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MI N\MGL[ [\OOBYML[(Lxbomdbtm`d 9526)
]lss`hm
[\IJLKW[:
Ldnhmsa Hbdnubnl bdg Hmtlrbturl (AH)
Nlrobd [[[W O`talr t`dnul ([H)
Amst`ry (AH) Im`h`ny ([H)
Obtalobtmkbh [tugmls ([H)
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(Buta`r”s k`ooldt: Uhlbsl d`tl tabt tams suoobry `f tal mi numgls `dhy mdkhugls wabt M stugmlg. F`r lxbophlmd Amst`ry talrl brl obdy o`rl t`pmks, iut M `dhy bgglg tal `dls M stugmlg!!)
Wbihl `f K`dtldts
HBDN\BNL BDG HMWLYBW\YL (AH) """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #
BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #
B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" $
[]HHBI\[ @\WHMDL """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %
AH UBULY 2: K@OUBYBWMVL BDBH][M[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %
UBULY 9: L[[B] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &
[[[W O@WALY W@DN\L: NLYOBD ([H) """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" '
BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" '
B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ' B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ MD UYBKWMKL """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ()
UBULY 2: N\MGLG HMWLYBY] BDBH][M[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (*
UBULY 9: L[[B] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (+
#$%&' () *+%(%,# -.-'+ " ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 52
AM[W@Y] (AH) """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (%
BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (%
B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (&
Y @\WL 9 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" (&
MDWY@G\KWM@D W@ Y@\WL 9 W@UMK[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ('
W@UMK ;: @YMNMD[ BDG GLVLH@UOLDW @F B\WA@YMWBYMBD BDG [MDNHL-UBYW] [WBWL[ ////////////// 59
W@UMK 7: DBWM@DBHM[W BDG MDGLULDGLDKL O@VLOLDW[ MD BFYMKB BDG B[MB BDG U@[W-2=7
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IM@H@N] ([H) """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *,
BMO[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *,
B[[L[[OLDW @IJLKWMVL[ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *'
OBWALOBWMKBH YLR\MYLOLDW[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *'
[]HHBI\[ @\WHMDL """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" +)
W@UMK 2: KLHH IM@H@N] """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" +( W@UMK 9: O@HLK\HBY IM@H@N] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" +#
W@UMK ;: NLDLWMK[ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #)
W@UMK 7: LK@H@N] """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #+
W@UMK
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2
Hbdnubnl bdg Hmtlrbturl (AH)
Bmos
•
glvlh`p md stugldts bd udglrstbdgmdn `f a`w hbdnubnl, kuhturl bdg k`dtlxt gltlromdl tal wbys mdwamka olbdmdn ms k`dstruktlg md tlxts
• ldk`urbnl stugldts t` tamdc krmtmkbhhy bi`ut tal gmfflrldt mdtlrbktm`ds iltwlld tlxt, bugmldkl bdg
purp`sl
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<
Bsslssoldt @ijlktmvls
2. Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn
• Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f b rbdnl `f tlxts
• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal usl `f hbdnubnl, strukturl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl
• Glo`dstrbtl b krmtmkbh udglrstbdgmdn `f tal vbrm`us wbys md wamka tal rlbglr k`dstrukts olbdmdn
bdg `f a`w k`dtlxt mdfhuldkls tams k`dstruktlg olbdmdn• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f a`w gmfflrldt plrsplktmvls mdfhuldkl tal rlbgmdn `f b tlxt
9. Bpphmkbtm`d bdg bdbhysms
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` ka``sl b tlxt typl bppr`prmbtl t` tal purp`sl rlqumrlg
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` usl tlromd`h`ny rlhlvbdt t` tal vbrm`us tlxt typls stugmlg
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` bdbhysl tal lfflkts `f hbdnubnl, strukturl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl `d tal
rlbglr
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bwbrldlss `f tal wbys md wamka tal pr`guktm`ds bdg rlklptm`d `f tlxts k`dtrmiutl t`
talmr olbdmdns
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` suistbdtmbtl bdg justmfy mglbs wmta rlhlvbdt lxbophls
;. [ydtalsms bdg lvbhubtm`d
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` k`opbrl bdg k`dtrbst tal f`robh lhloldts, k`dtldt bdg k`dtlxt `f tlxts
• Gmskuss tal gmfflrldt wbys md wamka hbdnubnl bdg mobnl oby il uslg md b rbdnl `f tlxts
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lvbhubtl k`dfhmktmdn vmlwp`mdts wmtamd bdg bi`ut b tlxt
• AH: Ur`gukl b krmtmkbh rlsp`dsl lvbhubtmdn s`ol bsplkts `f tlxt, k`dtlxt bdg olbdmdn
7. [lhlktm`d bdg usl `f bppr`prmbtl prlsldtbtm`d bdg hbdnubnl scmhhs •
Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lxprlss mglbs khlbrhy bdg wmta fhuldky md i`ta wrmttld bdg `rbh
k`ooudmkbtm`d • Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` usl tal `rbh bdg wrmttld f`ros `f tal hbdnubnl, md b rbdnl `f styhls,
rlnmstlrs bdg smtubtm`ds • Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` gmskuss bdg bdbhysl tlxts md b f`kuslg bdg h`nmkbh obddlr • AH: Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` wrmtl b ibhbdklg, k`opbrbtmvl bdbhysms
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[yhhbius `uthmdl
AH Ubplr 2: K`opbrbtmvl bdbhysmsGurbtm`d: 9 a`urs
^lmnatmdn: 9
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• Lxtrbkt fr`o b skrlldphby
• Lxtrbkt fr`o b d`vlh `r sa`rt st`ry
• Urlss pa`t`nrbpa
• [btmrmkbh kbrt``d
[tugldts brl rlqumrlg t` bdbhysl, k`opbrl bdg k`ooldt `d tal tlxts md tal hmnat `f talmr udglrstbdgmdn `f
bugmldkl bdg purp`sl. Md `rglr t` bkamlvl tams, stugldts dllg t` bdbhysl strukturl, hbdnubnl bdg styhl mdbggmtm`d t` bsplkts suka bs tlxt typl, k`dtlxt, imbs, bdg/`r mgl`h`nmkbh p`smtm`d.
Wal k`opbrbtmvl bdbhysms sa`uhg il k`dtmdu`us bdg strukturls, mdkhugl rlhlvbdt lxbophls fr`o tal tlxts
bdg il ibhbdklg md mts k`ooldts `d tal smomhbrmtmls bdg gmfflrldkls iltwlld tal tlxts. Ybtalr tabd smophy
hmstmdn f`robh bsplkts, stugldts sa`uhg f`kus `d a`w suka bsplkts brl uslg t` krlbtl pbrtmkuhbr lfflkts.
Krmtlrm`d B: \dglrstbdgmdn bdg k`opbrms`d `f tal tlxts
• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal bdbhysms sa`w tal smomhbrmtmls bdg gmfflrldkls iltwlld tal tlxts0
• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal bdbhysms sa`w bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal tlxts, talmr typl bdg purp`sl, bdg talmr
p`ssmihl k`dtlxts (f`r lxbophl, kuhturbh, tlop`rbh, rlhbtm`d t` bugmldkl)0
• Brl tal k`ooldts supp`rtlg iy wlhh-ka`sld rlflrldkls t` tal tlxts0
Krmtlrm`d I: \dglrstbdgmdn `f tal usl bdg lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls
• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal k`opbrbtmvl bdbhysms sa`w bwbrldlss `f a`w styhmstmk flbturls `f tal tlxts,
suka bs hbdnubnl, strukturl, t`dl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl, brl uslg t` k`dstrukt olbdmdn0
• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal k`opbrbtmvl bdbhysms sa`w bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls
(mdkhugmdn tal flbturls `f vmsubh tlxts) `d tal rlbglr0
Krmtlrm`d K: @rnbdmzbtm`d bdg glvlh`poldt
• A`w wlhh `rnbdmzlg bdg k`alrldt ms tal k`opbrbtmvl bdbhysms0
• A`w ibhbdklg ms tal k`opbrbtmvl bdbhysms0 (‘Ibhbdkl‟ alrl olbds lqubh trlbtoldt `f tal tw` tlxts.)
Krmtlrm`d G: Hbdnubnl
• A`w khlbr, vbrmlg bdg bkkurbtl ms tal hbdnubnl0
• A`w bppr`prmbtl ms tal ka`mkl `f rlnmstlr, styhl bdg tlromd`h`ny0 (‘Ylnmstlr‟ rlflrs, md tams k`dtlxt, t`
tal stugldt”s usl `f lhloldts suka bs v`kbiuhbry, t`dl, sldtldkl strukturl bdg tlromd`h`ny bppr`prmbtl
t` tal tbsc.)
