Macquarie Ancient History Teachers Conference 2019
Using Sources Old and New
May 6, 2019Art Gallery of New South Wales
Dr Susanne BinderDepartment of Ancient [email protected]
Hatshepsut in 2019:New sources and interpretations
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Dimitri Laboury – in Creativity and InnovationMMA 30-3-3, MMA 29-3-3,
MMA 29-3-2, MMA 27-3-164
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Sankiewicz (2015), “At Deir el Bahari: Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis
III in the statue room of the main sanctuary of Amun” - fig. 1
Tuthmosis III Funerary Temple Project (Spanish-Egyptian mission)
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May 2018
Sphinx of Hatshepsut
KulturkaufhausDussmann
Berlin
Thutmosis III son of Thutmosis II by another wife
Rules of successionAccession to the throne
Thutmosis I
Thutmosis II
Hatshepsut wife/widow of Thutmosis II
title: Great Royal Wife” (= chief wife of the king)
Business of governing the land
Form / formality:
the king on the thronenominal kingship
Function of kingship: regencya queen governing = queen regent kingship in practice / “care for the land”
5 phases in the life of Hatshepsut – reflected in her titles
(1) Daughter of Thutmosis I
(2) At death of her grandmotherAhmes-Nefertari
(3) At death of Thutmosis I (father)= accession of Thutmosis II
(4) At death of Thutmosis II (husband)= accession of Thutmosis III
(5) In Year 2 or Year 7 of Thutmosis III= Hatshepsut’s coronation
(towards the end of Year 7: Gabolde, Tefnin, Dorman, Laboury)
King’s daughtersA.t nsw
God’s Wife of AmunHm.t-nTr n(.t) Imn.w
Great royal wife / king’s sisterHm.t nsw wr.t / sn.t nsw
“… who cared for the land”Biography of Ineni TT 81
King of Upper and Lower Egypt nsw bi.ty
Year 7
Year 22
Year 53
Year 42
Hatshepsut Thutmosis III
regency
co-rule
data
data
data
Luc GaboldeMonuments décorés en bas relief aux noms de Thutmosis II et Hatchepsout à KarnakMIFAO 123, Cairo 2005, 2 vols
Kara CooneyThe Woman who would be King, New York, 2014.
Jadwiga IwaszczukSacred Landscape of Thebes during the Reign of Hatshepsut, Royal Construction Projects, Volume 1, Topography of the West Bank, Travaux de l`Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l`Académie Polonaise des Sciences 2, Varsovie 2016.
Maps, plan of Deir el BahariChronology (based on Handbook of Oriental Studies)EndnotesFurther reading (long list of scholarly work)Index of names and terms
Author’s Note
“Certainty plays little role in the history of Hatshepsut. The nature of the information passed down to us is uneven, and because so many of her monuments were destroyed, the jumble of perceptions we are left with are from other people, many of whom lived millennia after her death. …
MapsChronology (based on Handbook of Oriental Studies)Endnotes“Further reading”Index of names and terms
Author’s Note“… I have had to break many rules of my Egyptological training in order to resurrect and reanimnate Hatshepsut’s intentions, ambitions, and disappointments by engaging in conjecture and speculations, and creating untestable hypotheses as I attempt to fill out her character and decision-making processes (even though I document my sources and accentuate my uncertainties) … track … follow the clues … fill out the circumstances … as I go.
… I have used all my skills as a researcher, but I have also allowed myself to think out aloud, to infer and imagine, in a way I would not do in my other work. “
Peter F. Dorman
Problems in Historical Methodology
1988
1991
2005Luc Gabolde
Blocks from 4 monuments – re-constructions
(1) “Netjery-menu”“Divine of monuments”
(2) Barque chapel
(3) Small niches from a structure
(4) Chapel of Amun in area of “Set-Djeseret”
Thutmosis II posthumous
Hatshepsut – regentNeferure “sister of the king”
Thutmosis III
Thutmosis IIand Hatshepsut onlyModification after accession H >> king
Thutmosis II posthumous representation
Hatshepsut before time as king, never up-dated
Neferure
Hatshepsutmodified to thronename Maat-ka-Re
Suggested chronology (Gabolde): 2 (T. II king) - 1 (name T. II original) -3 (T. II posthumous) - 4
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XLI.
Le monument à niches
Thutmosis II Neferure HatshepsutKing’s daughter [Hm.t nsw] wr.t
sA.t nsw Hnw.t tA.wy
Netjery-MenuNetery-menou
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. III.
Gab
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III.
Thutmosis II Neferure HatshepsutKing’s daughter [Hm.t nsw] wr.t
sA.t nsw Hnw.t tA.wy
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XI.
