Chapter 1
Introduction
Water distributions are important for people living in a
cities or town, giving them sufficient water supply for a certain
cost. It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for
household purposes. These include drinking water, bathing,
cooking, sanitation, and gardening. Basic household water
requirements have been estimated by Peter Gleick at around 50
liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens. Drinking
water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it
can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term
harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In most
developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce
and industry is all of drinking water standard even though only a
very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food
preparation.
Water distributions in Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija are supplied
by their own water district located in Gomez St., Poblacion II,
Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija. The Peñaranda Water District is a local
water district created by virtue of Resolution No. 033 dated
August 1987 of the Municipal Council of Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija.
On September 1987, the Certificate of Conditional Conformance No.
Water Distribution Efficiency of Peñaranda Water District for the Year 2025 Page 1
306 was issued by Local Water Utilities Administration to
formalize the establishment of Peñaranda Water District. The
operation of the local water district started on September 18,
1995 pursuant to the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 198 as
amended by PD Nos. 768 and 1479, otherwise known as the
“Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973”. Its primary objective
is to acquire, install, improve, provide, maintain and operate
the water supply and distribution system for domestic,
commercial, and industrial consumption of residents within the
boundaries of the District. As of December 31, 2013 the district
is servicing 9 out of 10 barangays with total service connection
of 4,343.
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Chapter 2
Related Literature
Drinking water systems can implement water efficiency
measures and still deliver an unchanged or improved level of
service to consumers while reducing overhead costs. Improving
water efficiency reduces operating costs (e.g., pumping and
treatment) and reduces the need to develop new supplies and
expand our water infrastructure. It also reduces withdrawals from
limited freshwater supplies, leaving more water for future use
and improving the ambient water quality and aquatic habitat. More
and more utilities are using water efficiency and consumer
conservation programs to increase the sustainability of their
supplies. Case studies demonstrate substantial opportunities to
improve efficiency through supply-side practices, such as
accurate meter reading and leak detection and repair programs, as
well as through demand-side strategies, such as conservation-
based water rates and public education programs.
Water efficiency for public water systems, identifies
measures to improve water efficiency, and provides
recommendations on how water systems can get started and
continues making water efficiency improvements also water
efficiency means using improved technologies and practices that
Water Distribution Efficiency of Peñaranda Water District for the Year 2025 Page 3
deliver equal or better service with less water. For example,
leak detection programs can reduce the amount of water, pressure,
and energy required to deliver the same amount of water to
consumers' taps. This document is intended for small and medium‐sized water systems as well as technical assistance providers and
state programs that support or regulate these systems. Faced with
the tremendous challenges of climate change, population growth,
increasing energy costs, ageing infrastructure, water loss and
regulatory targets, water distribution managers are continually
seeking new ways of delivering water to their customers in an
efficient, effective and affordable way. Innovative solutions are
needed which make best use of available data and resources.
Water efficiency is the long term ethic of saving water
resources through the use of water‐saving technologies and
practices. A related concept is water conservation, which is more
narrowly focused on reducing water loss, waste or use. EPA’s
efforts have evolved from emphasizing only water conservation to
the more holistic framework of water efficiency. As the volume of
water lost (or wasted) is reduced, water efficiency improves.
Likewise, as the volume of water needed to satisfy customer
demands is reduced, water efficiency improves. During periods of
drought and extreme summer heat, communities and water systems
are very aware of the need to conserve their water supplies.
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However, an increasing number of communities and water systems
are recognizing the value of improving water efficiency in
addition to using the short‐term tools of conservation and water use restrictions during periods of emergency. Water that is lost
unnecessarily or used inefficiently impedes the long‐term sustainability of water systems even in parts of the country
without chronic water shortages. Many water systems dealing with
source water scarcity already recognize that their options are
increasingly limited and that improving water efficiency has
become a necessity.
Water efficiency is becoming increasingly important to
public water systems in the United States from a resource
management and economic perspective. Increasing water efficiency
can help a water system simultaneously deal with critical issues
such as:
Decreasing availability and quality of source waters,
Increasing costs of treating and providing water,
Aging infrastructure in service beyond its useful life,
Growing demands for an improved level of service placed on the
system by customers,
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Reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital projects,
and
Important environmental sustainability benefits, including
reduced energy use and reduced pressure on water resource.
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Chapter 3
Methodology
Type of Research
The type of research that will be used in this study is
qualitative research and quantitative research. Qualitative
researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human
behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The
discipline investigates the water distribution efficiency through
the next decade. Besides this, the researcher will also examine
the phenomenon through observations in numerical representations
and through statistical analysis. Along with questionnaires that
will be given out to respondents for the statistical
representation of the findings in the study, interviews with the
respondents and a few experts in this field will also be
conducted.