Ubplr 9: LssbyGurbtm`d: 9 a`urs
^lmnatmdn: 9
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[tugldts wmhh il lxplktlg t` rlsp`dg t` qulstm`ds md b wby tabt sa`ws talmr udglrstbdgmdn `f tal hlbrdmdn
`utk`ols globdglg md pbrt ; `f tal k`ursl. Waly brl lxplktlg t` rlflr t` bt hlbst tw` `f tal tlxts taly abvl
stugmlg md khbss, bdbhyzmdn tal w`rcs md tal hmnat `f tal wby md wamka tal k`dtlxts `f pr`guktm`d bdg rlklptm`d
bfflkt talmr olbdmdn. Wal f`hh`wmdn lxbophls pmdp`mdt s`ol brlbs `f gmskussm`d tabt stugldts dllg t` k`dsmglr
md talmr khbssw`rc wamhl prlpbrmdn f`r tal bsslssoldt.
• ^amka s`kmbh nr`ups brl `omttlg fr`o tal tlxt, bdg wabt omnat tams rlfhlkt bi`ut mts pr`guktm`d0
•
^abt g` y`u tamdc `f tal bsslrtm`d tabt tal olbdmdn `f b tlxt ms fmxlg bdg g`ls d`t kabdnl `vlr tmol0
• A`w g`ls b pbrtmkuhbr tlro `f k`dklpt, suka bs kamhga``g, kabdnl md tal wby mt ms rlprlsldtlg md tal
tlxts y`u abvl stugmlg0
• A`w g`ls `ur krmtmkbh plrsplktmvl bfflktlg iy kuhturbh prbktmkls0
• W` wabt purp`sl g` buta`rs s`oltmols ka``sl d`t t` f`hh`w b kar`d`h`nmkbh slquldkl `f lvldts md talmr
hmtlrbry w`rcs0
• A`w vbhmg ms tal bsslrtm`d tabt hmtlrbturl ms b v`mkl f`r tal `pprlsslg0
• W` wabt lxtldt ms tal krmtmkbh bppr`bka tbcld t` tal bdbhysms `f b tlxt mtslhf mdfhuldkls iy splkmfmk
kuhturbh prbktmkls0
Krmtlrm`d B: Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn
• A`w ouka cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f tal pbrt ; w`rcs bdg talmr k`dtlxt abs tal stugldt
glo`dstrbtlg md rlhbtm`d t` tal qulstm`d bdswlrlg0
Krmtlrm`d I: Ylsp`dsl t` tal qulstm`d
• W` wabt lxtldt ms bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal lxplktbtm`ds `f tal qulstm`d sa`wd0
• A`w rlhlvbdt ms tal rlsp`dsl t` talsl lxplktbtm`ds, bdg a`w fbr g`ls mt sa`w krmtmkbh bdbhysms0
Krmtlrm`d K: \dglrstbdgmdn `f tal usl bdg lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls
• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal lssby sa`w bwbrldlss `f a`w tal wrmtlr”s ka`mkls `f tal styhmstmk flbturls md
tal tlxts (f`r lxbophl, kabrbktlrmzbtm`d, slttmdn, talol, dbrrbtmvl p`mdt `f vmlw, strukturl, styhl bdg
tlkadmqul) brl uslg t` k`dstrukt olbdmdn0
• W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal lssby sa`w udglrstbdgmdn `f tal lfflkts `f styhmstmk flbturls0
Krmtlrm`d G: @rnbdmzbtm`d bdg glvlh`poldt
• A`w h`nmkbh bdg glvlh`plg ms tal brnuoldt `f tal lssby0
• A`w k`alrldt bdg lfflktmvl ms tal f`robh strukturl `f tal lssby0
Krmtlrm`d L: Hbdnubnl
• A`w khlbr, vbrmlg bdg bkkurbtl ms tal hbdnubnl0
• A`w bppr`prmbtl ms tal ka`mkl `f rlnmstlr, styhl bdg tlromd`h`ny0 (‘Ylnmstlr‟ rlflrs, md tams k`dtlxt, t`
tal stugldt”s usl `f lhloldts suka bs v`kbiuhbry, t`dl, sldtldkl strukturl bdg tlromd`h`ny bppr`prmbtl
t` tal tbsc.)
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[[[W O`talr t`dnul: Nlrobd ([H)
Bmos
• Glvlh`p md stugldts bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal tlkadmquls mdv`hvlg md hmtlrbry krmtmkmso
• Glvlh`p tal stugldts” bimhmty t` f`ro mdglpldgldt hmtlrbry jugnoldts bdg t` supp`rt ta`sl mglbs
Bsslssoldt `ijlktmvls2. Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn
• Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f mdgmvmgubh hmtlrbry w`rcs bs rlprlsldtbtmvls `f talmr
nldrl bdg plrm`g, bdg tal rlhbtm`dsamps iltwlld talo• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal wbys md wamka kuhturbh vbhuls brl lxprlsslg md hmtlrbturl
• Glo`dstrbtl bwbrldlss `f tal smndmfmkbdkl `f tal k`dtlxt md wamka b w`rc ms wrmttld bdg rlklmvlg
• [uistbdtmbtl bdg justmfy mglbs wmta rlhlvbdt lxbophls
9. Bdbhysms, sydtalsms bdg lvbhubtm`d
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` bdbhysl hbdnubnl, strukturl, tlkadmqul bdg styhl, bdg lvbhubtl talmr lfflkts
`d tal rlbglr
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• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` ldnbnl md mdglpldgldt hmtlrbry krmtmkmso `d i`ta fbomhmbr bdg udfbomhmbr
hmtlrbry tlxts
;. [lhlktm`d bdg usl `f bppr`prmbtl prlsldtbtm`d bdg hbdnubnl scmhhs
• Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lxprlss mglbs khlbrhy bdg fhuldthy md i`ta wrmttld bdg `rbh k`ooudmkbtm`d,
wmta bd lfflktmvl ka`mkl `f rlnmstlr bdg styhl
• Glo`dstrbtl b k`ooldg `f tlromd`h`ny bdg k`dklpts bppr`prmbtl t` tal stugy `f hmtlrbturl
•
Glo`dstrbtl bd bimhmty t` lxprlss wlhh-`rnbdmzlg `rbh bdg wrmttld brnuoldts
Bsslssoldt `ijlktmvls md prbktmkl
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Ubplr 2: Numglg hmtlrbry bdbhysmsGurbtm`d: 2 a`ur ;5 omdutls
^lmnatmdn: 95%
Ubplr 2 k`dtbmds tw` prlvm`ushy udslld pbssbnls bdg stugldts brl mdstruktlg t` wrmtl b numglg hmtlrbry bdbhysms
`d `dl `f talsl pbssbnls. B numglg hmtlrbry bdbhysms md tams k`dtlxt rlflrs t` bd mdtlrprltbtm`d `f tal pbssbnl
supp`rtlg iy tw` numgmdn qulstm`ds. @dl pbssbnl wmhh il p`ltry3 tal `talr pbssbnl wmta il tbcld fr`o w`rcs
suka bs:• B d`vlh `r sa`rt st`ry
• Bd lssby
• B im`nrbpay
• B j`urdbhmstmk pmlkl `f wrmtmdn `f hmtlrbry olrmt
• B phby
Wal pbssbnls f`r bdbhysms oby il lmtalr b k`ophltl pmlkl `f wrmtmdn `r bd lxtrbkt fr`o b h`dnlr pmlkl, bdg
walrlvlr p`ssmihl taly wmhh d`t abvl illd wrmttld iy buta`rs hmstlg `d tal UHB d`r il tbcld fr`o w`rcs hmclhy
t` abvl stugmlg md khbss.
Ww` numgmdn qulstm`ds brl pr`vmglg ‛ `dl `d udglrstbdgmdn bdg mdtlrprltbtm`d, bdg tal `talr `d styhl. [tugldts
brl rlqumrlg t` bggrlss i`ta qulstm`ds md talmr bdswlr. A`wlvlr, mt ms bdtmkmpbtlg tabt stugldts oby bhs` lxph`rl
`talr rlhlvbdt bsplkts ily`dg tal numgmdn qulstm`ds md `rglr t` bkamlvl tal amnalr obrcs. Bttldtm`d sa`uhg il
pbmg t` bkkurbky `f lxprlssm`d bdg k`alrldkl `f mglbs.
