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9.2 Production of materials: 1. Fossil fuel products
1. Fossil fuelsprovide both
energy and rawmaterials such
as ethylene, for
the productionof other
substances
Students learn to:
construct word and balanced
formulae equations ofchemical reactions as they
are encountered
identify the industrial source
of ethylene from the crackingof some of the fractions fromthe refining of petroleum
identify that ethylene,
because of the high reactivityof its double bond, is readilytransformed into many usefulproducts
identify that ethylene servesas a monomer from whichpolymers are made
identify polyethylene as an
addition polymer and explainthe meaning of this term
outline the steps in the
production of polyethylene asan example of a commerciallyand industrially importantpolymer
identify the following ascommercially significantmonomers:
o vinyl chloride
o styrene
o by both their
systematic andcommon names
describe the uses of the
polymers made from the
above monomers in terms oftheir properties
Students:
gather and present
information from first-hand orsecondary sources to write
equations to represent allchemical reactionsencountered in the HSCcourse
identify data, plan and
perform a first-handinvestigation to compare thereactivities of appropriatealkenes with thecorresponding alkanes in
bromine water
analyse information from
secondary sources such ascomputer simulations,molecular model kits ormultimedia resources tomodel the polymerisationprocess
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1
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hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
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Alkene + bromine water
e.g.
Word equation propene + bromine water
Chemical
equation
+ Br!aq"
#bservable changes$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&'planation$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Alkane + bromine water
(o reaction
Production of polyethylene from natural raw material :%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% is e'tracted from subterranean deposits and separated into component
h)drocarbon molecules using %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. * portion of the higher boiling point
fractions are converted to eth)lene in a chemical process called %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% whereb) these
larger molecules are bro,en into smaller ones b) using %%%%%%%%%%% and/or pressure.
crude oilcomponents of h)drocarbon molecules - fractional distillation
C10C1+ C1 - crac,ing
C1C02+ C3!eth)lene"
&th)lene is used b) the petrochemical industr) as a monomer substrate for the production of a number of
different %%%%%%%%%%%%%% !long chain molecules made up of repeating monomer units". 4an) different
t)pes of plastic bottles are manufactured from one such pol)mer %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 5his
molecule is formed when man) eth)lene monomer units chemicall) 6oin b) 7opening out8 their
%%%%%%%%%%% bonds to form single bonds between neighbouring units without the loss of an) atoms.
5herefore pol)eth)lene is ,nown as an %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% pol)mer. 5he following equation
describes this pol)merisation process.
C- C + C- C + C- C CCCCCC
5he pol)merisation of eth)lene as an industrial process is carried out using one of two methods both of
which involve a form of chemical initiation and termination.
5he older gas phase results in significant chain branching between pol)eth)lene molecules resulting in a
%%%%%%%%%%9densit) pol)eth)lene product. :t is relativel) soft and is well suited for the production of soft
plastic bottles li,e mil, and personal drin,ing bottles.
5he newer ;iegler < (atta process forms %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% pol)eth)lene molecules resulting in a harder
tougher %%%%%%%%%%%%% densit) pol)eth)lene product which can be used for plastic bottles that need to
be harder and more durable.
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p.
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Polyethylene is produced by addition polymerisation. The following graph shows the distribution of
moleuvular weight of polymer molecules in the sample:
5ermination of the pol)merisation process occurs
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% at different stages for different
molecules in the reaction mi'ture. Pol)mers of different
lengths and hence different molecular weight are produced.
5he reaction conditions influences the average chain length.
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 0
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4onomer Pol)mer =ses
>tructural formula Common
name
>)stemic name
&th)lene
Cling9wrap film
?le'ible food bag
@arbage bin rigid
plastic to)
Ain)l
chloride
!PAC"
&lectric wire
coating water
pipe
>t)rene isposable foam
drin,ing cup
pac,aging of
fragile devices
Biopolymer should be used to replace plastic
ong9lasting non9%%%%%%degradable pol)mers such as pol)st)rene greatl) affect the environment as
microorganisms cannot brea, them down. Pol)st)rene is lightweight and can be made into a solidif)ing
foam to be used in insulating cups. :t can also be manufactured into a clear hard and brittle plastic for
drin,ing cups. 5hese properties ma,e pol)st)rene a useful pol)mer. owever due to its inabilit) to
biodegrade and most of its uses being short9lived pol)st)rene debris builds up in the environment.
