HVAC HVAC ExcellenceExcellence
2011 National HVACR 2011 National HVACR Education & Trainers ConferenceEducation & Trainers Conference
Energy Efficient and Sustainable Energy Efficient and Sustainable BuildingsBuildings
The Opportunities AheadThe Opportunities AheadGordon V.R. Holness P.E.Gordon V.R. Holness P.E.
ASHRAEASHRAEPresidential Member 2009-10Presidential Member 2009-10
Energy Efficient and Sustainable Energy Efficient and Sustainable BuildingsBuildings
The Opportunities AheadThe Opportunities Ahead
Significant New Trends in theSignificant New Trends in the HVAC & R Industry as We Seek HVAC & R Industry as We Seek
toto
Resolve the Issues of IncreasiResolve the Issues of Increasing Energy Demand, Decreasing Energy Demand, Decreasing Supply and Environmental Supply and Environmental
Impact.Impact.
Water Water EnergyEnergy
EnvironmentEnvironment
Energy Efficiency in Existing Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings – Our Greatest Buildings – Our Greatest
Opportunity for a Sustainable Opportunity for a Sustainable FutureFuture
Sustaining our Future Sustaining our Future by Rebuilding our Pastby Rebuilding our Past
Is There a Need?Is There a Need?• World energy consumption is projected to grow by 53% World energy consumption is projected to grow by 53%
from 2010 to 2030 (U.S. Energy Information Agency)from 2010 to 2030 (U.S. Energy Information Agency)• Oil is forecasted to remain dominant energy source with Oil is forecasted to remain dominant energy source with
coal forecasted as primary fuel for generating electricity coal forecasted as primary fuel for generating electricity – Cost of oil in 1976 vs. nowCost of oil in 1976 vs. now
• Energy use increasingly shifting away from developed Energy use increasingly shifting away from developed countries and becoming more carbon-intensive countries and becoming more carbon-intensive – 120% Growth in CO120% Growth in CO22 Emissions in the next 20 years Emissions in the next 20 years
• Environmental Impact of increasing Atmospheric COEnvironmental Impact of increasing Atmospheric CO22 Levels Levels
– 180 ppm to 380 ppm to 580 ppm to ????180 ppm to 380 ppm to 580 ppm to ????
• • 17% of fresh water consumption 17% of fresh water consumption • 25% of wood consumption25% of wood consumption• 39% of CO2 emissions39% of CO2 emissions• 30% of waste generation30% of waste generation• 40% of energy use40% of energy use• 55% of natural gas use55% of natural gas use• 72% of electrical energy use72% of electrical energy use
Buildings Buildings RepreRepresent
Available Data Bases for Available Data Bases for Commercial BuildingCommercial Buildings
Energy Information AgencyEnergy Information Agencyunder US Department of Energyunder US Department of Energy
Commercial Building Energy Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey – CBECSConsumption Survey – CBECS
Whole Building Design GuideWhole Building Design Guidewww.wbdg.org
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs
USA Energy USA Energy Production and Production and
ImportsImports19751975 2005 20302005 2030
Oil 70%/30% 30%/70% Oil 70%/30% 30%/70% ??? ???
Gas 100%Gas 100% 70%/30% ???70%/30% ???
Where will our Energy come from Where will our Energy come from in the next 20 years?in the next 20 years?
Atmospheric COAtmospheric CO22 Levels LevelsAtmospheric COAtmospheric CO22 Levels Levels
• Pre-industrial: 180 - 280 PPMPre-industrial: 180 - 280 PPM• 2007: 380 PPM2007: 380 PPM• 2050 Business as usual: 580 PPM2050 Business as usual: 580 PPM
Can we affordCan we afford
to take a to take a
chance?chance?
COCO22 Emission Reduction Emission ReductionCOCO22 Emission Reduction Emission Reduction
• USA Copenhagen CommitmentUSA Copenhagen Commitment 17% Reduction by 202017% Reduction by 2020
• Previous Commitment Previous Commitment
45% by 2030 80% by 205045% by 2030 80% by 2050
How do we achieve that without How do we achieve that without significantly raising energy prices?significantly raising energy prices?