Krmtlrm`d B: \dglrstbdgmdn bdg mdtlrprltbtm`d
• A`w wlhh g`ls tal stugldt”s mdtlrprltbtm`d rlvlbh udglrstbdgmdn `f tal ta`unat bdg fllhmdn `f tal
pbssbnl0
• A`w wlhh brl mglbs supp`rtlg iy rlflrldkls t` tal pbssbnl0
Krmtlrm`d I: Bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal wrmtlr”s ka`mkls
•
W` wabt lxtldt g`ls tal bdbhysms sa`w bpprlkmbtm`d `f a`w tal wrmtlr”s ka`mkls `f hbdnubnl, strukturl,tlkadmqul bdg styhl sabpl olbdmdn0
Krmtlrm`d K: @rnbdmzbtm`d
• A`w wlhh `rnbdmzlg bdg k`alrldt ms tal prlsldtbtm`d `f mglbs0
Krmtlrm`d G: Hbdnubnl
• A`w khlbr, vbrmlg bdg bkkurbtl ms tal hbdnubnl0
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• A`w bppr`prmbtl ms tal ka`mkl `f rlnmstlr, styhl bdg tlromd`h`ny0 (‘Ylnmstlr‟ rlflrs, md tams k`dtlxt, t`
tal stugldt”s usl `f lhloldts suka bs v`kbiuhbry, t`dl, sldtldkl strukturl bdg tlromd`h`ny bppr`prmbtl
t` tal tbsc.)
Ubplr 9: LssbyGurbtm`d: 2 a`ur ;5 omdutls
^lmnatmdn: 9
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"#$%& '( )*$'$+, -./&* 5 (attps://mipuihmsamdn.mi`.`rn/slrvlr9/rlst/bpp/tso.xqh0g`k?gP2PssstxPtsoP2725P9Pl&pbrt?;&kabptlr?>)
• [``d bftlr y`ur pbplr 2 lxbo, y`u”hh tbcl tal pbplr 9 lxbo‗tal fmdbh bsslssoldt md tams k`ursl.Ubplr 9 ms b =5-omdutl lxbo wamka mdv`hvls wrmtmdn bd lssby md wamka y`u k`opbrl tw` w`rcs `f tal
sbol nldrl iy gmfflrldt buta`rs tabt y`u stugmlg md pbrt ;.
• ]`u”hh il prlsldtlg wmta b slt `f qulstm`ds tabt brl gmvmglg bkk`rgmdn t` tal nldrls hmstlg `d y`ur
hbdnubnl”s UHB3 talrl wmhh il tarll qulstm`ds hmstlg udglr lbka nldrl kbtln`ry. Lbka qulstm`d ms nldrl-splkmfmk3 md `talr w`rgs, mt ms glsmndlg t` tamdc bi`ut wbys i`ta w`rcs lxamimt `r rlprlsldt tal qubhmtmls
`r k`dvldtm`ds `f tal nldrl.
• ]`u dllg t` k`dklrd y`urslhf `dhy wmta tal tarll qulstm`ds tabt plrtbmd t` tal nldrl rlprlsldtlg iy y`urtarll w`rcs md pbrt ;3 y`u kbd mnd`rl tal `talr qulstm`ds.
• Bsc y`ur suplrvms`r t` nmvl y`u bs obdy pbst [H pbplr 9 lxlophbrs md y`ur o`talr t`dnul bs p`ssmihl.
Wams wmhh nmvl y`u b sldsl `f tal wbys tabt qulstm`ds brl parbslg md tal hbdnubnl. Mt ms mop`rtbdt t`d`tl, a`wlvlr, tabt mf y`u usl b pbst [H pbplr 9 lxbo fr`o 9552 t` 9529 (tabt ms, tal plrm`g `f
hbdnubnl B2, tal prlglklss`r k`ursl t` hbdnubnl B: hmtlrbturl), talrl brl tw` gmfflrldkls t` k`dsmglr:` lbka nldrl md tal dlw lxbos (952; bdg ily`dg) wmhh flbturl tarll qulstm`ds rbtalr tabd tw`
` md tal dlw lxbos (952; bdg ily`dg) talrl wmhh il d` ‘nldlrbh qulstm`ds‟, s` y`u sa`uhg mnd`rl
talsl.• Umkc `dl `f tal tarll qulstm`ds bs tal ibsms f`r y`ur lssby rlsp`dsl‗md `talr w`rgs, pmkc tal qulstm`d
tabt ilst sumts tal pbrt ; w`rcs y`u abvl ka`sld bdg tabt y`u kbd rlsp`dg t` md wrmtmdn iy rloloilrmdnbdg mdtlrprltmdn splkmfmk gltbmhs (lvmgldkl) fr`o lbka w`rc.
• Mt ms mop`rtbdt t` d`tl tabt y`u kbdd`t irmdn y`ur pbrt ; w`rcs mdt` tal lxbo, s` y`u dllg t` rlvmsltalsl w`rcs kbrlfuhhy3 md `talr w`rgs, y`u sa`uhg cd`w tal kabrbktlrs, talols, k`dfhmkts, lpms`gls, clymobnls, strukturl, bdg mop`rtbdt qu`tls md lbka w`rc vlry wlhh ilf`rl tal gby `f tal lxbo.
Urbktmsmdn f`r tams lxbo
• Alrl ms b rlk`ooldglg skalol f`r prbktmsmdn f`r tams lxbo, wamka k`udts f`r 9
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k`opbrbtmvl talsms stbtloldt bdg pr`kllg wmta y`ur bdbhysms `f rlhlvbdt lvmgldkl md y`ur i`gy pbrbnrbpas.
I`gy pbrbnrbpas
` \sl b t`pmk sldtldkl t` f`kus lbka pbrbnrbpa”s brnuoldt. ` Mdtr`gukl lvmgldkl tabt supp`rts tal t`pmk sldtldkl.
` Mdtlnrbtl lvmgldkl. ` Mdtlrprlt tams lvmgldkl.
`
Grbw bstutl mophmkbtm`ds `f tams lvmgldkl‗a`w abvl y`u bdswlrlg tal qulstm`d0 ` Md lbka pbrbnrbpa, mdtlrprlt y`ur lvmgldkl md tlros `f tal ka`mkls tal wrmtlr abs obgl md
prlsldtmdn tal lvmgldkl md tal wby al/sal abs bdg k`ooldt `d tal lfflktmvldlss `f talslka`mkls.
K`dkhusm`d
` Ybtalr tabd rlmtlrbtmdn y`ur brnuoldt, try t` k`dsmglr b ir`bglr plrsplktmvl: wabt, md y`ur `wd`pmdm`d, ms tal rlhlvbdkl `f tal mop`rtbdkl `f talsl tw` w`rcs bs rlprlsldtbtm`ds `f talmr nldrl
bdg bs rlfhlktm`ds `f auobd dbturl0 ^abt abvl talsl w`rcs ldbihlg y`u t` sll, cd`w, `rlxplrmldkl gmfflrldthy0
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Amst`ry (AH)
BmosWal bmos `f tal amst`ry k`ursl bt [H bdg AH brl t`:
• pr`o`tl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`ry bs b gmskmphmdl, mdkhugmdn tal dbturl bdg gmvlrsmty `f mts s`urkls,
olta`gs bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds
•
ldk`urbnl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal prlsldt tar`una krmtmkbh rlfhlktm`d up`d tal pbst
• ldk`urbnl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal mopbkt `f amst`rmkbh glvlh`poldts bt dbtm`dbh, rlnm`dbh bdg
mdtlrdbtm`dbh hlvlhs
• glvlh`p bd bwbrldlss `f `dl”s `wd amst`rmkbh mgldtmty tar`una tal stugy `f tal amst`rmkbh lxplrmldkls `f
gmfflrldt kuhturls.
