The sum of the genetically based
variety of all the organisms in the
biosphere = ___________________
Biodiversity gives __________ to the
ecosystems that we are so dependent
on, enhances their ____________, and
provides an important source of new
_____, ________, and other _________.
BIODIVERSITY
stability
productivity
food medicine products
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
_______________________
____________
____________
____________
_________________
______________________
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
Deforestation
Fragmentation
pollution
Poaching & over hunting
Invasive species
BIODIVERSITY THREAT
Development of natural areas for cities or
agriculture results in ____________________habitat destruction
http://www.simtropolis.com/idealbb/files/SG_ShoppingCenter.JPG
BIODIVERSITY THREAT
The tropical rainforests once covered more
than 14% of the earth's total land surface,
but now cover less than 6%.
http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1384632.htm
Changes in Brazilian rainforest over 30 years
BIODIVERSITY THREAT
Nearly half of the world's species of plants, animals
and microorganisms will be destroyed or severely
threatened over the next quarter century due to
____________________________
http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_maps_description.cfm?ImageID=1553
rainforest deforestation.
BIODIVERSITY THREAT
Splitting a habitat into smaller disconnected
pieces = _____________________
It results in small “islands”
of natural area isolated
from each other by crop
land, pasture, pavement,
or even barren land.
Habitat fragmentation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation
BIODIVERSITY THREAT
Habitat fragmentation brings wildlife in
more frequent contact with humans.
When it comes
down to
“us or them” . . .
“they” usually lose.
http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/peterrabbit.html
BIODIVERSITY THREAT
One of most important threats to
biodiversity come from apparently
harmless plants or animals that
humans transport into new habitats =
_____________________
New habitats don’t have ____________
and parasites that control the population
in their native habitats, so invasive species
populations _____________ rapidly.
INVASIVE SPECIES
PREDATORS
INCREASE
EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wild_rabbit.jpg
24 rabbits turned loose for
hunting in 1859 in Australia,
reproduced at such a rapid
rate they have taken over
the continent.
http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/images/australiamap.gif
Within 10 years they had
multiplied so rapidly, 2 million
rabbits a year could be shot or
trapped without any noticeable
effect on population.
EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rabbit-erosion.jpg
They are believed to be
responsible for the
_______________ of 1/8 of
the mammal species,
unknown numbers of plant
species, as well as serious
________________ problems.
It is still a major problem and rabbit diseases have
been purposely introduced to try to control the
population.
http://www.csiro.au/communication/rabbits/qa1.htm
soil erosion.
extinction
EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES
_________________ are native to the Caspian Sea
region of Asia. They are believed to have been
transported to the Great Lakes in the ballast water
from a ship.
They were first discovered in 1988, and have since
spread rapidly to all of the Great Lakes
and waterways in many
States and into Canada.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dreissena_polymorpha3.jpg
Zebra mussels
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY ZEBRA MUSSELS
•Clog power plant and public water intakes and
pipes, costing taxpayers millions of dollars
· Damage boat engines
· Blanket shorelines with their sharp shells
and foul smell
· Consume available food for
native species and smother
native mussels
· Threaten water-based
recreational activities
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_mussel
EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES
__________________ is native to
Europe and Asia and first appeared
in Massachusetts in 1827.
http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ctoavsimages/newfrontpgpic2.jpg
Across _____________ and much of the
Great Plains, leafy spurge is one of the most
threatening invasive plants, ____________ out
native grassland and damaging
___________________.
LEAFY SPURGE
South Dakota
crowding
grazing land
EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE SPECIES
302,000 acres in
South Dakota are
infested with
LEAFY SPURGE.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
leafy spurge infestations in the Dakotas, Montana
and Wyoming alone cost agricultural producers
and taxpayers at least $144 million annually in
production losses, control expenses and
other impacts to the economy .
http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/map/eues1.htm
EXAMPLES OF INVASIVE
SPECIES• Kudzu
• There's so much of this fast-growing vine
in the Southeastern U.S., you might think it
was a native plant. Actually, it took a lot of
hard work to help kudzu spread so widely.
Now that it covers over seven million acres
of the deep South, there are a lot of
people working hard to get rid of it! But
kudzu is used in ways which might
surprise you...
Kudzu
• Kudzu was introduced to the United States
in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in
Philadelphia, PennThe large leaves and
sweet-smelling blooms of kudzu captured
the imagination of American gardeners
who used the plant for
ornamental purposes.
BIODIVERSITY THREATThe addition of ________________
= harmful materials that can enter the biosphere through land, water or air can also threaten biodiversity.
pollutants
http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg
http://www.iol.ie/~carigeen/pollution.jpg
Example:
_____ was first modern insecticide
It was cheap, stayed active for long time, and kills many different insects
Used to control agriculture pests
and disease carrying
_______________
DDT
http://www.michigan.gov/images/mosquito_65147_7.jpg
MOSQUITOES
When DDT was sprayed, it
drained into rivers and
streams at LOW
concentrations.
http://www.ci.cypress.ca.us/public_works/stormwater_images/kids_watershed.jpg
DDT in the environment gets into organisms through the ___________, is stored in __________, and
doesn’t ______________.
http://www.geocities.com/~greyhawk_1/sh_eagle-9.jpg
food chaintissues
degrade
______________________________
= the ____________ of a harmful substance
____________as it passes to organisms at
_______________levels in food chain or web.
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
Plants pick up
DDT from water
& store it
Herbivores eat
plants and store
some DDT
Carnivores eat
herbivores and
store more DDT
→ →
concentration
increases
higher trophic
Go to Section:
Fish-Eating Birds
Magnification of
DDT Concentration
10,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000,000
1
1000
LargeFish
Small Fish
Zooplankton
Producers
Water
Section 6-3
Figure 6-16 Biological Magnification of DDT
The wide spread use of DDT threatened many species… especially fish eating birds like osprey, brown pelican, and
bald eagles.
DDT causes birds to lay
eggs with ___________
shells so eggs would
break when sat on.
American Bald Eagle was declared
endangered in 1967. It has since been
reclassified as _____________________
fragile
“threatened”
http://image10.webshots.com/11/3/94/67/2146394670011493049pwlCDV_ph.jpg
In 1962, American biologist
_______________ published the
book,_____________ which
told of DDT’s harmful effects.
The book led to a large public outcry and
eventually resulted in DDT being _________
in the United States in the 1970’s
The book was one of the important events in
the birth of the _________________________.
Rachel Carson
Silent Spring
banned
http://www.kimball.k12.sd.us/Heroes%20Web%20Page/Pictures/Rachel%20Carson.jpg
environmental movement
WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
REMEMBER!
Everything is connected.
BIODIVERSITY is a measure
of the __________ of an ecosystem.
_______ DIVERSITY = BETTERImage from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ©2006
HEALTH
MORE
CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY
Wise management of natural resources =
__________________
Protecting endangered species requires
detailed information about ecological _________________
We can’t protect a species without understanding how it ____________ with the _________________.
conservation
relationships
interactsecosystem
Examples of efforts to keep a species from
becoming extinct:
___________________
(raised and protected in zoos until
population is stable, then returned to wild
CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY
Captive breeding
http://www.blackfootedferret.org/
Today
conservation
efforts focus on
protecting entire
ecosystems not
just individual
species
______________ =
are places that are
MOST endangered
CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY
Image from: Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall© 2006
HOT SPOTS