PER CAPITA ENERGY PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION
Worldwide Average 2000
Kwh/capita/year
India 450
Kwh/ca[pita/year
China 1800
Kwh/capita/year
Argentina/Brazil 2,200
Kwh/capita/year
Europe 6,000
Kwh/capita/year
Kuwait 13,600
Kwh/capita/year
USA 16,000
Kwh/capita/year
Energy Efficient BuildingsEnergy Efficient BuildingsKey Factors for SuccessKey Factors for Success
• State Adoption of More Stringent CodesState Adoption of More Stringent Codes• Raising Public AwarenessRaising Public Awareness• Legislation and Incentive ActionLegislation and Incentive Action•Technical Issues Design & ConstructionTechnical Issues Design & Construction• Procedural Issues – CommissioningProcedural Issues – Commissioning• Operation and MaintenanceOperation and Maintenance• Measurement and VerificationMeasurement and Verification• Occupant Behavior – Changing Mindsets Occupant Behavior – Changing Mindsets and Culture and Culture
SMART Grid, SMART Meters, SMART Grid, SMART Meters, SMART SystemsSMART Systems
Why Should We Care?Why Should We Care?• Utility Deregulation – Utility Rate De-CouplingUtility Deregulation – Utility Rate De-Coupling
• Demand Response and ControlDemand Response and Control
• Real Time PricingReal Time Pricing
• Thermal Storage (Bridge Cycles in Wind & Solar)Thermal Storage (Bridge Cycles in Wind & Solar)
• Communication and Control DevelopmentCommunication and Control Development
• ASHRAE Standard 135 BACNetASHRAE Standard 135 BACNet
• ASHRAE Standard 201ASHRAE Standard 201 SMART Grid InformationSMART Grid Information
Net-Zero Energy BuildingsNet-Zero Energy Buildings
Buildings which, on Buildings which, on an annual basis, use an annual basis, use no more energy than no more energy than is provided by on-is provided by on-site renewable site renewable energy sources. energy sources.
How Do We Get There?How Do We Get There?• Building OrientationBuilding Orientation ))
• Siting and LocationSiting and Location ))
• Building Envelope Efficiency ) Building Envelope Efficiency ) And How MuchAnd How Much• Material UseMaterial Use ))
• Fenestration ) Fenestration ) Will this Cost?Will this Cost?• Use of Day LightingUse of Day Lighting ))
• Advanced Lighting DesignAdvanced Lighting Design ))
• HVAC SystemsHVAC Systems ))
• Indoor Air QualityIndoor Air Quality ))
• Water ConservationWater Conservation ))
Energy Efficient and Energy Efficient and Sustainable BuildingsSustainable Buildings
Will this Just Lead to Higher First Will this Just Lead to Higher First Cost?Cost?
In the Life Cycle of a Building :In the Life Cycle of a Building : Initial Construction Cost is only 2%Initial Construction Cost is only 2%
Operational and Energy Cost is Operational and Energy Cost is only 6%only 6%
Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%
Energy Saving Incentive Energy Saving Incentive ProgramsPrograms
Energy Policy Act - EPAC 2005Energy Policy Act - EPAC 2005
Energy Independence and Security Act - Energy Independence and Security Act - EISA 2007 EISA 2007
American Clean Energy and Security Act American Clean Energy and Security Act ACES 2009/10 still pendingACES 2009/10 still pending
Tax Incentive & Assistance Program - Tax Incentive & Assistance Program - TIAPTIAP
American Recovery and Reinvestment American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – ARRAAct – ARRA
www.dsireusa.orgwww.dsireusa.org
NZEB for Federal FacilitiesNZEB for Federal Facilities
Energy Independence and Security Act of Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)2007 (EISA) requires new federal buildings to reduce their requires new federal buildings to reduce their
fossil fuel based energy use by 55% by 2010 and to zero by fossil fuel based energy use by 55% by 2010 and to zero by 2030. 2030.
EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings 30% EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings 30% reduction in energy use by 2015reduction in energy use by 2015
NewNew Federal Building Federal Building TargetsTargetsEISA 433EISA 433
Against 2003 CBECS Against 2003 CBECS (EUI – 91.00 Kbtu/ft(EUI – 91.00 Kbtu/ft22.yr).yr)
YearYear ReductionReduction EUIEUI20102010 55%55% 40.9540.9520152015 65%65% 31.8531.8520202020 80%80% 18.2018.2020252025 90%90% 9.109.1020302030 100%100% 0.000.00
EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 ExistingExisting Federal Buildings Federal Buildings 30% reduction in energy use by 201530% reduction in energy use by 2015
FEDERAL ENERGY FEDERAL ENERGY LEGISLATIONLEGISLATIONHR 2454 AMERICAN CLEAN ENERGY AND SECURITY ACT HR 2454 AMERICAN CLEAN ENERGY AND SECURITY ACT – 2009– 2009
S.1462 Energy Bill & S.1733 CLIMATE CHANGES.1462 Energy Bill & S.1733 CLIMATE CHANGE
30% Reduction in Energy by 2010 )30% Reduction in Energy by 2010 ) New New50% Reduction in Energy by 2016 ) Residential & 50% Reduction in Energy by 2016 ) Residential & CommercialCommercial75% Reduction in Energy by 2021 )75% Reduction in Energy by 2021 )
Our Greatest Opportunities?Our Greatest Opportunities?