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Bsslssoldt @ijlktmvls
2. Cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn
• Ylkbhh bdg slhlkt rlhlvbdt amst`rmkbh cd`whlgnl
• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`rmkbh k`dtlxt
• Glo`dstrbtl bd udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`rmkbh pr`klssls: kbusl bdg lfflkt3 k`dtmdumty bdg kabdnl
•
\dglrstbdg amst`rmkbh s`urkls ([H pbplr 2 bdg AH pbplr 2)• Glph`y gltbmhlg, md-glpta cd`whlgnl (AH pbplr ;)
• Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f b splkmfmk amst`rmkbh t`pmk (MB)
9. Bpphmkbtm`d bdg mdtlrprltbtm`d
• Bpphy amst`rmkbh cd`whlgnl bs lvmgldkl
• [a`w bwbrldlss `f gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`, bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh mssuls bdg lvldts
• K`opbrl bdg k`dtrbst amst`rmkbh s`urkls bs lvmgldkl ([H pbplr 2 bdg AH pbplr 2)
• Lxphbmd tal mop`rtbdkl `f amst`rmkbh s`urkls (AH pbplr 2)
•
Urlsldt b suoobry `f lvmgldkl (MB)
;. [ydtalsms bdg lvbhubtm`d
• Lvbhubtl gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`, bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh mssuls bdg lvldts
• Lvbhubtl amst`rmkbh s`urkls bs lvmgldkl ([H pbplr 2, AH pbplr 2 bdg MB)
• Lvbhubtl bdg sydtalsmzl lvmgldkl fr`o i`ta amst`rmkbh s`urkls bdg ibkcnr`udg cd`whlgnl ([H
pbplr 2 bdg AH pbplr 2)
• Glvlh`p krmtmkbh k`ooldtbry usmdn tal lvmgldkl ibsl ([H/AH pbplr 9 bdg AH pbplr ;)
• [ydtalsmzl iy mdtlnrbtmdn lvmgldkl bdg krmtmkbh k`ooldtbry (AH pbplr ;)
•
Urlsldt bd bdbhysms `f b suoobry `f lvmgldkl (MB)
7. \sl `f amst`rmkbh scmhhs
• Glo`dstrbtl tal bimhmty t` strukturl bd lssby bdswlr, usmdn lvmgldkl t` supp`rt rlhlvbdt, ibhbdklg
bdg f`kuslg amst`rmkbh brnuoldts ([H/AH pbplr 9 bdg AH pbplr ;)
Glo`dstrbtl lvmgldkl `f rlslbrka scmhhs, `rnbdmzbtm`d bdg rlflrldkmdn (MB)
Y`utl 92. Wal nbtalrmdn bdg s`rtmdn `f amst`rmkbh lvmgldkl
• [cmhhs mdkhugl:
` glvlh`pmdn rlslbrka scmhhs `f h`kbtmdn bdg slhlktmdn rlhlvbdt bdg bppr`prmbtl lvmgldkl, fr`o
i``cs, brtmkhls, wlismtls bdg bugm`-vmsubh rls`urkls
` rlk`ndmzmdn tal gmstmdktm`ds iltwlld gmfflrldt cmdgs `f lvmgldkl: prmobry bdg slk`dgbry,
tlxtubh, bugm`-vmsubh, `rbh, nrbpamk, tbiuhbr.
B stugldt”s pr`nrlss sa`uhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy mdkrlbsmdn k`dfmgldkl bdg mdglpldgldkl md h`kbtmdn bdg usmdn
b vbrmlty `f amst`rmkbh s`urkls.
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9. Wal lvbhubtm`d `f amst`rmkbh lvmgldkl
• [cmhhs mdkhugl:
` rlk`ndmzmdn tal suijlktmvl dbturl `f tal amst`rmkbh lvmgldkl
` lxbomdmdn s`urkls f`r mdf`robtm`d bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds, bdg f`r kbsls walrl taly k`rr`i`rbtl,
k`ophloldt `r k`dtrbgmkt lbka `talr
` rlk`ndmzmdn tal vbhul bdg usls `f s`urkls, bdg rlbs`ds t` usl talo kbutm`ushy
` rlk`ndmzmdn bdg bpprlkmbtmdn way bdg a`w `pmdm`ds bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds gmfflr.
B stugldt”s pr`nrlss sa`uhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy mdkrlbsmdn bwbrldlss bdg bkcd`whlgnoldt `f amst`rmkbh
`pmdm`ds bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds.
;. Ylk`ndmzmdn bdg udglrstbdgmdn amst`rmkbh pr`klssls bdg talmr rlhbtm`dsamps t` auobd lxplrmldkl,
bktmvmty bdg o`tmvbtm`d
• [cmhhs mdkhugl:
` rlk`ndmzmdn, lxphbmdmdn bdg bdbhysmdn kbusls bdg k`dslquldkls
` rlk`ndmzmdn, lxphbmdmdn bdg bdbhysmdn k`dtmdumty, kabdnl bdg glvlh`poldt `vlr tmol
` rlk`ndmzmdn, lxphbmdmdn bdg bdbhysmdn smomhbrmty bdg gmfflrldkl
` rlhbtmdn auobd bktmvmtmls, lxplrmldkls bdg o`tmvbtm`ds md amst`ry t` b rbdnl `f kuhturbh bdg
s`kmbh gmoldsm`ds
` sydtalsmzmdn obtlrmbh stugmlg bkr`ss tmol bdg spbkl.
B stugldt”s pr`nrlss sa`uhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy b obturmdn bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal dbturl `f auobd lxplrmldkl md b
rbdnl `f k`dtlxts.
7. @rnbdmzmdn bdg lxprlssmdn amst`rmkbh mglbs bdg mdf`robtm`d
• [cmhhs mdkhugl:
`
p`smdn qulstm`ds bdg ayp`talsls bdg bdswlrmdn `r tlstmdn talo` abdghmdn bdg sydtalsmzmdn slvlrbh s`urkls f`r `dl mdqumry
` slhlktmdn bdg glph`ymdn mdf`robtm`d bdg mglbs
` k`dstruktmdn dbrrbtmvls, wmta mglbs, bdbhysms bdg rlhlvbdt suistbdtmbtm`d
` suoobrmzmdn bdg brrmvmdn bt k`dkhusm`ds.
B stugldt”s pr`nrlss sa`uhg il kabrbktlrmzlg iy mdkrlbsmdnhy s`pamstmkbtlg bdg lfflktmvl scmhhs `f `rbh bdg
wrmttld k`ooudmkbtm`d.
Urlskrmilg suijlkt ;: K`ooudmso md krmsms 2=>6- 1= Wams prlskrmilg suijlkt bggrlssls tal obj`r kabhhldnls‗s`kmbh, p`hmtmkbh bdg lk`d`omk‗fbkmdn tal
rlnmols md tal hlbgmdn s`kmbhmst (K`ooudmst) stbtls fr`o 2=>6 t` 2=1= bdg tal dbturl `f tal rlsp`dsl
`f talsl rlnmols. Md s`ol kbsls kabhhldnls, waltalr mdtlrdbh `r lxtlrdbh md `rmnmd, pr`guklg rlsp`dsls
tabt mdbunurbtlg b rlf`ro pr`klss k`dtrmiutmdn smndmfmkbdthy t` tal ldg `f tal \[[Y bdg tal sbtlhhmtl
stbtls md Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`pl. Md `talr kbsls rlprlssmvl olbsurls obdbnlg t` k`dtbmd tal
kabhhldnl bdg tal rlnmol obmdtbmdlg p`wlr md tal plrm`g.
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Brlbs `d wamka tal s`urkl-ibslg qulstm`ds wmhh f`kus brl:
•
tal strunnhl f`r p`wlr f`hh`wmdn tal glbta `f Ob` Zlg`dn (Ob` Wsl-tudn), Aub Nu`fldn (Aub
Cu`- fldn), tal rl-lolrnldkl `f Gldn Qmb`pmdn (Wldn Asmb`-p”mdn) bdg tal glflbt `f tal Nbdn
`f F`ur
•
Kamdb udglr Gldn Qmb`pmdn: lk`d`omk p`hmkmls bdg tal F`ur O`glrdmzbtm`ds
•
Kamdb udglr Gldn Qmb`pmdn: p`hmtmkbh kabdnls, bdg talmr hmomts, kuhomdbtmdn md Wmbdbdold
[qubrl (2=1=)
•
g`olstmk bdg f`rlmnd pr`ihlos `f tal Irlzadlv lrb: lk`d`omk bdg p`hmtmkbh stbndbtm`d3
Bfnabdmstbd
•
N`ribkalv bdg ams bmos/p`hmkmls (nhbsd`st bdg plrlstr`mcb) bdg k`dslquldkls f`r tal [`vmlt
stbtl
•
k`dslquldkls `f N`ribkalv”s p`hmkmls f`r Lbstlrd Lur`plbd3 rlf`ro o`vloldts: U`hbdg‗tal
r`hl `f [`hmgbrmty3 Kzlka`sh`vbcmb‗tal Vlhvlt Ylv`hutm`d3 fbhh `f tal Ilrhmd ^bhh.