Netjery-Menu , wall 5 verso
Neferure/// n(.y) Imn.w[God’s wife] of Amun
HatshepsutHm.t nsw wr.tGreat Wife of the King
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XI.
Le monument à nichesPosthumous coronation of Thutmosis II – Osiris (right) Isis (left)
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, cover photo; pl. XLI.
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 200 (Photo 17).
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 200 (Photo 17).
Maatkarethrone name
of Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut
Maat-ka-Reover
Hatshepsut
Hatshepsutover
Men-kheper-Rethrone name of
Thutmosis III
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 199 (Photo 8).
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 19 (Fig. 4).
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, pl. XXXIV
Netjery-Menu
Originalname
Who commissionedoriginal
Who commissionederasure
Name recut as
Who commissionedre-cutting
changesafter Year 7
MONUMENT
Gabolde (2005), Monuments décorés, 182.
http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/serie_wydawnicze/Travaux_de_lInstitut/Iwaszczuk_SACRED_LANDSCAPE_OF_THEBES_vol._1.pdf
http://www.iksiopan.pl/images/serie_wydawnicze/Travaux_de_lInstitut/Iwaszczuk_SACRED_LANDSCAPE_OF_THEBES_vol._1.pdf
Porter & Moss, Theban Temples, II, pl. XXXIII.http://topbib.griffith.ox.ac.uk//pdf.html
Jadwiga Iwaszczuk, Sacred Landscape, 212.
Mentuhotep II
Amenhotep I &Ahmes-Nefertari
Thutmosis I
Thutmosis II
Small temple of Hatshepsut in Medinet Habu
Hatshepsut
Thutmosis III
Thutmosis III
Jadwiga Iwaszczuk, Sacred Landscape, 212.
Jean
-Cla
ud
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olv
in“É
gyp
tere
stit
uée
”
Left: Temple Mentuhotep IIMiddle: Thutmosis IIIRigth: Hatshepsut
Medinet Habu today
“Small temple” of Hatshepsut in Medinet Habu
currently a project of the Chicago Oriental Institute
KARNAK
Jadwiga Iwaszczuk, Sacred Landscape, 212Additions: Susanne Binder.
royal necropolis 12th Dyn.El Tariq
futureValley ofthe Kings
royal necropolis 17th Dyn.
Dra Abu el Naga
Construction of the royal tombs in the valley to the west
Exhibition Metropolitan Museum of Art2005
Catharine RoehrigRenée DreyfusCathleen KellerAnn Macy RothEdna RussmannW. Vivian DaviesChristine LilyquistManfred BietakJames P. AllenPeter F. DormanDieter ArnoldDiana Craig PatchSusan AllenBetsy BryanDorothea ArnoldJadwiga Lipińska
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Hatshepsut_From_Queen_to_Pharaoh
Models of AuthorityArt in Transition
Egypt and its NeighboursAegean – Nubia
Role of Amun
The joint reignqueen – regent – co-ruler
High officialsSenenmut, Ramose, Hatnefer
Buildign projects
Decorative arts
Thutmosis III – sole rule Proscription
The aftermath
Comprehensive entry pointSound researchFactual informationLavish illustrations
https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc69.pdf
Occasional Proceedings of the Theban Workshop 2010Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization SAOC 69The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
Peter DormanEberhard DziobekZbigniew SzafranskiSusanne BickelBetsy BryanLuc GaboldeDimitri LabouryCatharine RoehrigJJ ShirleyJean-Luc ChappazJosé GalánJosé Serrano Andrés EspinelBarbara EngelmannEllen MorrisW. Vivian DaviesTamás BácsCharles BonnetDominique Valbelle
Select themes InnovationWorldview and royal discourse
Hatshepsut at KarnakCultic RevelriesFoundation DepositsSpeos Artemidos Power of the EliteMitanni – the imperial regimeArchitecture in Nubia
Aspects of tombs of the officials:TT 11, TT 67, TT 39, Elkab
work in the field
well-documented and illustrated
Diachronic approach : analysing the iconography of Hatshepsut
Dimitri Labouryin: Creativity and Innovation , 49-91
Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut the female pharaohHarmondsworth: Penguin, 1996
Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut the female pharaohHarmondsworth: Penguin, 1996
Winifred Brunton (1880-1959)>> Griffith Institute Oxfordhttps://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Griffith+Institute+Oxford
Kings and Queens of Ancient Egypt (1926)Great Ones of Ancient Egypt (1929)
Joyce Tyldesley Hatchepsut the female pharaohHarmondsworth: Penguin, 1996
Dimitri LabouryUniversity of Liège
ip.n(=i) D.t m nsw mnx iTi.n(=i) rDi.tn=f m Hr=itA.w nb.w arf.w m xfa=i psD.t pD.t nn nhw ir.y
2 2
“… I have become aware of myself as effective king, I having seized what he [Amun] placed before me:All lands are together in my grasp, the Nine Bows, without any missing. P. Lacau / H. Chevrier, Une chapelle d’Hatshepsout à
Karnak, I (Cairo, 1977) 143-144 (Section XI. Bloc 194: Discours de la reine: les bienfaits de son règne)
Section XI. Bloc 194: Discours de la reine: les bienfaits de son règne
Pierre Lacau / Henri Chevrier, Une chapelle d’Hatshepsout à Karnak(Cairo, 1977) I, 143-144. (Section XI. Bloc 194: Discours de la reine: les bienfaits de son règne)
Wolfgang Helck, Historisch-biographicsche Text der 2. Zwischenzeit und neue Text der 18. Dynastie, Kleine ägyptische Text 6,2(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995) 31.