2% of Building Projects are New 2% of Building Projects are New ConstructionConstruction
86% of Construction Dollars go into 86% of Construction Dollars go into Existing BuildingsExisting Buildings
75% to 80% of All Buildings 75% to 80% of All Buildings That will Exist in 2030That will Exist in 2030
Exist Today!Exist Today!
The Cost of Being GreenThe Cost of Being GreenThe Cost of Being GreenThe Cost of Being GreenWhat is the cost of simply taking energy
out of buildings?
McKinsey - Energy Efficiency – Invest $170 Billion per McKinsey - Energy Efficiency – Invest $170 Billion per year in the USAyear in the USAOffering 17% ROI Saving 9.3 Quads/yr (23%) by Offering 17% ROI Saving 9.3 Quads/yr (23%) by 20202020 McKinsey Global InstituteMcKinsey Global Institute
• Building Star – Rebuilding America ProgramBuilding Star – Rebuilding America ProgramRetrofit 50 Million Existing Residential and Retrofit 50 Million Existing Residential and Commercial Buildings by 2020Commercial Buildings by 2020$500 billion cost over 10 years, $685 million in $500 billion cost over 10 years, $685 million in energy Savings, 625,000 jobs created 20% energy Savings, 625,000 jobs created 20% Reduction in Electrical Energy 15% Reduction in Reduction in Electrical Energy 15% Reduction in Gas EnergyGas Energy
ASHRAE’s Path ForwardASHRAE’s Path ForwardTools We Can Bring to the TableTools We Can Bring to the Table
Standard 90.1Standard 90.1
Standard 189.1 Standard 189.1
Standard 100Standard 100
Advanced Energy Design GuidesAdvanced Energy Design Guides
Commissioning and Retro CommissioningCommissioning and Retro Commissioning
Operation and Maintenance GuidanceOperation and Maintenance Guidance
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010PurposePurpose
“… “… Provide minimum Provide minimum requirements for the energy-requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings efficient design of buildings except low-rise residential except low-rise residential buildings”buildings”
Energy Codes DevelopmentEnergy Codes DevelopmentStandard 90.1
Year EUI Btu/Sq.Ft.Yr
Change Rate per Year
Pre 1973 88,000 - -
1975 65,000 27% -
1989 55,900 14% 1%/yr
1999 53,300 4% 0.40%/yr
2004 43,250 19% 3.8%/yr
2010 30,600 30% 5.0%/yr
2016 21,625 30% 5.0%/yr
2020 17,300 20% 5.0%/yrExcludes Plug and Process LoadsExcludes Plug and Process Loads
Specific Energy FiguresSpecific Energy Figures
CBECS Data for Commercial BuildingsCBECS Data for Commercial Buildings
1979 – 125,000 Btu/sq. ft./year 1979 – 125,000 Btu/sq. ft./year (Approx)(Approx)
1992 – 90,500 Btu/sq.ft/year 1992 – 90,500 Btu/sq.ft/year
1999 – 85,100 Btu/sq.ft/year1999 – 85,100 Btu/sq.ft/year
2003 – 91,000 Btu/sq.ft/year2003 – 91,000 Btu/sq.ft/year
Standard 189.1 Topic AreasStandard 189.1 Topic Areas
SSSSSSSS
WEWEWEWE
EEEEEEEE
IEQIEQIEQIEQ
MRMRMRMR
COCOCOCO
Sustainable SitesSustainable Sites
Water Use EfficiencyWater Use Efficiency
Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Indoor Environmental QualityIndoor Environmental Quality
Building’s Impact on the Atmosphere, Building’s Impact on the Atmosphere, Materials & ResourcesMaterials & Resources
Construction and Operations Plans & Construction and Operations Plans & CommissioningCommissioning
Special Projects/PublicationsSpecial Projects/Publications
• Advanced Energy Design Advanced Energy Design Guides – provide 30 percent Guides – provide 30 percent energy savings over Standard energy savings over Standard 90.190.1– Small office buildingsSmall office buildings– Small retail buildingsSmall retail buildings– WarehousesWarehouses– Highway LodgingsHighway Lodgings– Kindergarten through grade 12 Kindergarten through grade 12
schoolsschools– Health Care FacilitiesHealth Care Facilities
Identify Potential Energy Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing Saving Measures for Existing BuildingsBuildings
Routine Maintenance and RepairsRoutine Maintenance and Repairs
Retro – CommissioningRetro – Commissioning
Utility Tariffs/NegotiationsUtility Tariffs/Negotiations
Tenant Fit Out and ImprovementsTenant Fit Out and Improvements
Equipment ReplacementEquipment Replacement
Major RenovationsMajor Renovations
Identify Potential Energy Saving Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing BuildingsMeasures for Existing Buildings
Building Envelope Building Envelope Lighting Systems Lighting Systems Window Replacement T5 Versus T8/T12 Window Replacement T5 Versus T8/T12 LampsLamps Solar FilmsSolar Films Compact Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent BulbsBulbs Caulking/SealingCaulking/Sealing Electronic Ballasts Electronic Ballasts Enhanced Insulation Enhanced Insulation Day Lighting Day Lighting ControlsControls
Motion SensorsMotion Sensors
HVAC SystemsHVAC Systems Controls/Other Controls/Other Higher Equip. EfficienciesHigher Equip. Efficiencies Management Management SystemsSystems Heat RecoveryHeat Recovery Maintenance Maintenance SystemsSystems Displacement VentilationDisplacement Ventilation Monitoring/AuditingMonitoring/Auditing DOASDOAS Applied Photo Voltaics Applied Photo Voltaics GSHPGSHP Variable Speed Drives Variable Speed Drives
Role of Commissioning Role of Commissioning and Retro Commissioningand Retro Commissioning
Why is Cx or RCxWhy is Cx or RCx so Critical so Critical??