Sampling Method
The research sampling method that will be used in this study
is random sampling to obtain a more scientific result that could
be used to represent the entirety of the population.
From 10 barangays, 4 will be picked through random sampling. The
residence in these four barangays will then be the target sources
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of respondents of the researcher. The resident will be contacted
to obtain a verbal consent to administer the questionnaire to
mothers at their places. A letter of consent will also be sent to
them along with a sample copy of the questionnaire that will be
used, as well as the protocol of the researcher.
Respondents
The respondents in this research will all be coming from one
single location – Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija, specifically the randomly
selected barangays of Poblacion 1, Poblacion 2, Poblacion 3 and
Poblacion 4. The researcher chose Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija because of
the socio-economic conditions present in the area that is relevant to
the study and also as it fits the time frame and resources of the
researcher. The randomly sampled respondents will be asked by the
researcher for consent and approval to answer the questionnaire until
the desired number of respondents which is 30 is reached.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire requires information about the age and social
status. It also has questions related about how the water distribution
will be efficient for the next decade. Statements that are perceived
to be factors that influence the efficiency of water distribution in
Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija.
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Water Distribution Efficiency of Peñaranda Water District for the Year 2025 Page 8
Kahusayan sa Pamamahagi ng Tubig ng Peñaranda Water District para sa Taon 2025
Pangalan (Opsyonal): ___________________________________________________________
Edad: ( )20-30 ( )31-40 ( ) 41-60 ( )61-Pataas Kasarian: ( )Lalake ( )Babae
Panlipunang Katayuan: ( )Mayaman ( )May kaya ( )Mahirap
Panuntunan: Ang mga sumusunod na pahayag ay may nakalapat na pamantayan mula 1 hanggang 5. Markahan ang bawat pahayag sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay ng tsek (/) sa kaukulang kolum.
Antas ng tugon Degree of Response Rank
Lubos na Sumasang-ayon Strongly Agree 1
Sumasang- ayon Agree 2
Hindi Gaanong Sumasang-ayon Fairly Agree 3
Hindi Sumang-ayon Disagree 4
Lubos na di Sumasang-ayon Strongly Disagree 5
1 2 3 4 5
1
Giving sufficient water supply for a certain cost for the next decade.(Ang pagbibigay ng sapat na supply ng tubig para sa isang tiyak na halaga para sa susunod na dekada.)
2Drinking water that is sufficiently high in quality.(Inuming tubig na may sapat na mataas sa kalidad.)
3
Drinking water standard for supplying water to households, commerce and industry even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.(Inuming tubig pamantayan para sa pagbibigay ng tubig sa kabahayan , commerce at industriya kahit na lamang ito ng napakaliit na bahagdan ay aktwal na natupok o ginagamit sa paghahanda ng pagkain ).
4
Using improved technologiesand practices that deliver equal or better service.(Paggamit ng pinahusay na mga kasanayan sa technologiesand na maghatid katumbas o mas mahusay na serbisyo .)
5Decreasing availability and quality of source waters.(Pagbaba ng kakayahang magamit at kalidad ng source na tubig.)
6Increasing costs of treating and providing water.(Ang pagtaas ng gastos ng pagpapagamot ng at pagbibigay ng tubig.)
7
Growing demands for an improved level of service placed on the system by customers.(Lumalagong mga pangangailangan para sa isang pinahusay na antas ng serbisyo na inilagay sa system sa pamamagitan ng mga customer.)
8
Reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital projects.(Pagbawas o bimbin ang pangangailangan para sa mamahaling mga proyektong kapital .)
Chapter 4
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Interpretation of Data
In this research, a survey questionnaire was used to
determine the impacts of the said problems socially, culturally,
morally, economically and physically.
This chapter reveals the response of the fifty (50)
respondents at Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija which are randomly selected
to represents its population.
Weighted means are summarizes with regards to the table.
Antas ng tugon Degree of Response Rank
Lubos na Sumasang-ayon Strongly Agree 1
Sumasang- ayon Agree 2
Hindi Gaanong Sumasang-ayon Fairly Agree 3
Hindi Sumang-ayon Disagree 4
Lubos na di Sumasang-ayon Strongly Disagree 5
Weighted Verbal
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Mean Description
1 Giving sufficient water supply for a certain cost for the next decade.
2.34 Agree
2 Drinking water that is sufficiently high in quality.
2.48 Agree
3
Drinking water standard for supplying water to households, commerce and industry even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.
2.89Fairly
Agree
4 Using improved technologies and practices that deliver equal or better service.
2.15 Agree
5 Decreasing availability and quality of source waters.
4.28 Disagree
6 Increasing costs of treating and providing water.
2.42 Agree
7
Growing demands for an improved level of
service placed on the system by
customers.