Pol)lactic acid !P*" is an alternative to traditional pol)mers. P* is classed as a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
as it is biodegradable. :t is used for short9lived applications such as cold/warm drin,ing cups and plastic
bags. *s P* is made from the waste products of corn crops which are converted b) bacteria into lactic
acid and then reacted to form P* it is easil) bro,en down b) microorganisms once it has been disposed
of.
5herefore biopol)mers such as P* should be used instead of traditional pol)mers such as pol)st)rene
as biopol)mers brea, down in the environment and do not accumulate as debris.
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 3
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Syllabus reference !ctober 2""2 version#
2. Some
scientistscontinue to
research thee$traction of
materials frombiomass to
reduce our
dependence onfossil fuels
Students learn to:
discuss the need for
alternative sources of thecompounds presentlyobtained from thepetrochemical industry
explain what is meant by a
condensation polymer
describe the reaction involved
when a condensation polymeris formed
describe the structure of
cellulose and identify it as anexample of a condensationpolymer found as a maorcomponent of biomass
identify that cellulose
contains the basic carbon-chain structures needed tobuild petrochemicals anddiscuss its potential as a rawmaterial
Students: use available evidence to
gather and present data fromsecondary sources andanalyse progress in thedevelopment and use of anamed biopolymer! "hisanalysis should name thespecific en#yme$s% used ororganism used to synthesisethe material and anevaluation of the use orpotential use of the polymerproduced related to itsproperties
Comparison between polymerisation of ethylene and polymerisation of glucose
pol)merisation of eth)lene pol)merisation of glucose
5)pe of reaction
Pol)mer
?eatures monomer units chemicall) 6oin b)7opening out8 their double bonds to form
single bonds between neighbouring units
* %%%%%%%%%%% molecule is releasedwhen a monomer is added
&quation
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p.
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=sing the date from the table what would be the appro'imate molecular weight of a pol)mer made from
11 glucose monomers !C21#2"D
4olecular mass of glucose - 1E
4olecular mass of water - 1E
1 water molecules are released from the pol)merisation of 11 glucose monomer
4olecular mass nof pol)mer - 11!1E"
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Assess the suitability of biomass to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels
?ossil fuels such as crude oil are used to produce compounds which are used as source of
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% for industr).
*s fossil fuels are %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% resource the) could be completel) used up within a few
decades. *lternate energ) source has to be found to replace fossil fuels.
Biomass is a fuel source made up of %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and lignin from plants. 5he cellulose
components can be converted to glucose b) acid h)drol)sis.
@lucose can be then %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% to ethanol using )east.
&thanol can be used as a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%on its own.
C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g) + energy
&thanol can also be deh)drated to form %%%%%%%%%%%%%% b) using %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
as catal)st. &th)lene can be used as a starting material to produce pol)eth)lene and other plastics.
5he problem with using biomass is that cellulose needs to be grown. 5his ma) result in a large amount of
land clearing. 5he acid h)drol)sis of cellulose is ver) inefficient and polluting and not currentl)
economicall) viable.
