Explanation
• There are two major
ways for the body to communicateo Nervous Systemo Endocrine System-
based on Hormones
Explanation• Hormones are chemical
messengers. • hormones have a variety of
structures including proteins, steroids, modified amino acids and fatty acids.
• They are secreted directly into the blood by endocrine glands in response to various stimuli
o This is because the glands do not have ducts
• Hormones are transported using the blood stream
•
Explanation
• Once the hormones are made, they only bring responses in cells that have receptors for them
• AKA TARGET CELLS
Explanation• Examples
o Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH) controls body water content
o aldosterone, Steroid regulates sodium potassium
balance in the bloodo estrogen,o progesteroneo testosterone,o insulin,o epinephrine (adrenaline)o thyroxine
FunctionsEndocrine Gland that Produces it
Hormone Function Target Cells
Pituitary Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH)
increases uptake of water; helps control osmotic potential of the blood
Kidney Tubules
Thyroid Gland Thyroxine stimulates growth and metabolism All cells
Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Increases uptake Na+ by kidneys and helps control Na+ and K+ ratios in fluids; raises blood pressure
Kidney Tubules
Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline released during excitement/stress. Causes dilated pupils and an increase in blood glucose and increases blood supply in muscles
Most of body ex/ muscles, brain etc
FunctionsEndocrine Gland that Produces it
Hormone Function Target Cells
Pancreas Insulin decreases blood glucose level. made up of 2 poypeptide chains held together by disulfide bonds; regulates cellular intake of glucose from the blood
all cells especially Liver!
Ovary Estrogen and Progesterone
Development of female secondary sexual characteristics; control of menstrual cycle, growth and development of placenta and fetus
Most parts of body especially Uterus lining (during pregnancy)
Testes Testosterone Development of male secondary sexual characteristics
Many parts of Body
Sample QuestionsOutline the production and function of hormones in the body.
Hormone Function
Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH)
increases uptake of water; helps control osmotic potential of the blood
Thyroxine stimulates growth and metabolism
Aldosterone Increases uptake Na+ by kidneys and helps control Na+ and K+ ratios in fluids; raises blood pressure
Adrenaline released during excitement/stress. Causes dilated pupils and an increase in blood glucose and increases blood supply in muscles
Insulin decreases blood glucose level. made up of 2 poypeptide chains held together by disulfide bonds; regulates cellular intake of glucose from the blood
Estrogen and Progesterone
Development of female secondary sexual characteristics; control of menstrual cycle, growth and development of placenta and fetus
Testosterone Development of male secondary sexual characteristics
Sample Questions
Identify which of the two hormones is the female sex hormone and where in the human body it is produced. (2) Progesterone is the female sex hormone and is produced in the
ovaries.
Sources• http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.1• http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/opc_htm/biochem.htm • Higher Level Chemistry Developed Specifically for the IB
Diploma by Catrin Brown and Mike Ford • IB Study Guides Chemistry by Geoffrey Neuss
Explanation
• Sex hormones all belong to a family of organic compounds called steroids (lipids)
• Consist of four contiguous carbon ringso Common steroid backbone
• Different steroids have different functional groups and side chains
Variable group
Explanation
• Cholesterol = most common steroid• Essential in cell tissue, brain and nervous tissue• Chain of alkanes on one ring with -OH (hydroxyl)
group on last ring
Male Sex Hormones
• Testosterone and Androsterone• Produced in testes• Characteristics:
Anabolic - encourage the growth of tissue, muscle and bone
Androgenic - Control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics
Structure• Testosterone• Steroid backbone with one hydroxyl (-OH),
one ketone functional group (-C=O) and one alkene functional group (C=C)
Female Sex Hormones
• Oestradiol/estrogen and Progesterone • Produced in ovaries from puberty until
menopause• Responsible for sexual development and
menstrual reproductive cycles in women
Structure• Oestradiol/estrogen• Steroid backbone with two hydroxyl functional groups (-
OH) and benzene ring with alternating C=C bonds (aromatic compound)
• Progesterone• Steroid backbone with two ketone functional
groups (C=O) and one alkene functional group (C=C)
Sample QuestionsStudy the structure of the two sex hormones oestradiol and testosterone given in the Data Booklet. List the differences between the two structures.
Oestradiol Testosterone
Structural Differences
• 2 -OH functional groups• Benzene ring with alternating C=C bonds
• 1 -OH group• 1 -C=O (ketone) group• 1 -C=C (alkene) group
Sample Questions
7. The structures of two sex hormones, progesterone and testosterone, are shown in Table 22 of the Data Booklet.(a) State the names of two functional groups that are present in both hormones. (2) carbonyl/ketone, alkene
Sources
• http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.2
• http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/opc_htm/biochem.htm
The Menstral Cycle and Pregnancy
• beginning of the menstrual cycleo pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)o FSH travels to the ovaries --> causes release of
estrogen prepares for release of an egg from the ovary prepares for build-up of the uterine wall to accept the
egg once it is fertilized
The Menstral Cycle and Pregnancy (cont.)
• after two weeks the luteinizing hormone (LH) o is released from the pituitary glando travels to the ovarieso releases progesterone which causes the egg to be
transported to the uteruso build up the uterine wall continues
• If the egg is fertilizedo egg embeds in the uterine wallo hormone levels rises dramatically
• If the egg is not fertilizedo hormone levels fallo menstruation begins
Oral Contraceptive aka The "Pill"
• consists of estrogen and progesterone hormones• the increase in the levels of these hormones
o prevents ovulationo inhibits pituitary gland from producing LH and FSH
stops the development of the utuerine linning --> prevents the attachment of the egg to the wall of the uterus
o thickens the mucus around the cervix preventing sperm from entering the uterus
Sample Questions
Outline the mode of action of oral contraceptives(3). Answer: Estrogen- and progesterone-containing oral contraceptives inhibit the release of LH releasing hormone, which suppresses levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), therefore preventing follicular development and ovulation
Sources
• http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.3• http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/opc_htm/biochem.htm • image:
http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/birth-control-and-family-planning/background.html
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12308926
Uses
• Help a person to recuperate from a major illness
o Build muscle growth due to inactivity (AIDS and anemia)
Uses (for Women)
• Female Hormonesoex. estrogen, progesterone: hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women, contraceptive pill
Uses (for Men)
• Male hormones (androgens) oex. testosterone: treatment of disorders of testes and breast cancer.
oThese hormones are also known as anabolic steroids as they promote tissue growth especially muscles.
o Increase weight in patients from weight loss
Abuses
• Main people who abuse steroids are athletes
o Change appearance of persono Build muscleo Increase athletic ability
Abuse in Steroids (side effects)
Liver tumors Mental state of abuser harmed
High blood pressure Skeletal growth
Fluid retention Heart disorders
Increase in bad cholesterol levels (LDL) Decrease in good cholesterol levels (HDL)
Kidney tumors Jaundice
Severe acne
Male Side Effects
No babies (Infertility) Frequent urination
Lowers the amount of sperm Develops breasts
Testicular shrinking Risk of Prostate cancer
Causes baldness
Female Side Effects
Facial Hair Cause of male baldness
Voice deepens Abnormal scheduling (menstrual cycle)
Sample Questions
• Are there any current treatment options for steroid abusers?
o No, there are no current treatments because no scientists are really looking into it. However, there are some scientists that have patients from steroid withdrawal and their idea treating steroid abuse is to educate everyone with the side effects and harms of steroids.
Sources
• http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/steroids.html
• http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.4