2727Markus Peichl
Antenna Sensors in Passive Wireless Sensing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2795Haiying Huang
Antennas in MRI Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2839Sven Junge
Space Antennas Including Terahertz Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2913Ramon Gonzalo Garcia, Iñigo Ederra, Juan-Carlos Iriarte, and Jorge Teniente
Antennas in Radio Telescope Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2961Steven W. Ellingson
Reconfigurable Antennas for Wireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . 2987Yingjie Jay Guo and Pei-Yuan Qin
Contents xvii
Antennas in Microwave Wireless Power Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3033Xue-Xia Yang
Antennas in Handheld Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3077Cyril Luxey and Aykut Cihangir
Applications of Phased Array Feeders in Reflector Antennas . . . . . . . . 3139S. G. Hay and Trevor S. Bird
Part VII Applications: Systems and Issues Associated toAntennas – Specific Issues Associated to Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3189
Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3191Cam Nguyen
GAP Waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3273Ashraf Uz Zaman and Per-Simon Kildal
Impedance Matching and BALUNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3349Homayoon Oraizi
Advanced Antenna Fabrication Processes(MEMS/LTCC/LCP/Printing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3429Bijan K. Tehrani, Jo Bito, Jimmy G. Hester, Wenjing Su, Ryan A. Bahr,Benjamin S. Cook, and Manos M. Tentzeris
Erratum to the Chapter: Small Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3459
xviii Contents
About the Editor-in-Chief
Zhi Ning Chen received his B.Eng., M.Eng., and Ph.D.degrees, all in Electrical Engineering, from the Instituteof Communications Engineering (ICE), Nanjing, China,and his second Ph.D. degree from University ofTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, respectively.
During 1988–1995, he worked at ICE as a Lecturer andlater an Associate Professor, as well as at SoutheastUniversity, China, as a Postdoctoral Fellow and lateras an Associate Professor. During 1995–1997,Dr. Chen joined the City University of Hong Kong,China, as a Research Assistant and later a Research
Fellow. In 1997, he was awarded the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS) Fellowship to conduct his research at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. In2001 and 2004, he visited the University of Tsukuba as a senior JSPS Fellow. In2004, he worked at IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, USA, as an AcademicVisitor. During 1999–2012, he worked with the Institute for Infocomm Research(I2R) as Principal Scientist and Head for RF and Optical Department. Since 2012,Dr. Chen joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore as a Full Professor. He was concurrently appointed asAdvisor and Principal Scientist at I2R during 2012–2016. Also, he was appointedas a Changjiang Guest Chair Professor at Southeast University, the guest professor atNanjing University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University, University ofScience and Technology of China, Fudan University, Dalian Maritime University,Shanghai University, and Tohoku University, the adjunct professor at City Univer-sity of Hong Kong and Chiba University as well as a Senior DIGITEO GuestScientist at “Laboratoire des Signauxet Systèmes,” UMR8506 CNRS-Supelec-University Paris Sud in Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
Professor Chen has published 550 technical papers and authored/edited the booksentitled Broadband Planar Antennas (Wiley 2005), UWB Wireless Communication(Wiley 2006), Antennas for Portable Devices (Wiley 2007), and Antennas for BaseStations in Wireless Communications (McGraw-Hill 2009). He also contributed sixchapters to other published books. He is holding tens of granted and filed patents
xix
with licensed deals with industry. Since 2005, he has been the recipient of five BestPaper Awards at international conferences, four Singaporean Prestigious Engineer-ing Achievement Awards, and one ASEAN Outstanding Engineering AchievementAward.
Professor Chen has been the founding General Chair of International Workshopon Antenna Technology (iWAT), International Symposium on InfoComm andMediaTechnology in Bio-Medical and Healthcare Applications (IS 3T-in-3A), Interna-tional Microwave Forum (IMWF) as well as Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennasand Propagation (APCAP).
Professor Chen is a Fellow of the IEEE for the contribution to small andbroadband antennas for wireless applications. He is serving IEEE Council onRFID as a Vice President and a Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Trans Antennas andPropagation as an Associate Editor, and IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society asa Distinguished Lecturer.