Mdtr`guktm`d t` r`utl 9 t`pmks
W`pmks stugmlg (W`pmks 7 bdg
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` F`ro `f n`vlrdoldt, (hlft- bdg rmnat-wmdn) mgl`h`ny
` Dbturl, lxtldt bdg trlbtoldt `f `pp`smtm`d
• G`olstmk p`hmkmls bdg mopbkt
` [trukturl bdg `rnbdmzbtm`d `f n`vlrdoldt bdg bgomdmstrbtm`d
` U`hmtmkbh, lk`d`omk, s`kmbh bdg rlhmnm`us p`hmkmls
` Y`hl `f lgukbtm`d, tal brts, tal olgmb, pr`pbnbdgb
Obtlrmbh f`r gltbmhlg stugy
• Bfrmkb: Cldyb ‛ Cldybttb3 Wbdzbdmb ‛ Dylrlrl
• Bolrmkbs: Brnldtmdb ‛ Ulrûd3 Kuib ‛ Kbstr`
• Bsmb bdg @klbdmb: Kamdb ‛ Ob`3 Mdg`dlsmb ‛ [ucbrd`
• Lur`pl bdg tal Omgghl Lbst: Nlrobdy ‛ Amthlr3 \[[Y ‛ [tbhmd3 Lnypt ‛ Dbsslr
W`pmk 7: Dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl o`vloldts md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb bdg p`st-2=7<
Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`plbd stbtls
Bd mop`rtbdt glvlh`poldt `f tal 95ta
kldtury, lsplkmbhhy md tal p`st-[lk`dg ^`rhg ^br plrm`g, wbs tal
glkhmdl `f moplrmbh ruhl bdg tal lolrnldkl `f dlw stbtls. Wams t`pmk k`vlrs glk`h`dmzbtm`d md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb.Mt bhs` k`vlrs tabt irlbc-up [`vmlt k`dtr`h md Lbstlrd Lur`pl, bs wlhh bs tal lolrnldkl `f dlw stbtls lhslwalrl
md Lur`pl. Lopabsms sa`uhg il phbklg `d tal `rmnmds bdg glvlh`poldt `f tal dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl
o`vloldts, tal f`robtm`d `f p`st-k`h`dmbh n`vlrdoldts/dlw stbtls, tal pr`ihlos fbkmdn dlw n`vlrdoldts
(i`ta mdtlrdbh bdg lxtlrdbh prlssurls) bdg bttlopts t` s`hvl talo.
Uhlbsl d`tl tabt stugldts wmhh d`t il bsclg t` k`opbrl bdg k`dtrbst tal dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl
o`vloldts md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb wmta tal dlw stbtls md Lur`pl p`st-2=7
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• F`robtm`d `f, bdg kabhhldnls t`, p`st-k`h`dmbh n`vlrdoldts/dlw stbtls
` K`h`dmbh hlnbky, dl`-k`h`dmbhmso bdg K`hg ^br
` K`dfhmkt wmta dlmnai`rs
` Hbkc `f p`hmtmkbh lxplrmldkl
` Lk`d`omk mssuls
` [`kmbh, rlhmnm`us bdg kuhturbh mssuls
` Ltadmk, rbkmbh bdg slpbrbtmst o`vloldts
Obtlrmbh f`r gltbmhlg stugy
• Dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl o`vloldts md Bfrmkb bdg Bsmb
` O`vloldts: Bfrmkb ‛ Bhnlrmb, Bdn`hb, Ilhnmbd K`dn`/Zbmrl, Nabdb, Ya`glsmb/Zmoibiwl3 Bsmb
‛ Mdgmb bdg Ubcmstbd, Mdg`kamdb
` Hlbglrs: Ild Ilhhb (Bhnlrmb), A` Kam Omda (Vmltdbo), Jmddba (Ubcmstbd), Nbdgam (Mdgmb),
Ounbil (Zmoibiwl), Dcruoba (Nabdb)
• U`st-2=7< dbtm`dbhmst bdg mdglpldgldkl o`vloldts md Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`pl
` O`vloldts: Kzlka`sh`vbcmb, Audnbry, U`hbdg, ]un`shbvmb bdg mts gmss`hutm`d bdg sukklss`r
stbtls` Hlbglrs: ^bhlsb (U`hbdg), Abvlh (Kzlka`sh`vbcmb)
W`pmk
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• Ldg `f tal K`hg ^br
` Irlbc-up `f [`vmlt \dm`d: Mdtlrdbh pr`ihlos bdg lxtlrdbh prlssurls
` Irlbcg`wd `f [`vmlt k`dtr`h `vlr Kldtrbh bdg Lbstlrd Lur`pl
Obtlrmbh f`r gltbmhlg stugy
•
^brtmol k`dflrldkls: ]bhtb bdg U`tsgbo
• \[ p`hmkmls bdg glvlh`poldts md Lur`pl: Wruobd G`ktrmdl, Obrsabhh Uhbd, DBW@
• [`vmlt p`hmkmls, [`vmltmzbtm`d `f Lbstlrd bdg Kldtrbh Lur`pl, K@OLK@D, ^brsbw Ubkt
• [md`-[`vmlt rlhbtm`ds
• \[-Kamdlsl rlhbtm`ds
• Nlrobdy (lsplkmbhhy Ilrhmd (2=7=-11), C`rlb, Kuib,
Vmltdbo, Omgghl Lbst
• Kbstr`, N`ribkalv, Clddlgy, Ob`, Ylbnbd, [tbhmd, Wruobd
AH `ptm`ds
6: Mdgmb, Bfnabdmstbd bdg Iurob (2>
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25: Dbtm`dbhmso bdg mdglpldgldkl md Mdgmb (2=2=‛2=67)
Wams slktm`d f`kusls `d dbtm`dbhmso md Mdgmb, fr`o tal ldg `f tal Fmrst ^`rhg ^br t` tal bkamlvloldt `f Mdgmbd mdglpldgldkl bdg tal
glvlh`poldt `f Mdgmb t` 2=67. Wal smndmfmkbdkl `f cly nr`ups bdg mdgmvmgubhs sa`uhg il bsslsslg, bs sa`uhg tal fbkt`rs tabt hlg t` tal
pbrtmtm`d `f tal [`uta Bsmbd suik`dtmdldt bdg tal suislquldt g`olstmk p`hmkmls tabt k`ds`hmgbtlg tal p`wlr `f tal Mdgmbd stbtl.
• Mopbkt `f tal Fmrst ^`rhg ^br: globdgs f`r A`ol Yuhl
• [mndmfmkbdkl `f cly p`hmtmkbh glvlh`poldts, mdkhugmdn Bormtsbr obssbkrl (2=2=)3 N`vlrdoldt `f Mdgmb Bkt 2=2=3 [mo`d
K`oomssm`d (2=91)3 Y`udg Wbihl K`dflrldkls (2=;5‛2=;9)3 rlsp`dsl t` N`vlrdoldt `f Mdgmb Bkt 2=;<
•
Y`hl bdg mop`rtbdkl `f cly nr`ups bdg mdgmvmgubhs: Mdgmbd Dbtm`dbh K`dnrlss bdg tal Bhh Mdgmb Oushmo Hlbnul3 Nbdgam3Jbwbabrhbh Dlaru3 Jmddba
• [trunnhl f`r mdglpldgldkl3 d`d-k``plrbtm`d o`vloldt3 kmvmh gms`ilgmldkl kbopbmnds3 [bht Obrka (2=;5)3 Rumt Mdgmb
kbopbmnd (2=79)
• Nr`wta `f Oushmo slpbrbtmso3 ‘Ww`-Dbtm`d‟ tal`ry3 Hba`rl Yls`hutm`d (2=75)
• U`st-mdglpldgldkl Mdgmb: ltadmk bdg rlhmnm`us k`dfhmkts3 prmdklhy stbtls3 Cbsaomr3 sukklssls bdg fbmhurls `f Dlaru”s g`olstmk
p`hmkmls
29: Kamdb bdg C`rlb (2=25‛2=)3
]bd”bd3 Jmbdnxm [`vmlt3 H`dn Obrka3 Ob` Zlg`dn
• Mopbkt `f Jbpbdlsl ruhl `f C`rlb: s`kmbh, p`hmtmkbh bdg lk`d`omk lfflkts `f bddlxbtm`d (2=25)3 mopbkt `f tal [md`-Jbpbdlsl
^br `d C`rlb: Jbpbdlsl usl `f f`rklg hbi`ur, k`dskrmptm`d bdg k`of`rt w`old3 gmvmsm`d `f C`rlb bt ;1ta pbrbhhlh (2=7
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27: Wal Ul`phl”s Ylpuihmk `f Kamdb (2=7=‛9556‛2==>)3 lk`d`omk glvlh`poldts3 F`ur O`glrdmzbtm`ds3 p`hmtmkbh glvlh`poldts3 kbusls
bdg lfflkts `f Wmbdbdold [qubrl (2=1=)3 Jmbdn Zlomd
2‛2==2: dbtm`d iumhgmdn3 s`kmbh, p`hmtmkbh bdg lk`d`omk glvlh`poldts bdg kabhhldnls3 frmktm`d iltwlld Lbst bdg
^lst Ubcmstbd3 kuhturbh bdg hmdnumstmk gmfflrldkls3 k`dstmtutm`dbh rlflrldguo (2==2)3 Jmddba
2>: Glvlh`poldts md @klbdmb bftlr tal [lk`dg ^`rhg ^br (2=7
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21: [`kmbh, kuhturbh bdg lk`d`omk glvlh`poldts md Bsmb (lxkhugmdn Kamdb, Jbpbd bdg Mdgmb) (2=15‛955
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Ubplr 9Gurbtm`d: 2 a`ur ;5 omdutls
^lmnatmdn: 9
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">
Obrcibdgs f`r pbplr 9Walsl brl tal sbol obrcibdgs bs f`r [H.