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. F
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%. !ther resources,
such as ethanol, are
readily availablefrom renewable
resources such asplants
Students learn to:
describe the dehydration
of ethanol to ethyleneand identify the need fora catalyst in this processand the catalyst used
describe the addition of
water to ethyleneresulting in theproduction of ethanol andidentify the need for acatalyst in this processand the catalyst used
describe and account for
the many uses of ethanol
as a solvent for polar andnon-polar substances
outline the use of ethanol
as a fuel and explain whyit can be called arenewable resource
describe conditions under
which fermentation ofsugars is promoted
summarise the chemistry
of the fermentationprocess
define the molar heat of
combustion of acompound and calculatethe value for ethanolfrom first-hand data
assess the potential ofethanol as an alternativefuel and discuss theadvantages anddisadvantages of its use
identify the &'()C
nomenclature forstraight-chained alkanolsfrom C* to C+
Students:
process information from
secondary sources suchas molecular model kits,digital technologies orcomputer simulations to
model:o the addition of
water to ethyleneo the dehydration of
ethanol
process information from
secondary sources tosummarise the processesinvolved in the industrialproduction of ethanol
from sugar cane
process information from
secondary sources tosummarise the use ofethanol as an alternativecar fuel, evaluating thesuccess of current usage
solve problems, plan and
perform a first-hand
investigation to carry outthe fermentation ofglucose and monitormass changes
present information from
secondary sources bywriting a balancedequation for thefermentation of glucoseto ethanol
identify data sources,
choose resources andperform a first-handinvestigation todetermine and compareheats of combustion of atleast three liquid alkanolsper gram and per mole
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. E
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla2http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla4http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla11http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla9http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla10http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla13http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla14http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla15http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla1http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla5http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla6http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.ht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em923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla7http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla8http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla12http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/core/identification/chem923/chem923net.html#sylla128/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
9/26
Conversion between ethanol and ethylene
!1" deh)dration of ethanol to form eth)lene with concentrated sulfuric acid /phosphoric acid as
catal)st
Write an equation for the deh)dration of ethanol$ !indicate catal)st used"
!" h)dration of eth)lene to form ethanol with dilute sulfuric acid / phosphoric aid as catal)st
Write an equation for the h)dration of eth)lene$ !indicate catal)st used"
ermentation of sugarWrite an equation for the fermentation of glucose$
H = -ve
The conditions that promote the ermentation o s!gar are"
o #east to provide en$ymes
o %il!te a&!eo!s s!gar sol!tion
o Temperat!re in range o 3'oC to 'oC
o naero*ic environment (a*sence o oygen)
Combustion of ethanol
,rite an e&!ation or the complete com*!stion o ethanol
thanol is a _________________reso!rce"
o thanol can *e derived rom non-ossil !el so!rces. s!ch as the
ermentation o s!gar
o The s!gar can *e derived rom s!gar cane
starch (mainly rom corn crops)
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. G
8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
10/26
*acterial decomposition o cell!lose (c!rrently not commercially
via*le)
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1
8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
11/26
!thanol is e"tensively used as a solvent
&thanol is widel) used as a solvent due to its structure. &thanol can act as a solvent for both %%%%%%%%%%%%%
and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% substances. &thanol is a small molecule. 5he ethanol molecule has a polar
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end and a non9polar %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end.
5he polar end dissolves polar substances b) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% or %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% interactions.
5he non9polar end can dissolve non9polar substances b) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% forces.
Comparison between water and ethanol as solvent
Water &thanol
Water is a small %%%%%%%%%%%%% molecule
containing onl) polar covalent bonds.
&thanol is also a small molecule but it contains
both %%%%%%%%%%%% and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
ends.
:t is attracted to other substances b) strong
h)drogen bonds and dipole9dipole attractions.
5his ma,es it an e'tremel) good solvent for
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and some ionic
compounds. 7i,e dissolves %%%%%%%%%%%8.
5he polar end dissolves polar substances b)
8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
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#pecific heat and molar heat of combustion
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$of a compound is the quantit) of heat required to increase the
temperature of 1g of the compound b) 1oC.
The ________________________________________ is the heat energy released /hen one
moleo a s!*stance !ndergoes complete com*!stion /ith oygen at a press!re o
0'013 a (or 0 atmosphere). /ith the 4nal prod!cts *eing CO2 and H2O
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1
8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
13/26
!"periment to measure heat of combustion
Apparatus
raw an e'perimental set which can be used to measure the molar heat of combustion of ethanol.
%esults:4ass of water 0 g
:nitial mass of burner 100. g
?inal mass of burner 10. g
:nitial temperature of water .oC
?inal temperature of water 3.oC
Calculation:
q - mc H5 >pecific heat capcacit) of water - 3.1E '10I ,g91J91
=se the data above the find the molare heat of combustion of ethanol.