xx About the Editor-in-Chief
Section Editors
Duixian Liu IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
Hisamatsu Nakano Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University,Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore, Singapore
Thomas Zwick Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Baden-Wurttemberg,Germany
Zhi Ning Chen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
xxi
Contributors
Hasan Tahir Abbas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Mohammad N. Abdallah Department of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Ricardo Albarracín Design and Innovation of Distribution Networks Technolog-ical Surveillance, Boslan S.A., Madrid, Spain
Max J. Ammann School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dublin Instituteof Technology, Dublin, Ireland
Marco A. Antoniades Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
Hiroyuki Arai Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
Gijo Augustin Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunication, NationalInstitute of Scientific Research (INRS), Montreal, QC, Canada
Ryan A. Bahr The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA
Di Bao State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of Radio Engineer-ing, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
Trevor S. Bird Antengenuity, Eastwood, NSW, Australia
Jo Bito The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute ofTechnology, Atlanta, CA, USA
Donovan E. Brocker The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,USA
Christophe Caloz Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Bybi P. Chacko Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunication, NationalInstitute of Scientific Research (INRS), Montreal, QC, Canada
xxiii
Chi Hou Chan State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Partner Laboratory inCity University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Qiang Chen Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Xiaodong Chen EM and Antenna Research Group, School of Electronic Engineer-ing and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
Zhi Ning Chen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Weng Cho Chew Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, China
Chi-Yuk Chiu Sony Mobile Communications, Beijing, China
Jun H. Choi Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California,Los Angeles, CA, USA
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Science andTechnology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Christos G. Christodoulou Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, TheUniversity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Boon Kuan Chung Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universiti Tunku AbdulRahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Aykut Cihangir Laboratoire Electronique pour Objets Connectés, Université NiceSophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
Marius Cismasu Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LundUniversity, Lund, Sweden
Benjamin S. Cook Georgia Tech. ATHENA Research Lab, Texas InstrumentsKilby Labs, Dallas, TX, USA
Jorge R. Costa Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa(ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
Joseph Costantine Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, AmericanUniversity of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Tie Jun Cui State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of RadioEngineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
Qi Dai Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
Tianwei Deng Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, Singa-pore, Singapore
Tayeb A. Denidni Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunication, NationalInstitute of Scientific Research (INRS), Montreal, QC, Canada
xxiv Contributors
Tarek Djerafi Poly-Grames Research Center, École Polytechnique de Montréal,Montreal, QC, Canada
Ali Doghri Poly-Grames Research Center, École Polytechnique de Montréal,Montreal, QC, Canada
Walid Dyab Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Iñigo Ederra Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public Universityof Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
George V. Eleftheriades The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Steven W. Ellingson Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Mojtaba Fallahpour Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Uni-versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, China
P. Fellows Her Majesty’s Government Communications Centre, Milton Keynes,UK
Carlos A. Fernandes Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico,Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Flaminio Ferrara Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno,Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
Kyohei Fujimoto Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,Japan
Roland Gabriel Kathrein Werke KG, Rosenheim, Germany
Steven Gao School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent,Canterbury, UK
Matthias Geissler IMST GmbH, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany
Claudio Gennarelli Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno,Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
Ramon Gonzalo Garcia Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, PublicUniversity of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
Micah Gregory The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Rocco Guerriero Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Salerno,Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
Heiko Gulan Institut f€ur Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE), KarlsruherInstitut f€ur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
Contributors xxv
Yingjie Jay Guo University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Mats Gustafsson Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LundUniversity, Lund, Sweden
Stuart G. Hay CSIRO Digital Productivity, Epping, NSW, Australia
Sailing He Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute ofTechnology, Stockholm, Sweden
Jimmy G. Hester The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA
Kazuhiro Hirasawa Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, Universityof Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Jiro Hirokawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Wonbin Hong Samsung Electronics, Suwon, Republic of Korea
Hristo D. Hristov Department of Electronic Engineering, Federico Santa MariaUniversity of Technology, Valparaiso, Chile
Haiying Huang University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
Yi Huang Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University ofLiverpool, Liverpool, UK
Hon Tat Hui University of Macau, Macau, China
Juan-Carlos Iriarte Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, PublicUniversity of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
Koichi Ito Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba,Japan
Tatsuo Itoh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, LosAngeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
David R. Jackson Department of ECE, Cullen College of Engineering, Universityof Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Li Jun Jiang Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Universityof Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Zhi Hao Jiang The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Matthias John The Telecommunications Research Centre, (CTVR), TrinityCollege, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Lars Josefsson Lars Microwave, Askim, Sweden
Sven Junge Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany
xxvi Contributors
Kazunari Kihira Antennas Technology Department, Information TechnologyR&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
Per-Simon Kildal Antenna Systems Division, Signals and System Department,Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
Asimina Kiourti ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Saeed Latif University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
Buon Kiong Lau Department of Electrical and Information Technology, LundUniversity, Lund, Sweden
Kai Fong Lee Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Mississippi,Mississippi, USA
Kwok Wa Leung Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong,Hongkong, China
Hui Li School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, DalianUniversity of Technology, Dalian, China
Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund,Sweden
Mingjian Li Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory ofMillimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
Min Liang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University ofArizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Eng Hock Lim Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tunku AbdulRahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
Eduardo B. Lima Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico,Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Chia-Heisn Lin Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba,Japan
Ho-Yu Lin Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Stefan Lindenmeier Institute of High Frequency Technology and MobileCommunication, Universit€at der Bundeswehr M€unchen, Neubiberg, Germany
Qing Huo Liu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke Univer-sity, Durham, NC, USA
Xiaoming Liu School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts andTelecommunications, Beijing, China
Kwai-Man Luk Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratoryof Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
Contributors xxvii
Qi Luo School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury,UK
Cyril Luxey Laboratoire Electronique pour Objets Connectés, Université NiceSophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France
Takashi Maruyama Antennas Technology Department, Information TechnologyR&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
Peter J. Massey Her Majesty’s Government Communications Centre, MiltonKeynes, UK
Amit Mehta College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
Wolfgang Menzel Institute of Microwave Techniques, University of Ulm, Ulm,Germany
Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal University of Essex, Colchester, UK
Hassan Mirzaei The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Hiroaki Miyashita Antennas Technology Department, Information TechnologyR&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
Hisamatsu Nakano Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University,Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
Robert D. Nevels Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Cam Nguyen Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station, TX, USA
Konstantina S. Nikita School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NationalTechnical University of Athens, Zografos, Athens, Greece
Homayoon Oraizi College of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Scienceand Technology, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Arpan Pal College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
Yong-Mei Pan Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University ofTechnology, Guangdong, China
Markus Peichl DLR, Microwaves and Radar Institute, Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany
Patrik Persson Antenna System Technology, Ericsson Research, Gothenburg,Sweden
Maria Z. A. Pour Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universityof Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
xxviii Contributors
M. V. S. N. Prasad National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
Pei-Yuan Qin University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Xianming Qing Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore, Singapore
Shi-Wei Qu School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Scienceand Technology of China, Chengdu, China
Yahya Rahmat-Samii University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), AntennaResearch, Analysis and Measurement Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Qinjiang Rao Blackberry Limited, Kanata, ON, Canada
Atabak Rashidian Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univer-sity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Guillermo Robles Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III ofMadrid, Leganes, Madrid, Spain
Christian Rusch Institut f€ur Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik, Karlsruhe Insti-tute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Giuseppe Ruvio Antenna & High Frequency Research Centre, Dublin Institute ofTechnology, Dublin, Ireland
Kazuyuki Saito Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba,Japan
Magdalena Salazar-Palma Department of Signal Theory & Communications,Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
Mohamed A. Salem Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Tapan K. Sarkar Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Kunio Sawaya Innovation Center for Creation of a Resilient Society, TohokuUniversity, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
Simon Senega Institute of High Frequency Technology and Mobile Communica-tion, Universit€at der Bundeswehr M€unchen, Neubiberg, Germany
Wei E. I. Sha Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Universityof Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Lot Shafai Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University ofManitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Wenjing Su The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Instituteof Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA
Mei Sun Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
Contributors xxix
Sheng Sun Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University ofHong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Youssef Tawk Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Notre DameUniversity-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
Doruk Tayli Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund Univer-sity, Lund, Sweden
Bijan K. Tehrani The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA
Jorge Teniente Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Public Univer-sity of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
Manos M. Tentzeris The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology, Atlanta, CA, USA
Sio Weng Ting Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Macau, Macau, China
Diane Titz Lycée Jules Ferry, Cannes, France
Laboratoire Electronique pour Objets Connectés, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis,Sophia Antipolis, France
Kin-Fai Tong Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UniversityCollege London, London, UK
Leena Ukkonen Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering,Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
José Luis Vázquez Department of Signal Theory and Communications, UniversityCarlos III of Madrid, Leganes, Spain
De Song Wang State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Partner Laboratory inCity University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Douglas Werner The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Ke Wu Poly-Grames Research Center, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal,QC, Canada
Yu Mao Wu Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves,School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Hao Xin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University ofArizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Shenheng Xu Department of Electronic Engineering, Microwave and AntennaInstitute, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Junji Yamauchi Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University, Koganei,Tokyo, Japan
xxx Contributors
Fan Yang Department of Electronic Engineering, Microwave and Antenna Insti-tute, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Xue-Xia Yang School of Communication and Information Engineering, ShanghaiUniversity, Shanghai, China
Zhinong Ying Research and Technology, Sony Mobile Communications AB,Lund, Sweden
Qiaowei Yuan National Institute of Technology, Sendai College, Sendai, Japan
Ashraf Uz Zaman Antenna Systems Division, Signals and System Department,Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
Miao Zhang Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Shuai Zhang Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg,Denmark
Yue Ping Zhang School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NanyangTechnological University, Singapore, Singapore
Kun Zhao Research and Technology, Sony Mobile Communications AB, Lund,Sweden
Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm, Sweden
Richard W. Ziolkowski Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TheUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Contributors xxxi