Human Anatomy and Physiology
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1) Define the following terms: Anatomy, Body system, Cell,Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue
2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly used to refer to body
3) Identify 4 Body Positions
4) Identify 5 Body Cavities
5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems
6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?
Anatomy: Study of the Human Body’s Structure
Physiology: Study of Human Mechanical, Physical, Biological Function
Cells: basic unit of life--smallest structural and functional unity within a living thing
Tissues: distinct materials in the body made up of specialized cells (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue: lining of organs)
Organs: made up of tissues, fully differentiated (no two organs perform the exact same action)
Body system: Group of organs that work with one another to perform a function (breathing, circulating blood, reproduction)
Homeostasis: relatively stable equilibrium in all bodily systems: “the scientific definition of ‘healthy’” --John Mayer
Anatomical Positions
Prone: lying face down
Supine: lying face up…..“supine, spine”
Fowler’s position: sitting up with knees bent
Trendelenburg’s position: body supine with the head lower than feet
Shock position: head and feet supine, legs are elevated, helps blood flow to brain
Recovery position: unresponsive patient, no spine injury. Lying on side, opposite knee flexed, head cushioned on hand
Directional TermsSuperior
Inferior
Proximal
Distal
Medial Lateral
Proximal
Distal
More Directional Terms
Superficial / Deep: toward skin surface / farther inside body
Ventral / Dorsal: anterior / posterior surface of body
Palmar: palm of hand
Plantar: bottom of the foot
Terms for Movements◦Flexion: bending ◦Extension: straightening◦Hyper: beyond normal range of motion (injury)◦Abduction: move extremity away from the body◦Adduction: move extremity toward the body
Body Cavities
Cavity: Hollow space in the body that houses vital organsand organ systems
-Cranial Cavity-Spinal Cavity-Thoracic (Chest) Cavity-Abdominal Cavity -Pelvic Cavity
Cranial and Spinal Cavity: The Nervous System!!!
……………………………………………Are you nervous?
Nervous System-controls all activities of the body via sensory input
voluntary: somatic nervous systeminvoluntary: autonomic nervous system
-Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cordcerebrum: rational thought, sensory perceptioncerebellum: coordinates movementbrain stem: controls basic body functions (circulatory, respiratory, digestive function)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable of nerve fibers thatconnect the spinal cord to bodily organs (Brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus)
Nervous System 2
cerebrum
cerebellumBrain stem
Brachial plexus
Lumbrosacral plexus
Sensory nerves: carry info from the body to the CNS
Motor nerves: carry info from the CNS to muscles
Connecting nerves: connect sensory and motor
Spinal Column-33 vertebrae total, central supporting structure of the body, protects spinal cord (carries nerve messages from brain to the rest of the body)
Cervical spine: VERY IMPORTANT “3,4,5 stay alive” C7 is most prominent
Thoracic Spine: next 12 vertebrae, one pair of ribs attached to each vertebrae
Lumbar spine: next 5 vertebrae
Sacrum: 5 sacral vertebrae fused together, joined to illiac bones of the pelvis
Coccyx: last 4 vertebrae, tailbone, commonly bruised / chipped
GI and Endocrine Systems: Abs Baby
Liver, gallbladder
Appendix
Stomach, spleen
Colon
-small and large intestines in all quadrants
Gastrointestinal System◦ Anatomy
• Mouth• Esophagus• Stomach• Small and large intestine
◦ Physiology: help process food and water, extract necessary nutrients / energy • Saliva• Hydrochloric acid• Bile
Thorax: Chest Cavity-Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels (aorta and two venae cava)
-formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage
Xiphoid process
Costal arch
Angle of Louis
Floating ribs (11, 12)
Retroperitoneal Region
-“behind the chest wall” know: pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, urinary bladder
-Pelvis: closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum, 2) ilium, 3) ischium
The Endocrine System: glands in the body that secrete hormones (regulate blood sugar levels, control reproductive process)• Hypothalamus--secretes hormones that act on pituitary• Pituitary--”master” gland• Thyroid--metabolism, growth, development• Adrenals--epinephrine (“fight or flight” response) sympathetic nervous system (part of autonomous nervous system)
» -eye: promotes dilation» -heart: increases rate and force of contraction» -lungs: dilates bronchioles» -penis: promotes ejaculation» - Pancreas: endocrine NOT gastrointestinal
Respiratory SystemBronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (where CO2 - O2 exchange takes place)
Pleura: glossy tissue lining of lungs (outside) and chest cavity (inside) space in between--->pleural space
Diaphragm: both a voluntary and involuntary muscle (striated, voluntary on deep breath, involuntary when we’re not consciously breathing)
-inhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles (muscles between ribs) contract, ribs are raised up and out, thoracic cavity expands, low pressure allows air to rush in create vacuum
-exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, ribs relax back in, pressure rises in lungs, air rushes out
More on the Lungs
Circulatory System-collection of tubes that circulate blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) and the heart
-heart: muscular organ made of cardiac muscle (myocardium) each side is divided into upper and lower chambers (atrium and ventricle)
-arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart
-aorta: principal artery
-veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
-vena cava: principal vein (superior-above heart, inferior-below heart)
-capillaries: fine end of circulatory tubes, intersect with cells in bodily tissues, feeds O2 and removes CO2, metabolic waste
- Oxygen is carried primarily by the red blood cell's hemoglobin with a small amount dissolved in the blood.
