HPI
Timeline Signs and Symptoms Implication
2 years, 3.5 mo PTC (Mar 2008)
chronic cough TBloss of appetite TB
weight loss TBafternoon fever TB
body malaise TBlocal HC in Cainta: CXR,
sputum exam TB
1 year, 8.5 mo PTCrepeat CXR, claimed cleared,
no records available Resolution of TB?
HPITimeline Signs and Symptoms Implication
8 months PTC (Feb 2010)
tolerable colicky abdominal pain
Involvement of a hollow organ
bloatedness
Involvement of more distal segments of intestines
abdominal distention
Hallmark of intestinal obstruction;
Involvement of more distal segments of intestines
relieved by passage of flatus or stool
Not obstipated, partial obstruction
HPITimeline Signs and Symptoms Implication
4 weeks PTC
vomiting of ingested food ~1-2x/week
Obstruction
increased frequency and severity of abdominal
distention
Progressive cause of obstruction
colicky pain localized @ RLQ
Possible locations Chronicity rules out
appendicitis
anorexia Malabsorption,
malnutrition
lost 20-30% weight Malabsorption,
malnutrition
HPITimeline Signs and Symptoms Implication
18 days PTC menses
Rules out pregnancy as cause of vomiting, colicky pain
(Ruptured ectopic pregnancy can present as intestinal obstruction)
HPITimeline Signs and Symptoms Implication
On admission
stable vitals
BP, HR and RR important indicators of compensatory responses to a hypovolemic status.
37.8 degrees Celsius is the cut-off point for normal expected temperature in cases of obstruction
ambulatory
evidence of muscle wasting Malabsorption,
malnutrition
hyposthenia Malabsorption,
malnutritionminimally worked up and diagnosed but cannot be cleared for intervention due to pulmonary complications
Primary Impression: GI Tuberculosis
• History of pulmonary tuberculosis with undocumented resolution
• Abdominal pain localized at the right lower quadrant
• Signs and symptoms of obstruction – Bloatedness – Abdominal disentention relieved by passage of flatus
or stool– Vomiting – Anorexia– Progressive
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis
• Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis is the 6th most common extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis (Chong and Lim 2009)
• Any site of the GI tract may be involved although studies show a predilection to the ileocecal segments (Fauci et al, 2008).– increased density of lymphoid tissue– increased stasis – neutral luminal pH – absorptive transport mechanisms
• route of infection – penetration of the bowel wall– hematogenous dissemination
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis and its Correlation with Pulmonary Tuberculosis• 25% of gastrointestinal TB cases have evidence of
pulmonary TB• there is a direct correlation between the severity
of pulmonary infection with the presence of GI infection– With minimally advanced pulmonary disease, 1% of
patients have a concomitant GI infection– moderately advanced cases of pulmonary TB, 4.5%
have evidence of GI TB– 25% of patients with severely advanced PTB cases
have concomitant GI TB while – 55% to 90% of fatal cases have GI involvement.
Hamer et al 1998
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis Manifestations
• Ulcerative form– major form associated with increased pathogenicity and mortality – appears as superficial ulcerative lesions on the epithelial surface.
• Hypertrophic form– scarring, fibrosis and mass formation resembling carcinomatous lesions.
• Ulcerohypertrophic form– combination of the first two with both ulcerations and scar formation
• The host’s immune system plays a major role in determining the presentation. – Those with depressed immune responses are likely to develop the
ulcerative form while those with competent immunologic responses would present with a hypertrophic form of the disease (Chong and Lim. 2009).
Hamer et al 1998
Pathophysiology of the Disease
Imaging Studies
Differential Diagnoses
• Mechanical causes of obstruction– herniations, volvulus and intussusceptions are
ruled out on physical exam and barium studies performed on the patient
– adhesions secondary to previous surgery are unlikely as there is no mention of it in the patient’s history
– Adynamic ileus and colonic pseudo-obstruction are ruled out as colicky pain is absent in both conditions
Fauci 2008
Differential Diagnoses• Causes of RLQ pain– Appendicitis, ruled out by the duration of illness.– Right-sided diverticulitis
• less prevalent form of diverticulitis. • clinical manifestation includes abdominal tenderness,
nausea, emesis, anorexia and GI bleeding (Nirula and Greaney, 1997)
• Obstruction secondary to scarring from an infectious process can be a complication of this disease
• Examinations for ruling out this disease include a complete blood cell count, urinalysis, and flat and upright abdominal radiography.
• Further examinations include CT imaging studies, abdominal radiography with contrast and endoscopy (Roberts et al 1995).
Differential Diagnoses
• Causes of RLQ pain– Gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease • both do not present with obstructive symptoms • lack of diarrhea in the patient• lack of cobblestoning on radiographic studies rules out
inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn’s disease.
Differential Diagnoses
• Causes of RLQ pain– Gynecologic causes of right lower quadrant pain
such as ovarian tumor or torsion, and pelvic inflammatory disease as well as
– Renal causes such as pyelonephritis, perinephritic abscess and nephrolithiasis are ruled out as they do not present with obstructive symptoms.
Differential Diagnoses
• TB peritonitis– uncommon extrapulmonary manifestation– a consideration in patients presenting with several
weeks of abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss. – Ruled out because of the lack of ascites, a major
feature arising from the exudation of proteinaceous fluid from the tubercles
• Ruptured tubal pregnancy presenting as intestinal obstruction is unlikely as the patient reports recent menstruation
Management
1. Alleviation of symptoms of distention via nasogastric decompression
2. Correction of nutritional status3. Resection of the involved tissue4. Demonstration of organism via culture of
resected segment followed by sensitivity testing
5. Anti-mycobacterial treatment using appropriate medications
Management
1. Alleviation of symptoms of distention via nasogastric decompression
2. Correction of nutritional status• serves to prepare the patient for surgical
intervention• monitoring of serum albumin
Management
3. Resection of the involved tissue• obstruction is a leading indication for surgery
in intestinal tuberculosis• other indications for surgery include
ulcerative complications such as free perforation, perforation with abscess, or massive
• Preoperative drug therapy is still controversial
Townsend et al 2008Sharma and Bhatia 2004
Management
3. Resection of the involved tissue• right hemicolectomy with a 5 cm margin with
anastomosis• an ileostomy and a mucous fistula with
subsequent anastomosis
Townsend et al 2008Sharma and Bhatia 2004
Management
4. Demonstration of organism via culture of resected segment followed by sensitivity testing
• definitive diagnosis of mycobacterial infection by acid-fast stain or culture
• PCR methods• culture and sensitivity to determine which
drugs are still effective
Management
5. Anti-mycobacterial treatment using appropriate
• HRZES• RCT: standard 6 month course vs prolonged
courses of conventional TB medication shows no significant difference in cure rates
Sharma and Bhatia 2004