2.39 Agree
8Reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital projects. 3.33
Fairly
Agree
This table shows that the respondents agreed that the water
districts gives sufficient water supply for a certain cost for
the next decade by having a weighted mean of 2.34; that drinking
water is sufficiently high quality by having a weighted mean of
2.48; that using improved technologies and practices deliver
equal or better service revealed by a weighted mean of 2.15; that
the water district increase the cost for treating and providing
water by having a weighted mean of 2.42; that the growing demands
for an improved level of service placed on the system by
customers as revealed by a weighted mean of 2.39.
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The respondents fairly agreed that the drinking water
standard for supplying water to households, commerce and industry
even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or
used in food preparation by having a weighted mean of 2.89; and
that the reducing or delaying the need for expensive capital
projects by having a weighted mean of 3.33.
But some respondents disagreed that the water district
decreases the availability and quality of source water by having
a weighted mean of 4.28.
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
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Summary
Based from the survey conducted by the researchers and
actual giving of field questionnaire, the summary of their
assessments with regards to the water distribution efficiency of
Peñaranda Water District has a weighted mean of 2.47 that
described an agreed verbal interpretation that the Peñaranda
Water District provides efficient water distribution for the year
2025.
Conclusion
After conducting of survey questionnaire, the researchers
concluded that the water distribution of Peñaranda Water District
is still efficient for the year 2025. Based from the table shown
on the previous chapter, the respondents agreed as revealed by a
2.47 weighted mean which means that the people of Peñaranda,
Nueva Ecija still satisfied with the service provided by the
Peñaranda Water District. It also showed that there is sufficient
water supply for a certain cost in high quality for the next
decade. Increasing the costs of treating and providing water
using improved technologies and practices that deliver equal or
better service.
Recommendations
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As the next Civil Engineers, we suggest to continue studying
about water resources so that we can make or invent new
instrument to improve the efficiency of water distribution for
water districts here in our country. Also we suggest that regular
maintenance for the operation of the water district is a must so
they can provide high quality waters for the households. More
importantly, it is recommended that people protect our
environment so the source of water cannot be contaminated by
harmful chemicals.
Images of Peñaranda Water District
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Water Tower of Peñaranda Water District
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Old Office of
Peñaranda Water District
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The New Office of Peñaranda Water District
Curriculum Vitae
Arjay Lansangan KuizonWater Distribution Efficiency of Peñaranda Water District for the Year 2025 Page 17
Birthday: July 31, 1994
Age: 20
Birthplace: San Luis, Dikapinisan, Aurora
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Address: Paltic, Dingalan, Aurora
Nationality: Filipino
Father’s Name: Armani Lumasac Kuizon
Occupation: Taxi driver
Mother’s Name: Zenaida Lansangan Kuizon
Occupation: Housewife
Educational Background
Elementary: Paltic Elementary School
Secondary: Saint Patrick’s Academy
College: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Marco Ramos Jacob
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Birthday: June 7, 1994
Age: 20
Birthplace: Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Address: #81 Padilla St. Poblacion 3, Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija
Nationality: Filipino
Father’s Name: Alex B. Jacob
Occupation: Carpenter
Mother’s Name: Teodora R. Jacob
Occupation: Housewife
Educational Background
Elementary: Peñaranda Central School
Secondary: Peñaranda National High School
College: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Delfin Cunanan Eugenio Jr.
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Birthday: February 4, 1994
Age: 21
Birthplace: Isabela
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Address: Bacnor West, Burgos, Isabela
Nationality: Filipino
Father’s Name: Delfin R. Eugenio Sr.
Occupation: Farmer
Mother’s Name: Divina C. Eugenio
Occupation: Teacher
Educational Background
Elementary: Bacnor Elememtary School
Secondary: La Salette of Aurora
College: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Cris Dominic Quilantang. Dela Paz
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Birthday: March 24, 1995
Age: 19
Birthplace: Bacolod City
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Address: Caalibangbangan, Cabanatuan City
Nationality: Filipino
Father’s Name: Crisostomo C. Dela Paz
Occupation: Civil Engineer
Mother’s Name: Liberty Q. Dela Paz
Occupation: Housewife
Educational Background
Elementary: Jesus Mighty Faith Academy
Secondary: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
College: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Robenir Geronimo Mahipus
Birthday: October 24, 1994
Age: 20
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Birthplace: Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Address: #56 Rizal St., Sto. Tomas, Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija
Nationality: Filipino
Father’s Name: Robert D. Mahipus
Occupation: Driver
Mother’s Name: Cristina G. Mahipus
Occupation: Dressmaker
Educational Background
Elementary: Sto. Tomas Elementary School
Secondary: Peñaranda National High School
College: Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
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