!"perimental errors
9 eat loss to environment and heat lost in heating up the apparatus rather than water
9 :mpurities in the fuel
9 :ncomplete combustion of alcohol
5herefore e'perimental heat of combustion is significantl) %%%%%%%%%%%%% than the published value.
&ays to limit heat loss from apparatus
9 :nsulate bea,er of water
9 =ses an appropriate lid covering for bea,er
9 &nsure a minimal appropriate distance between spirit burner flame and bea,er
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 10
8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
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Ethanol is carbon neutral fuel while fossil fuel is not. Discuss.
thanol is prod!ced *y ermentation o s!gary crops s!ch as s!gar cane and corn1
CH02O(a&) 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
thanol /hen com*!sted. orm car*on dioide and /ater and release heat and is
th!s a !se!l !el1
C2H5OH(l) + 3O22CO2+ 3H2O
To orm s!gars in the 4rst place. these crops !ndergo photosynthesis /here car*on
dioide is a*sor*ed1
CO2(g) + H2O(l) CH02O(s) + O2(g)
Thereore theoretically. the CO2 released /hen ethanol is com*!sted is *alanced *y
that a*sor*ed d!ring photosynthesis1
CO2 is tho!ght to *e the main ca!se o glo*al /arming and thereore ethanolconsidered to *e car*on ne!tral in that it does not lead to net increase in car*on
dioide in the atmosphere1
The com*!stion o ossil !els s!ch as octane does lead to an increase in CO2
*eca!se the photosynthesis that prod!ced the s!gars that t!rned into ossil !els
occ!rred millions o years ago1
Ho/ever. ossil !els are !sed in the arming process and in the distillation and
distri*!tion o ethanol1
Th!s. ethanol as a !el does lead to a net increase in car*on dioide levels1
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 13
8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
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&. !$idation'
reduction
reactions areincreasingly
important as asource of
energy
Students learn to:
explain the displacement of
metals from solution in termsof transfer of electrons
identify the relationshipbetween displacement ofmetal ions in solution byother metals to the relativeactivity of metals
account for changes in the
oxidation state of species interms of their loss or gain ofelectrons
describe and explain galvanic
cells in terms of
oxidationreduction reactions outline the construction of
galvanic cells and trace thedirection of electron flow
define the terms anode,
cathode, electrode andelectrolyte to describegalvanic cells
Students: perform a first-hand
investigation to identify theconditions under which agalvanic cell is produced
perform a first-handinvestigation and gather first-hand information to measurethe difference in potential ofdifferent combinations ofmetals in an electrolytesolution
gather and present
information on the structureand chemistry of a dry cell or
lead-acid cell and evaluate itin comparison to one of thefollowing:
o button cell
o fuel cell
o vanadium redox cell
o lithium cell
o liquid unction
photovoltaic device $egthe rat#el cell%
in terms of:
o chemistryo cost and practicality
o impact on society
o environmental impact
solve problems and analyse
information to calculate thepotential ./requirement ofnamed electrochemicalprocesses using tables ofstandard potentials and halfequations
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1
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hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
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Redo' reaction !o'idation9reduction reaction"
Oxidation = _______________ of electrons. (OIL)
Reduction = _________________ of electrons (RIG)
The oidation and red!ction have to occ!r together1
n oxidising agent 6666666666666666 electrons rom another reactant in a
redo reaction1 7t ca!ses oidation o another reactant and itsel is66666666666666666661
reducing agent6666666666666666666666 electrons to another reactant in a
redo reaction1 7t ca!ses the red!ction o another reactant and itsel is
6666666666666666661
Dislace!ent reaction (an exa!le of redox reaction)"
n eperiment /as perormed to
investigate the relative activity ometals1 The *eaer initially contained25'1' m8 o '1'5' mol 81copper s!latesol!tion1
Exected results"Changes in the colo!r o the sol!tion"
Changes on the piece o $inc metal"
Exlanations"9inc is a more 666666666666666 metal than copper1 9inc /ill 6666666666666666666 thecopper ions in coper s!late sol!tion 1 The more active metal has a greater tendencyto *e 666666666666666666661 9inc metal 66666666666666666666666 electrons to orm $incions /hich goes into the sol!tion1 Th!s $inc is 6666666666666666661