Frank Burgos, François Larché, La Chapelle Rouge. Le sanctuaire de barque d’Hatshepsout (Paris, 2006) vol. I: Fac-similés et photographies des scènes, 39 (north side, register 2).
Quoted by D. Laboury, “The image of Hatshepsut’s royal power” in: Galan, Bryan, Dorman (eds.) Creativity and Innovation in the reign of Hatshepsut, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC) 69 (Chicago, 2010) 191.
Sankiewicz (2015), “At Deir el Bahari: Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis
III in the statue room of the main sanctuary of Amun” - fig. 1
A few more links – al the large projects in and around Luxor all have very good websites:
Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Conservation Mission – Deir el Bahari (funerary temple of
Hatshepsut) http://www.templeofhatshepsut.uw.edu.pl/en/temple_of_hatshepsut.html
CFEETK – Centre-Franco Égyptien … Karnak http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/
Chicago Oriental Institute Epigraphic Survey (small temple of Hatshepsut in Medinet Habu / West Bank)https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/epigraphic-surveyhttps://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/epigraphic-survey-publications
Theban Mapping Project – currently being updated and movedhttp://archive.secondstory.com/project/theban-mapping-projecthttps://vimeo.com/32299728
Thutmosis III Funerary Temple Project (West Bank, Luxor)https://thutmosisiiitempleproject.org/index.php/es/
And the “classics” The Egyptologist’s Electronic Forum http://www.egyptologyforum.org/
Egyptology Resources https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/er/index.html
http://www.templeofhatshepsut.uw.edu.pl/en/temple_of_hatshepsut.html
Polish-Egyptian Mission Since 1961 - begun by Professor Kazimierz Michalowski
What follows:Translations of relevant passages from the biographies of some of the high officials in the time of Hatsehpsut. The texts are found in the anthology of hieroglyphic inscriptions Urkunden des Neuen Reiches IV
http://etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/15133.pdf
Ineni – from his biography in his tomb TT 81 (Luxor)
Ahmes-Pennekhbet – from his biography in his tomb in Elkab (south of Thebes)
“His (Thutmosis II's) son (Thutmosis III) took his place as king of the Two Lands. He ruled on the throne of him who had begotten him. His (Thutmosis II's) sister, the God's Wife Hatshepsut cared for the land (Hr iri.t m-XrtA), the Two Lands lived according to her plans, one served her, Egypt being submissive. The excellent seed of the god that issued forth from him, was she, the bow warp of Egypt, the mooring post of the southerners, the excellent stern warp was she, a mistress of commands, whose plans were excellent; the Two Lands were calmed when she spoke.”
The autobiography of IneniThe accession of Thutmosis III (Urk IV 59.16 - 60.4)
Translated from the anthology of hieroglyphic inscriptions Urkunden des Neuen Reiches IVby Susanne Binder
Autobiographical inscription of Ahmose PennekhbetList of the rulers under whom he served: Urk IV 34.16-17
“I accompanied the Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt, the gods under whom I lived, on their journeys to the southern and northern foreign lands, and to every (other) place to which they (went); namely the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Neb-pehty-Re (Ahmose I), the justified, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Djeser-ka-Re (Amenhotep I), the justified, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Aa-kheper-ka-Re (Thutmosis I), the justified, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Aa-kheper-n.y-Re (Thutmosis II), the justified, up to this good god, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Men-kheper-Re (Thutmosis III), may he be given life for ever. … …The God's Wife, the Great Royal Wife Maat-ka-Re (Hatshepsut), justified, also showed me favour. I raised her daughter, the daughter of the king, Neferure, justified, when she was a child at the breast.”
…written in the time of Thutmosis III (sole rule)
Translated from the anthology of hieroglyphic inscriptions Urkunden des Neuen Reiches IVby Susanne Binder