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Human Security
Andrew Collins
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Overview
Varying ways of presenting human security through:
Primary subsistence
Basic and etended human needs
Absence of poverty
All of the above ! Safety
A more formalised terminology emerges "##$s%
&nited 'ations contet( also in academia
Human Security )eport and other references
An in depth loo* at human security informs sustainable developmentand disaster management theory( policy and practice
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Primary
Subsistence +ood
,ater Sanitation
Shelter +uel
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-aslow.s Hierarchy of 'eeds
Basic and etended human
needs
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Poverty
'eed to thin* carefully as to what is meantby /poverty.
,hat really lies behind poverty0
)hetoric and reality of poverty 1 caretherefore also needed in identifyingvulnerability( resilience( social inclusionand related concepts
Poverty indicators are needed if doingpoverty assessment 1 how do we measurepoverty0 2net 3 slides4
Poverty alleviation approaches derive from6
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6valuating poverty
1 Based on material objectiveclassifcation
2 Based on less-material (possibly moresubjective) classifcations
7
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7ess material poverty
indicatorsi%e% Human vulnerability can be di8cult to5uantify%
Social connectivity
9nclusion
9ndependence
+reedom of choice
Security 8
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/-easuring. poverty
9ncome based measures /absolute.and /relative. wellbeing% S;"%?3per day indicator
'onincome based measures basic
needs approach Capability perspectives 1 abilities(
access and rights emphases9
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-easuring Poverty: eamples of macrocomposite indices:
10
Human development index - UNDP
life expectancy
educational attainment
GDP per capita
Human poverty index - UNDP
percentage of people expected to die before age 40
percentage of illiterate adults percentage of people without access to health
services and safe water
percentage of under-weight children under five
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Capability poverty measure
11
s variously included or implicit in !"DP #nnual $eports in
since %&&'
(ac) of the capability to be well nourished and healthy-
represented by the proportion of mal-nourished under five
children*
+apability for healthy reproduction-proxied by the proportionof births unattended by trained health personnel*
,he capability to be educated and )nowledgeable-
represented by female illiteracy*
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O6C; 2?$$"4 on capability
;e@ning poverty through the core dimensionof capability:
6conomic Capabilityhese are the capacity and right to earn anincome( consume and have assets% heyare *ey to food security( material wellbeing
and social status( and may include thoseassociated with decent employment( land(implements and animals( forests and@shing waters( and credit%
12
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O6C; 2?$$"4 on capability
Human capabilities
hese are based on health(
education( nutrition( clean water andshelter% 9llhealth and lac* ofeducation are barriers to productivelivelihoods and therefore to poverty
reduction%
Political capabilities
hese include human rights(representation and inuence over
13
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O6C; 2?$$"4 on capability
Sociocultural capabilities
hese concern the ability to participate asa valued member of a community% hey
include social status( dignity and ability tobe included%
Protective capabilities
hese enable people to withstandeconomic and eternal shoc*s( to beresilient when confronted with eternalstresses% 9nsecurity and vulnerability wor*together as focal aspects of poverty%
14
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Poverty and the +ragile6nvironments
15
nvironmental degradation and poverty as cyclical* ,hose closely dependent on natural resources
affected more*
Population change in environmentally fragile areas.
i/ high birth ratesii/ migrations
iii/ forced population displacement and entrapments*
mpoverished people in fragile environments*
+hange in common access regimes and landlessness
and demand for environmental ustice and good
governance*
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Achieving Human Security ;emands an9ntegrated Approach to ;isaster
-anagement and Sustainable ;evelopment +igure ?%?
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)ecovery is about turning
negative processes positive
Critical +indings for Application in ; E
;
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Poverty
nvironmental
Degradation
+igure:
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An integrated poverty and environment view of humanitarian
Poverty- income- basic needs- capabilities
1arginalisationDependent on.
- Gender2 #ge2 3Dis/ability2
(ocation2 +ivil rights and
representation
umanitarian
Disaster +onflict
1aor or $apid
nvironmental vent
nvironmental +hange- economic
- physical- social 3includes
culture2 faith and
behaviour/
Source: Collins( A%6% 2?$$#4 Disaster and Development(
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9dealised reversal of poverty( environment and disasters
5ealth and
5ellbeing- income- basic and
extended needs- capabilities
nvironmental +hange
- economic stability- environmental sustainability
- social cohesion and security
nclusion and $educed
6ulnerability
$especting of.