-Carbon dioxide is dissolved primarily in the plasma with a small amount carried by the red blood cells. Plasma also carries nutrients to tissues, also removes waste
-White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system and help the body defend against infection.
Along with specialized proteins, platelets are the component of blood used to form blood clots when bleeding.
Circulatory Path
http://asweknowit.net/MIDDLE_SCH/DWA%205%20organ%20systems.htm
The Skeletal System◦ Anatomy
• Long and flat bones• Skull and spinal column• Thorax• Pelvis• Upper and lower extremities
◦ Physiology• Structure to the body• Bone marrow makes blood cells
***PAGE 196 and 198: KNOW THESE BONES***
Extra skeletal stuffShoulder girdle: the clavicle, the scapula, the humerus
Sternum---Clavicle---Acromioclavicular joint (A/C joint)---Acromion process---Humerus
Foot: calcaneus (heel) metatarsal (middle foot) phalanges (toes)
Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Muscles
Types of MusclesSkeletal Muscle: attached to bone, also called striated
-voluntary muscle: under direct voluntary control
paralyzed muscle: muscle lacking nerve impulse because of broken connection / damaged nerves (voluntary control is lost)
Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle
-found in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, bronchi of the lungs (propels flow of blood, fluids) under same nervous system
Cardiac muscle: own blood supply and it’s own electrical (stimulus) system; heart sets its own rhythm and rate without brain’s influence
Blood Pressure / HeartbeatNormal Heart Rates:
Adult - 60-100 bpm, Child - 70-140 bpm, Newborns - 120-160 bpm
Blood pressure: pressure that blood exerts against arterial walls (systole: muscular contraction phase / diastole: muscular relaxation phase)
Major / important arteries: carotid (neck) radial (wrist) brachial (under bicep) femoral (inner thigh…yeahhhh) posterior tibial (inner heal…good for distal csms!)
Perfusion: circulation of blood within a specific tissue or organ in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs.
INADEQUATE PERFUSION = SHOCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The Skin You’re In: Integumentary System
-Skin: the largest organ on the human body-3 major functions
-Protect body from environment-Regulate body temperature-Receive nerve signals (sensory)
-Regulates temp by vasoconstriction / vasodialation
-Epidermis and Dermis: 2 major layers
-Epidermis: sebacious glands secrete sebum, also pores
-Dermis: sweat glands, nerves
The Other Bodily SystemsUrinary System (kidney, urethra, bladder) filters and removes liquid waste, controls pH of blood, manages electrolyte balance
Reproductive System: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra / vagina, ovaries, uterus. determines sex characteristics, Reproduction
Lymphatic System: lymphnodes, white blood cells, spleen.,
removes excess interstitial fluid around cells into blood, removes foreign molecules / bacteria from tissues, from bloodstream, absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the intestines, and produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell
The 11 Bodily SystemsSkeletalMuscularCardiovascularRespiratoryDigestive / GastrointestinalReproductiveIntegumentary (skin)NervousLymphaticEndocrineUrinary