;n!s" ;n+!aq" + e
9 !o'idation"
Copper ions /ill 6666666666666666666666 the electrons released *y $inc to orm666666666666 66666666666 /hich is the red-*ro/n deposit1 Thereore copper ions are666666666666666661
Cu+ !aq" + e9 Cu!s" !reduction"
Write an overall reaction
!Redo'"
The copper (77) ions are *l!e1 s they are converted into solid copper. C!2+ ionsconcentration is 666666666666666666661 This eplain /hy colo!r o the sol!tion*ecomes lighter1
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 12
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A galvanic cell
gal#anic cell(:oltaic;%aniel) is an electrochemical cell that
66666666666666666666 electrical energy rom oidation ; red!ction (redo)
reactions taing place /ithin the cell1
7t consist o t/o hal 6666666666666. the oidation hal cell and red!ction halcell1
hal cell consists o an 66666666666666666 and an 6666666666666666666661
The electrolyte sol!tions in the hal cells are O3sol!tion)
/hich allo/s the migration o ions to complete the circ!it1
o The t/o hal-cells may !se the same electrolyte. or they may !se di?erent
electrolytes1
The electrodes are
8/11/2019 hsc chemistry Ch 1 Production of Materials Revision Notes Student
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Comparison between a dry cell and a button cell
* dr) cell * button cell
%ry cell F!tton Cell
cost andpracticality
:ery cheap (' cents)Beadily availa*le (p!rchased roms!permarets)1Gsed in torches. T: remotes. porta*leC% players. alarm clocs. etc1Ho/ever they have a short lie1
They cannot *e recharged1They are *ig. *!ly and heavycompared to the *!tton cell. ho/ever
&!ite small and light compared to thelead-acid *attery1
o 0ery small and light
o 1elatively long life
o Silver is an expensive
metal, making the cell slightly
more expensive than the dry
cell, however it is still
relatively cheap, with a rough
price of about 23-24!
o Constant output voltageo 5on-rechargeable
impact onsociety
s they are relatively small and light.they can are !sed to mae porta*leappliances1 or eample. a porta*leradio. can impact society as it can *e!sed to inorm people on *oats oapproaching storms1 This /arning cansave them rom the storm1
o Small si#e has allowed for
miniature electric appliances
o 5on-toxic nature has
allowed for use inside the body
o .!g!Their !se in
pacemaers has allo/ed
people to live longer1
environmental impact
The dry cells are non-rechargea*le andas they donIt last long. many end !p inland4ll1 The o!ter $inc case corrodesand $inc ions escape into thes!rro!nding soil1 high concentration o$inc ions is toic to vegetation1
o Have to be
discardedrecycled after one
use
o (otassium hydroxide
electrolyte is caustic
o 5o highly toxic materials
that will harm the
environment
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 1
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(. )uclear
chemistry
provides arange of
materials
Students learn to:
distinguish between stable
and radioactive isotopes anddescribe the conditions underwhich a nucleus is unstable
describe how transuranic
elements are produced
describe how commercial
radioisotopes are produced
identify instruments and
processes that can be used todetect radiation
identify one use of a namedradioisotope:
o in industry
o in medicine
describe the way in which the
above named radioisotopesare used and explain theiruse in terms of theirproperties
Students:
process information from
secondary sources to describerecent discoveries ofelements
use available evidence to
analyse benefits andproblems associated with theuse of radioactive isotopes inidentified industries andmedicine
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p.
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'sotopes
Isotoesare atoms o the same element /ith di?erent n!m*ers o
6666666666666666666661
They have the same 666666666666666666 n!m*er *!t di?erent
666666666666666 n!m*er1
s they have same electron con4g!rations. they have the same
666666666666666 properties1
Di$erence between stable and radioacti#e isotoes
sta*le isotope is one that doesnIt disintegrate1
radioactive isotope is an !nsta*le isotope that
___________________________________________________________ with
a change in the ______________________________________________1
Conditions under which a nucleus is unstable
1. atom with a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% !atomic number K %%%%%%%%%%%%". high %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ratio
Alpha and beta decay
=nstable nuclei !radioisotopes" undergo radioactive deca) to form more stable daughter nuclei.