• Buildings are very complex Buildings are very complex prototypical prototypical machines machines
•Unique Unique •Built on-site Built on-site •Built by hand Built by hand •Thousands of independent Thousands of independent components components Most buildings do not operate as Most buildings do not operate as
intended intended
Measurement and VerificationMeasurement and Verification• Information is Key to SuccessInformation is Key to Success
• Metering and Sub MeteringMetering and Sub Metering
• Graphical DisplaysGraphical Displays
• Building Energy LabelingBuilding Energy Labeling
04/19/23 40
Building Information Modeling
Energy Simulation and ModelingEnergy Simulation and Modeling
What Can We ExpectWhat Can We Expect• Highly Insulated Building EnvelopeHighly Insulated Building Envelope• High Performance FenestrationHigh Performance Fenestration• Optimized use of Day lightingOptimized use of Day lighting• Low Density Ambient Lighting - Electronic Dimmable Low Density Ambient Lighting - Electronic Dimmable • High Efficiency Task Lighting – Occupancy ControlHigh Efficiency Task Lighting – Occupancy Control• Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Enthalpy Recovery Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Enthalpy Recovery
and Demand Controland Demand Control• Expanded use of Heat PumpsExpanded use of Heat Pumps• Radiant Heating and Cooling SystemsRadiant Heating and Cooling Systems• High Performance Packaged DX Systems - VRF High Performance Packaged DX Systems - VRF • On Going Commissioning, Operation and MaintenanceOn Going Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance
What Will It Take?What Will It Take?What Will It Take?What Will It Take?• More Uniformly Applied and Enforced Building More Uniformly Applied and Enforced Building
Codes Codes • Higher Energy Costs Higher Energy Costs • Peak Load Shaving and Demand ControlPeak Load Shaving and Demand Control• Possible Carbon TaxPossible Carbon Tax• Move beyond certificates of occupancy towards Move beyond certificates of occupancy towards
actual regulation of Building Energy Use.actual regulation of Building Energy Use.
Increasingly the Issues will not be Technical nor will they be Political or even Economic!
They will be Cultural
Occupant BehaviorOccupant BehaviorChanging Mindsets and CultureChanging Mindsets and Culture
• Plug and Process Loads in Plug and Process Loads in BuildingsBuildings
• LightingLighting• Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort
• Raising AwarenessRaising Awareness• Energy Costs and AvailabilityEnergy Costs and Availability• Environmental AwarenessEnvironmental Awareness• Legislation and Code changeLegislation and Code change• Culture of SustainabilityCulture of Sustainability
Is That Enough?Is That Enough?
Can we get there with our current Can we get there with our current Prescriptive Codes and Standards Prescriptive Codes and Standards Process ?Process ?
How do We Address How do We Address ActualActual Versus Versus TheoreticalTheoretical Building Performance ? Building Performance ?
Do we need to go Beyond Certificate of Do we need to go Beyond Certificate of Occupancy ?Occupancy ?
Will Building Owners and Consumers Will Building Owners and Consumers Accept Intrusion into their Daily Lives?Accept Intrusion into their Daily Lives?
As Educators and Trainers
Understand the Issues
This is About More Than This is About More Than Just TechnologyJust Technology
•Raise Fundamental Understanding•Teach Energy Auditing & Management•Emphasize Operation and Maintenance•Promote Continuous Commissioning•Encourage Rebates and Incentives
Education and Training Education and Training
is essential for the is essential for the next generationnext generation
The Dawning of a New The Dawning of a New EraEra
Sustaining Our Future By Sustaining Our Future By Rebuilding Our PastRebuilding Our Past
When we build let it not be for When we build let it not be for present use alone. Let it be such present use alone. Let it be such work as our descendants thank work as our descendants thank us” us” John Ruskin 1875 John Ruskin 1875