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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
fossil fuels
Environmental and health hazards
Are unevently distributed;
Will eventually be depleted
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Air Pollution and Global Warming
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CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR 1990-2030
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World oil demand by sector
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Global Energy Systems in Transition
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Hydrogen as an Energy Vector
1- Hydrogen is the solution for local air pollution.
2- Hydrogen is the most abundant element.
3- Hydrogen is found in water, biomass, fossil
fuels, all organic matter.
4- The combustion of hydrogen yields three timesmore energy per unit mass than petrol and six
times more than coal.
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High flame speed at or near-tostoichiometric ratios
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
CLEAN HYDROGEN ECONOMY FOR THEFUTURE
Hydrogen production
H2 (gas)
H2 (compressed) H2 (liquid) H(solid chemicals)
Hydrogen storage
Hydrogen utilization
high-pressurecryogenic tanks
chemical reactions
H2/O2 Fuel cellIC or Hybrid engine
Zeroemission vehicle
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H d t d it i
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
Hydrogen storage:energy density is
critical
This property makes H2 very
desirable. It lessens the
weight of the fuel required.
7
18
21
0
10
20
Hydrogen Methane Gasoline
Per mass (kg/GJ)
This dramatically reverses
the picture, H2 leads to
heavier and bulkier
systems.
84 15627 654
30
1
1 000
1 000 000
Hydrogen Methane Gasoline
Per volume (liter/GJ)
t
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Volume Comparisons for 4 kg Vehicular H2 Storage
y rogen storage reservo re s zecomparison
H d P d V hi l
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
Hydrogen-Powered VehiclePathway
Gasoline hybrid electric powertrain
Increased fuel economy resulting in lower fuel consumption and
lower emissions
Hydrogen hybrid electric powertrain
Hydrogen eliminates CO2 and CO emissions
Properly tuned or with the addition of a lean NOx trap, can
achieve zero NOx emissions
Mazda RENESIS
HydrogenRotary Engine
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
Hydrogen ICEs
Energy efficiency is 20 to 25% better than that of agasoline ICE due to leaner AFR and higher compressionsratios
Maintenance is much the same as a gasoline ICE
Hydrogen ICE inside a transit bus
Hydrogen Engine Center
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
Hydrogen ICEs
Slightly modified version of
a traditional gasoline ICE
Higher compression ratio
Increased air intake
(turbocharger) Special exhaust to
withstand water
Variable cylinders forincreased efficiency
Hydrogen ICE in Fords
dynamometer lab
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
Hydrogen ICEs
Ignition System:
Spark plugs should have a cold rating and non-platinumtips (platinum is a catalyst causing hydrogen to oxidize
with air)
Crankcase Ventilation:
Sudden pressure rise when hydrogen is ignited in thecrankcase
Pressure relief valve must be installed on the valve cover
Pressure Relief Valve
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Ford 2.3L
Zero warm-up
No cold start issues
All weather capable
Supercharged, intercooled
52% peak indicated efficiency
SULEV emissions or better
99% reduction in CO2 emissions
25% increase in fuel economy (engine only)
50% increase in fuel economy (aggressive hybrid strategy)
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How a Fuel Cell Works
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
How a Fuel Cell Works
Receives a constant supply of hydrogen and oxygen
Reaction produces approximately 0.7 volts Will never run down or need to be recharged
Operates like a battery
Ballard PEM
fuel cell
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehicleBenefits
No greenhouse gases if
powered by purehydrogen.
Some greenhouse gases
emitted if powered byreformed fossil fuels but
much less than that of a
conventional vehicle.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar
Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehicleBenefits
Fuel cells can generate more
than 12 volts as in aconventional vehicle leading
the way for drive and steer-
by-wire, eliminating the
steering column No transmission
Affords automobile
manufactures flexibility in
design vehicle interiors Quieter than conventional
gasoline and diesel enginesGMs HyWire Concept
Vehicle
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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
Sti li i
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Hydrogen Engine
Stirling engine
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Hydrogen Engine
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Hydrogen Engine
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