!1" *lpha deca)
:t involves emitting a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% nucleus from the isotope nucleus
!" Beta deca)
:t involves the conversion of a neutron into a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and an %%%%%%%%%%%%
(3) Jamma radiationJamma radiation accompanies most other types o radioactive decay tored!ce the 666666666666 o the n!cle!s1
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 0
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Transuranic elements
%ransuranicelements are elements /ith atomic n!m*ers greater than
66666666666666666K that is 9 L 66666666 (more than 666666666 protons)1
>one o these elements are sta*le and each decays radioactively into other
666666666666666661
Production of transuranic elements
ll trans!ranic elements are arti4cially prod!ced *y"
(0) _____________________________ in a n!clear reactor"
>!clear reactors prod!ce lots o ne!trons rom 4ssion reactions1
o Target n!cle!s is *om*arded /ith ne!trons in a n!clear reactor1 The
target n!cle!s a*sor*s the ne!trons to orm a radioisotope1
o E.g. for!ation of &etuniu!'* fro! uraniu!'+"
,hen Grani!m-23M is *om*arded /ith ne!trons in a n!clear
reactor. it can *e converted to G-23N1 Grani!m-23N can then convert to nept!rni!m-23N *y *eta decay.
in /hich one ne!tron converts to a proton. an electron (*eta
particle)
>ept!rni!m-23N can then convert to pl!toni!m-23N *y *eta
decay. in /hich one ne!tron converts to a proton. an electron
(*eta particle)
o
(2) _________________________________ in article accelerators"
o 5here are three t)pes of accelerators$ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and
s)nchrotrons.
o &ach uses alternating %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% and %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% fields to accelerate
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% particles !such as protons alpha particles or nuclei of larger atoms" at
high speed to penetrate a target nucleus to produce a %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9deficient
radioisotope
o &.g. production of prod!ction o %armstadti!m
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p. 3
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Application of radioisotopes in industry and medicine in relation to their properties:
Radioisotopes have made man) procedures easier safer more cost effective more accurate and more
reliable for societ). owever there are ris,s and problems associated with their use.
()* edical use of radioisotopes
e.g. :odine9101
9 to treat or diagnose th)roid disorders
Radioisotopes usuall) have the same chemical properties to non9radioactive isotopes. 5hus when iodine9101 is ingested the) will concentrated in th)roid gland.
:odine9101 has a half9life of 6ust over E da)s and emit L9particles and M9ra)s as it deca)s. 5he half9life is
long enough to be transported from where it is produced to where it is to be used while short enough to
minimise a patient8s e'posure to radiation.
5he L9particles can penetrate and destro) abnormal tissues while the M9ra)s allow e'ternal imaging to
ensure the target region has been reached.
(,* 'ndustrial use of radioisotopes
>odium93 has a ver) short half9life and so it disappears rapidl) after its use and is not a threat to the
environment. 5hus it can be used to detect lea,s in underground water or gas pipes.
Cobalt92 releases M9ra)s which is effective in destro)ing biological molecules such as bacteria. >o it can
be used to sterilise food and medical supplies such as dressing and bandages.
*mericium931 is used in smo,e detectors. *mericium931 emits alpha particles. :t has a long half9life of
30 )ears meaning that it never needs replacing. 5he alpha particles do not themselves pose a health
haNard as the) are absorbed in a few centimetres of air or b) the structure of the detector.
%isks of using radioisotopes:
Radioisotopes present problems if mishandled or not shielded properl) as radiation can cause tissuedamage cancers and or genetic mutation. People must therefore ta,e care to monitor and minimise their
e'posure to radioisotopes.
#ther possible problems include accidents during the production of radioisotopes at nuclear reactors and
disposal of radioactive wastes.
owever if care is ta,en and radioisotopes are used properl) and the problems are managed adequatel)
the benefit of radioisotopes outweigh the problems.
Ch1 Production of materials/ Revision notes / p.
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*n unstable isotope can undergo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% or %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% in order to
achieve greater %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.
&'ample of alpha deca)$
&'ample of beta deca)$