- Gender2 #ge2 3Dis/ability2
(ocation2 $ights and representation
Disaster
$eduction
- ris) management- emergency
preparedness- resilience2
capacity and
coping
+onflict
1itigation
Source: Collins( A%6% 2?$$#4 Disaster and Development(
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?"
7ustainable livelihoods approach to
uman 7ecurity an example of a people
centred approach to sustainable
development
3overlaps with aspects of community
based disaster ris) reduction/
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??
7ustainable (ivelihoods
8# livelihood comprises the capabilities2 assets
and activities re9uired for a means of living* #
livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with
and recover from stresses and shoc)s and
maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets
both now and in the future2 while not undermining
the natural resource base*:
Department for nternational Development 3DfD ;000 p*%/
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ousehold 7ustainable Development
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(ivelihood #ssets3+apital assets that contribute to human security/
Human capital
Social capital
Natural capital
Physical capital
Financial capital
(political capital)
S
H
P +
'
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?3
uman capital
,he s)ills2 )nowledge2 ability to labour and
good health that together enable people topursue different livelihood strategies and
achieve their livelihood obectives*
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?G
"atural capital
"atural resource stoc)s from which resource
flows and services 3nutrient cycling2 erosion
protection/ useful for livelihoods are derived* (and2
forests2 marine
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?F
Physical capital
,he basic infrastructure and producer
goods needed to support livelihoods* 1ore
essential components are affordable
transport2 secure shelter and buildings2ade9uate water supply and sanitation2 clean
and affordable energy2 and access to
information 3communications/*
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?
=inancial capital
,he financial resources that people use to
achieve their livelihood obectives* #vailable
savings and regular inflow of money*
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?#
7ocial capital
"etwor)s and connectedness betweenindividuals with shared interests*
1embership of more formalised groups* $elationships of trust2 reciprocity and
exchanges*
i.e. Its not just about what you know, butwho you know.
St th d C it
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Strengthened Community
H S
P
F
N
Po
l
iii4 Security Contet:
6nvironmental( Political(6conomic( Climatic( -ilitary
Shoc*s and rends
i47ivelihoo
dAssets
ii4 9ncreasing capacity(rights( representation(access to resources(empowerment and
wealth
Source: Collins( A% 6% 2?$$#4;isaster and ;evelopment(
H 1 HumancapitalS 1 Social capital' 1 'atural
capitalPol 1 Political
$
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H S
P
F
N
Pol
iii47ivelihood
Assets
ii4 9ncreasing displacement( abuse(denied access to resources( loss of avoice or representation( vulnerability
and poverty
,ea*ened Community
"Source: Collins( A% 6% 2?$$#4;isaster and ;evelopment(
i4 Security Contet:
6nvironmental( Political(6conomic( Climatic(-ilitary Shoc*s and
rends
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?
(ivelihood security and responsible well-being
+hambers2 $* 3%&&'/Whose eality !ounts"
Puttin# the $irst last.
ntermediate ,echnology
Publications* p*%0
+rom integrated vulnerability to integrated
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+rom integrated vulnerability to integratedwellbeing
>iological 7usceptibility.- malnourishment
- exposure to ha?ardous
environments and pathogens
- lac) of medicine and health care
6ulnerability
5ellbeing
nsecurity. - displacement
- abuse
- denied access to
resources
- lac) of a voice or
representation
1ental mpairment. - lac) of education
- loss of s)ills2 ideas
and options
- entrapment and
dependency
- cultural isolation
ealth.
- nutrition- water2 sanitation and clean
air2 pathogen avoidance and
control
- shelter and energy
- health care and longevity
$esilience.
- coping - capacity
- adaptability and
creativity
- social2 economic
cultural capital
uman 7ecurity.
- rights - access to resources
- representation
- empowerment
+ollins2 #** 3;00&/ %isaster an&%e'elopment2 $outledge2 p* ;@%*
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IHuman Security depends on HealthSecurityJ
Ban Ki -oon ?Gth September( ?$"3
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owards a Conclusion
he concept and issue of HumanSecurity is fundamental to disasterand development studies%
here are varied emphases of HumanSecurity%
)ather than represent a wea*ness inits conceptual development( themied interpretations of HS open the
door to more in depth identi@cation
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'et Step
'ote: hroughout much of the aboveanalysis of human security we haveencountered issues of human rights
2and responsibilities4%
o this end we need to address a/)ights Based Approach to;evelopment. 1 net session%