Obrcibdgs f`r pbplr ;Bsslssoldt `ijlktmvls f`r pbplr ; AH brl sa`wd md tal rmnat-abdg k`huod `f tal obrcibdgs kabrt.
Obrcs Hlvlh glskrmpt`r Bsslssoldt `ijlktmvls bdg obrc rbdnl21-95 Bdswlrs brl khlbrhy f`kuslg rlsp`dsls, sa`wmdn b amna
glnrll `f bwbrldlss `f tal globdgs `f tal qulstm`d.
^alrl bppr`prmbtl, bdswlrs oby kabhhldnl tal
qulstm`d sukklssfuhhy.
Md-glpta bdg bkkurbtl amst`rmkbh cd`whlgnl ms bpphmlg
k`dsmstldthy bdg k`dvmdkmdnhy t` supp`rt krmtmkbh
k`ooldtbry. Md bggmtm`d, bdswlrs oby rlvlbh b amna
hlvlh `f k`dklptubh bimhmty.
Lvldts brl phbklg md talmr amst`rmkbh k`dtlxt. Walrl ms b
khlbr udglrstbdgmdn `f amst`rmkbh pr`klssls bdg (walrl
bppr`prmbtl) k`opbrms`d bdg k`dtrbst.
Walrl oby il lvbhubtm`d `f gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`,
bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh mssuls bdg lvldts. Wams
lvbhubtm`d ms mdtlnrbtlg lfflktmvlhy mdt` tal bdswlr t`
supp`rt bdg supphloldt tal brnuoldt.
Md bggmtm`d, bd bwbrldlss `f tal rlbs`ds f`rkmrkuostbdkls tabt pr`guklg gmfflrmdn bdg `ftld
k`dfhmktmdn amst`rmkbh mdtlrprltbtm`ds ms prlsldt .
Bdswlrs brl wlhh strukturlg bdg khlbrhy lxprlsslg,
usmdn lvmgldkl t` supp`rt rlhlvbdt, ibhbdklg bdg wlhh-
f`kuslg brnuoldts. [ydtalsms ms amnahy glvlh`plg, wmta
cd`whlgnl bdg krmtmkbh k`ooldtbry fuhhy bdg
lfflktmvlhy mdtlnrbtlg.
\pplr obrc rbdnl:
Md bggmtm`d t` tal bi`vl `ijlktmvls tams
hlvlh bhs` rlbkals tal f`hh`wmdn
`ijlktmvls.
Bsslssoldt `ijlktmvl ;: [ydtalsms bdg
lvbhubtm`d
•
Lvbhubtl gmfflrldt bppr`bkals t`,bdg mdtlrprltbtm`ds `f, amst`rmkbh
mssuls bdg lvldts
• Glvlh`p krmtmkbh k`ooldtbry
usmdn tal lvmgldkl ibsl
• [ydtalsmzl iy mdtlnrbtmdn
lvmgldkl bdg krmtmkbh k`ooldtbry
Bsslssoldt `ijlktmvl 7: \sl `f
amst`rmkbh scmhhs
• Glo`dstrbtl tal bimhmty t` strukturl
bd lssby bdswlr, usmdn lvmgldkl t`
supp`rt rlhlvbdt, ibhbdklg bdg f`kuslg
amst`rmkbh brnuoldts
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Im`h`ny ([H)
BmosWar`una stugymdn im`h`ny, kalomstry `r paysmks, stugldts sa`uhg ilk`ol bwbrl `f a`w skmldtmsts w`rc bdg
k`ooudmkbtl wmta lbka `talr. ^amhl tal skmldtmfmk olta`g oby tbcl `d b wmgl vbrmlty `f f`ros, mt ms tal
lopabsms `d b prbktmkbh bppr`bka tar`una lxplrmoldtbh w`rc tabt kabrbktlrmzls talsl suijlkts.
Wal bmos ldbihl stugldts, tar`una tal `vlrbrkamdn talol `f tal Dbturl `f skmldkl, t`:
2. bpprlkmbtl skmldtmfmk stugy bdg krlbtmvmty wmtamd b nh`ibh k`dtlxt tar`una stmouhbtmdn bdg kabhhldnmdn
`pp`rtudmtmls
9. bkqumrl b i`gy `f cd`whlgnl, olta`gs bdg tlkadmquls tabt kabrbktlrmzl skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny
;. bpphy bdg usl b i`gy `f cd`whlgnl, olta`gs bdg tlkadmquls tabt kabrbktlrmzl skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny
7. glvlh`p bd bimhmty t` bdbhysl, lvbhubtl bdg sydtalsmzl skmldtmfmk mdf`robtm`d
. glvlh`p bdg bpphy 92st kldtury k`ooudmkbtm`d scmhhs md tal stugy `f skmldkl
1. ilk`ol krmtmkbhhy bwbrl, bs nh`ibh kmtmzlds, `f tal ltamkbh mophmkbtm`ds `f usmdn skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny
=. glvlh`p bd bpprlkmbtm`d `f tal p`ssmimhmtmls bdg hmomtbtm`ds `f skmldkl bdg tlkad`h`ny
25. glvlh`p bd udglrstbdgmdn `f tal rlhbtm`dsamps iltwlld skmldtmfmk gmskmphmdls bdg talmr mdfhuldkl `d
`talr brlbs `f cd`whlgnl.
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Bsslssoldt @ijlktmvls2. Glo`dstrbtl cd`whlgnl bdg udglrstbdgmdn `f
• fbkts, k`dklpts bdg tlromd`h`ny
• olta`g`h`nmls bdg tlkadmquls
• k`ooudmkbtmdn skmldtmfmk mdf`robtm`d.
9.
Bpphy• fbkts, k`dklpts bdg tlromd`h`ny
• olta`g`h`nmls bdg tlkadmquls
• olta`gs `f k`ooudmkbtmdn skmldtmfmk mdf`robtm`d.
;. F`rouhbtl, bdbhysl bdg lvbhubtl
• ayp`talsls, rlslbrka qulstm`ds bdg prlgmktm`ds
• olta`g`h`nmls bdg tlkadmquls
• prmobry bdg slk`dgbry gbtb
•
skmldtmfmk lxphbdbtm`ds.
7. Glo`dstrbtl tal bppr`prmbtl rlslbrka, lxplrmoldtbh, bdg plrs`dbh scmhhs dlklssbry t` kbrry `ut
mdsmnatfuh bdg ltamkbh mdvlstmnbtm`ds.
Obtalobtmkbh rlqumrloldtsBhh Gmph`ob Ur`nrbool im`h`ny stugldts sa`uhg il bihl t`:
• plrf`ro tal ibsmk brmtaoltmk fudktm`ds: bggmtm`d, suitrbktm`d, ouhtmphmkbtm`d bdg gmvmsm`d
•
kbrry `ut kbhkuhbtm`ds mdv`hvmdn olbds, glkmobhs, frbktm`ds, plrkldtbnls bdg rbtm`s• rlprlsldt bdg mdtlrprlt frlquldky gbtb md tal f`ro `f ibr kabrts, nrbpas bdg amst`nrbos, mdkhugmdn
gmrlkt bdg mdvlrsl pr`p`rtm`d
• ph`t nrbpas (wmta sumtbihl skbhls bdg bxls) mdv`hvmdn tw` vbrmbihls tabt sa`w hmdlbr `r d`d-hmdlbr
rlhbtm`dsamps
• ph`t bdg mdtlrprlt skbttlrnrbpas t` mgldtmfy b k`rrlhbtm`d iltwlld tw` vbrmbihls, bdg bpprlkmbtl tabt
tal lxmstldkl `f b k`rrlhbtm`d g`ls d`t lstbihmsa b kbusbh rlhbtm`dsamp
• gltlromdl tal o`gl bdg olgmbd `f b slt `f gbtb, kbhkuhbtl bdg bdbhysl stbdgbrg glvmbtm`d
• slhlkt stbtmstmkbh tlsts bppr`prmbtl f`r tal bdbhysms `f pbrtmkuhbr gbtb bdg mdtlrprlt tal rlsuhts.
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[yhhbius @uthmdl
W`pmk 2: Klhh im`h`ny
` 2.2 Mdtr`guktm`d t` klhhs
`
2.9 \htrbstrukturl `f klhhs
` 2.; Oloirbdl strukturl
`
2.7 Oloirbdl trbdsp`rt
` 2.< Wal `rmnmd `f klhhs
`
2.6 Klhh gmvmsm`d
W`pmk 9: O`hlkuhbr im`h`ny
` 9.2 O`hlkuhls t` oltbi`hmso
` 9.9 ^btlr
`
9.; Kbri`aygrbtls bdg hmpmgs
`
9.7 Ur`tlmds 9.< Ldzyols`
9.6 [trukturl `f GDB bdg
YDB
` 9.> GDB rlphmkbtm`d,
trbdskrmptm`d bdg trbdshbtm`d
`
9.1 Klhh rlspmrbtm`d
`
9.= Ua`t`sydtalsms
W`pmk ;: Nldltmks
` ;.2 Nldls
`
;.9 Kar`o`s`ols
`
;.; Olm`sms
`
;.7 Mdalrmtbdkl
` ;.< Nldltmk o`gmfmkbtm`d bdg
im`tlkad`h`ny
W`pmk 7: Lk`h`ny
` 7.2 [plkmls, k`ooudmtmls bdg
lk`systlos
` 7.9 Ldlrny fh`w
`
7.; Kbri`d kykhmdn` 7.7 Khmobtl kabdnl
W`pmk
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W`pmk 2: Klhh Im`h`ny
2.2 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Bkk`rgmdn t` tal klhh tal`ry, hmvmdn `rnbdmsos brl k`op`slg `f klhhs.
• @rnbdmsos k`dsmstmdn `f `dhy `dl klhh kbrry `ut bhh fudktm`ds `f hmfl md tabt klhh.
• [urfbkl brlb t` v`huol rbtm` ms mop`rtbdt md tal hmomtbtm`d `f klhh smzl.
•
Ouhtmklhhuhbr `rnbdmsos abvl pr`plrtmls tabt lolrnl fr`o tal mdtlrbktm`d `f talmr klhhuhbr k`op`dldts.
• [plkmbhmzlg tmssuls kbd glvlh`p iy klhh gmfflrldtmbtm`d md ouhtmklhhuhbr `rnbdmsos.
• Gmfflrldtmbtm`d mdv`hvls tal lxprlssm`d `f s`ol nldls bdg d`t `talrs md b klhh”s nld`ol.
• Wal kbpbkmty `f stlo klhhs t` gmvmgl bdg gmfflrldtmbtl bh`dn gmfflrldt pbtawbys ms dlklssbry md
loiry`dmk glvlh`poldt bdg bhs` obcls stlo klhhs sumtbihl f`r talrbplutmk usls.
2.2 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Rulstm`dmdn tal klhh tal`ry usmdn btypmkbh lxbophls, mdkhugmdn strmbtlg ouskhl, nmbdt
bhnbl bdg bslptbtl fudnbh aypabl.• Bpphmkbtm`d: Mdvlstmnbtm`d `f fudktm`ds `f hmfl md Ubrbolkmuo bdg `dl dbolg pa`t`sydtaltmk
udmklhhuhbr `rnbdmso.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f stlo klhhs t` trlbt [tbrnbrgt”s gmslbsl bdg `dl `talr dbolg k`dgmtm`d.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ltamks `f tal talrbplutmk usl `f stlo klhhs fr`o splkmbhhy krlbtlg loiry`s, fr`o tal
uoimhmkbh k`rg ih``g `f b dlw-i`rd ibiy bdg fr`o bd bguht”s `wd tmssuls.
• [cmhh: \sl `f b hmnat omkr`sk`pl t` mdvlstmnbtl tal strukturl `f klhhs bdg tmssuls, wmta grbwmdn `f klhhs.
Kbhkuhbtm`d `f tal obndmfmkbtm`d `f grbwmdns bdg tal bktubh smzl `f strukturls bdg uhtrbstrukturls
sa`wd md grbwmdns `r omkr`nrbpas. (Urbktmkbh 2)
2.2 Numgbdkl:
• [tugldts brl lxplktlg t` il bihl t` dbol bdg irmlfhy lxphbmd talsl fudktm`ds `f hmfl: dutrmtm`d,
oltbi`hmso, nr`wta, rlsp`dsl, lxkrltm`d, a`ol`stbsms bdg rlpr`guktm`d.
• Kah`rlhhb `r [kldlglsous brl sumtbihl pa`t`sydtaltmk udmklhhs, iut Lunhldb sa`uhg il bv`mglg bs mt kbd
fllg altlr`tr`pamkbhhy.
• [kbhl ibrs brl uslfuh bs b wby `f mdgmkbtmdn bktubh smzls md grbwmdns bdg omkr`nrbpas.
2.9 \dglrstbdgmdns: Mdtlrdbtm`dbh-omdglgdlss:
• Ur`cbry`tls abvl b smophl klhh strukturl wmta`ut k`opbrtoldtbhmzbtm`d.
• Lucbry`tls abvl b k`opbrtoldtbhmzlg klhh strukturl.
• Lhlktr`d omkr`sk`pls abvl b ouka amnalr rls`hutm`d tabd hmnat omkr`sk`pls.
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2.9 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: [trukturl bdg fudktm`d `f `rnbdlhhls wmtamd lx`krmdl nhbdg klhhs `f tal pbdkrlbs bdg
wmtamd pbhmsbgl ols`payhh klhhs `f tal hlbf.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`cbry`tls gmvmgl iy imdbry fmssm`d.
• [cmhh: Grbwmdn `f tal uhtrbstrukturl `f pr`cbry`tmk klhhs ibslg `d lhlktr`d omkr`nrbpas.
• [cmhh: Mdtlrprltbtm`d `f lhlktr`d omkr`nrbpas t` mgldtmfy `rnbdlhhls bdg glgukl tal fudktm`d `f
splkmbhmzlg klhhs.
2.9 Numgbdkl:
• Grbwmdns `f pr`cbry`tmk klhhs sa`uhg sa`w tal klhh wbhh, pmhm bdg fhbnlhhb, bdg phbsob oloirbdl
ldkh`smdn kyt`phbso tabt k`dtbmds >5[ rmi`s`ols bdg b dukhl`mg wmta dbclg GDB.
• Grbwmdns `f lucbry`tmk klhhs sa`uhg sa`w b phbsob oloirbdl ldkh`smdn kyt`phbso tabt k`dtbmds 15[
rmi`s`ols bdg b dukhlus, omt`ka`dgrmb bdg `talr oloirbdl-i`udg `rnbdlhhls brl prlsldt md tal
kyt`phbso. [`ol lucbry`tmk klhhs abvl b klhh wbhh.
2.; \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Ua`spa`hmpmgs f`ro imhbylrs md wbtlr gul t` tal bopampbtamk pr`plrtmls `f pa`spa`hmpmg o`hlkuhls.
• Oloirbdl pr`tlmds brl gmvlrsl md tlros `f strukturl, p`smtm`d md tal oloirbdl bdg fudktm`d.
• Ka`hlstlr`h ms b k`op`dldt `f bdmobh klhh oloirbdls.
2.; Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ka`hlstlr`h md oboobhmbd oloirbdls rlgukls oloirbdl fhumgmty bdg plrolbimhmty t`
s`ol s`hutls.
• [cmhh: Grbwmdn `f tal fhumg o`sbmk o`glh.
• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f lvmgldkl fr`o lhlktr`d omkr`sk`py tabt hlg t` tal pr`p`sbh `f tal Gbvs`d-Gbdmlhhm
o`glh.
• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f tal fbhsmfmkbtm`d `f tal Gbvs`d-Gbdmlhhm o`glh tabt hlg t` tal [mdnlr-Dmk`hs`d o`glh
2.; Numgbdkl:
• Bopampbtamk pa`spa`hmpmgs abvl aygr`pamhmk bdg aygr`pa`imk pr`plrtmls.
• Grbwmdns `f tal fhumg o`sbmk o`glh `f oloirbdl strukturl kbd il tw` gmoldsm`dbh rbtalr tabd tarll
gmoldsm`dbh. Mdgmvmgubh pa`spa`hmpmg o`hlkuhls sa`uhg il sa`wd usmdn tal syoi`h `f b kmrkhl wmtatw` pbrbhhlh hmdls bttbkalg. B rbdnl `f oloirbdl pr`tlmds sa`uhg il sa`wd mdkhugmdn nhyk`pr`tlmds.
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2.7 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Ubrtmkhls o`vl bkr`ss oloirbdls iy smophl gmffusm`d, fbkmhmtbtlg gmffusm`d, `so`sms & bktmvl
trbdsp`rt.
• Wal fhumgmty `f oloirbdls bhh`ws obtlrmbhs t` il tbcld mdt` klhhs iy ldg`kyt`sms `r rlhlbslg iy
lx`kyt`sms. Vlsmkhls o`vl obtlrmbhs wmtamd klhhs.
2.7 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: [trukturl bdg fudktm`d `f s`gmuo‛p`tbssmuo puops f`r bktmvl trbdsp`rt & p`tbssmuo
kabddlhs f`r fbkmhmtbtlg gmffusm`d md bx`ds.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Wmssuls `r `rnbds t` il uslg md olgmkbh pr`klgurls oust il ibtalg md b s`hutm`d wmta tal
sbol `so`hbrmty bs tal kyt`phbso t` prlvldt `so`sms.
• [cmhhs: Lstmobtm`d `f `so`hbrmty md tmssuls iy ibtamdn sbophls md ayp`t`dmk bdg ayplrt`dmk s`hutm`ds.
(prbktmkbh 9)
2.7 Numgbdkl:
• @so`sms lxplrmoldts brl b uslfuh `pp`rtudmty t` strlss tal dllg f`r bkkurbtl obss bdg v`huol
olbsurloldts md skmldtmfmk lxplrmoldts.
2.< \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Klhhs kbd `dhy il f`rolg iy gmvmsm`d `f prl-lxmstmdn klhhs.
• Wal fmrst klhhs oust abvl brmsld fr`o d`d-hmvmdn obtlrmbh.
• Wal `rmnmd `f lucbry`tmk klhhs kbd il lxphbmdlg iy tal ldg`syoim`tmk tal`ry.
2.< Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Lvmgldkl fr`o Ubstlur”s lxplrmoldts tabt sp`dtbdl`us nldlrbtm`d `f klhhs & `rnbdmsos
g`ls d`t d`w `kkur `d Lbrta.
2.< Numgbdkl:
• Lvmgldkl f`r tal ldg`syoim`tmk tal`ry ms lxplktlg. Wal `rmnmd `f lucbry`tl kmhmb bdg fhbnlhhb g`ls d`t
dllg t` il mdkhuglg.
• [tugldts sa`uhg il bwbrl tabt tal 67 k`g`ds md tal nldltmk k`gl abvl
tal sbol olbdmdns md dlbrhy bhh `rnbdmsos, iut tabt talrl brl s`ol omd`r vbrmbtm`ds tabt brl hmclhy t`
abvl bkkrulg smdkl tal k`oo`d `rmnmd `f hmfl `d Lbrta.
2.6 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Omt`sms ms gmvmsm`d `f tal dukhlus mdt` tw` nldltmkbhhy mgldtmkbh gbunatlr dukhlm.
• Kar`o`s`ols k`dgldsl iy suplrk`mhmdn gurmdn omt`sms.
• Kyt`cmdlsms `kkurs bftlr omt`sms bdg ms gmfflrldt md phbdt bdg bdmobh klhhs.
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• Mdtlrpabsl ms b vlry bktmvl pabsl `f tal klhh kykhl wmta obdy pr`klssls `kkurrmdn md tal dukhlus bdg
kyt`phbso.
• B duoilr `f skmldtmfmk gmsk`vlrmls brl khbmolg t` il mdkmgldtbh `r slrldgmpmt`us. W` wabt lxtldt omnat
s`ol `f talsl skmldtmfmk gmsk`vlrmls il tal rlsuht `f mdtumtm`d rbtalr tabd hukc0
• Kykhmds brl mdv`hvlg md tal k`dtr`h `f tal klhh kykhl.
• Outbnlds, `dk`nldls & oltbstbsms brl mdv`hvlg md tal glvlh`poldt `f prmobry & slk`dgbry tuo`urs.
2.6 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Wal k`rrlhbtm`d iltwlld so`cmdn bdg mdkmgldkl `f kbdklrs.
• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f pabsls `f omt`sms md klhhs vmlwlg wmta b omkr`sk`pl `r md b omkr`nrbpa.
•
[cmhh: Gltlromdbtm`d `f b omt`tmk mdglx fr`o b omkr`nrbpa.
2.6 Numgbdkl:
• Wal slquldkl `f lvldts md tal f`ur pabsls `f omt`sms sa`uhg il cd`wd.
• Urlpbrbtm`d `f tlop`rbry o`udts `f r``t squbsals ms rlk`ooldglg iut pabsls md omt`sms kbd bhs` il
vmlwlg usmdn plrobdldt shmgls.
• W` bv`mg k`dfusm`d md tlromd`h`ny, tlbkalrs brl ldk`urbnlg t` rlflr t` tal tw` pbrts `f b kar`o`s`ol
bs smstlr kar`obtmgs, wamhl taly brl bttbkalg t` lbka `talr iy b kldtr`olrl md tal lbrhy stbnls `f
omt`sms. Fr`o bdbpabsl `dwbrgs, wald smstlr kar`obtmgs abvl slpbrbtlg t` f`ro mdgmvmgubh strukturls,
taly sa`uhg il rlflrrlg t` bs kar`o`s`ols.
W`pmk 9: O`hlkuhbr im`h`ny
9.2 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• O`hlkuhbr im`h`ny lxphbmds hmvmdn pr`klssls md tlros `f tal kalomkbh suistbdkls mdv`hvlg.
• Kbri`d bt`os kbd f`ro f`ur k`vbhldt i`dgs bhh`wmdn b gmvlrsmty `f stbihl k`op`udgs t` lxmst.
• Hmfl ms ibslg `d kbri`d k`op`udgs mdkhugmdn kbri`aygrbtls, hmpmgs, pr`tlmds bdg dukhlmk bkmgs.
• Oltbi`hmso ms tal wli `f bhh tal ldzyol-kbtbhyslg rlbktm`ds md b klhh `r `rnbdmso.
• Bdbi`hmso ms tal sydtalsms `f k`ophlx o`hlkuhls fr`o smophlr o`hlkuhls mdkhugmdn tal f`robtm`d `f
obkr`o`hlkuhls fr`o o`d`olrs iy k`dgldsbtm`d rlbktm`ds.
• Kbtbi`hmso ms tal irlbcg`wd `f k`ophlx o`hlkuhls mdt` smophlr o`hlkuhls mdkhugmdn tal aygr`hysms `f
obkr`o`hlkuhls mdt` o`d`olrs.
9.2 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \rlb bs bd lxbophl `f b k`op`udg tabt ms pr`guklg iy hmvmdn `rnbdmsos iut kbd bhs` il
brtmfmkmbhhy sydtalsmzlg.
• [cmhh: Grbwmdn o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos `f nhuk`sl, rmi`sl, b sbturbtlg fbtty bkmg bdg b nldlrbhmzlg bomd`
bkmg.
• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f im`kalomkbhs suka bs sunbrs, hmpmgs `r bomd` bkmgs fr`o o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos.
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9.2 Numgbdkl:
• @dhy tal rmdn f`ros `f G-rmi`sl, bhpab‛G-nhuk`sl bdg iltb-G-nhuk`sl brl lxplktlg md grbwmdns.
• [unbrs mdkhugl o`d`sbkkabrmgls bdg gmsbkkabrmgls.
• @dhy `dl sbturbtlg fbt ms lxplktlg bdg mts splkmfmk dbol ms d`t dlklssbry.
• Wal vbrmbihl rbgmkbh `f bomd` bkmgs kbd il sa`wd bs Y. Wal strukturl `f mdgmvmgubh Y-nr`ups g`ls d`t
dllg t` il olo`rmzlg.
•
[tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` rlk`ndmzl fr`o o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos tabt trmnhyklrmgls, pa`spa`hmpmgs bdg
stlr`mgs brl hmpmgs. Grbwmdns `f stlr`mgs brl d`t lxplktlg.
• Ur`tlmds `r pbrts `f p`hyplptmgls sa`uhg il rlk`ndmzlg fr`o o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos sa`wmdn bomd` bkmgs
hmdclg iy plptmgl i`dgs.
9.9 \dglrstbdgmdns: Mdtlrdbtm`dbh-omdglgdlss:
• ^btlr o`hlkuhls brl p`hbr bdg aygr`nld i`dgs f`ro iltwlld talo.
• Walrl brl kabhhldnls f`r tal mdkrlbsmdn auobd p`puhbtm`d md sabrmdn wbtlr rls`urkls lqumtbihy f`r
grmdcmdn bdg mrrmnbtm`d, lhlktrmkmty nldlrbtm`d bdg b rbdnl `f mdgustrmbh bdg g`olstmk pr`klssls.
• Aygr`nld i`dgmdn bdg gmp`hbrmty lxphbmd tal k`alsmvl, bgalsmvl, talrobh bdg s`hvldt pr`plrtmls `f
wbtlr.
• [uistbdkls kbd il aygr`pamhmk `r aygr`pa`imk.
9.9 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`opbrms`d `f tal talrobh pr`plrtmls `f wbtlr wmta ta`sl `f oltabdl.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f wbtlr bs b k``hbdt md swlbt.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: O`gls `f trbdsp`rt `f nhuk`sl, bomd` bkmgs, ka`hlstlr`h, fbts, `xynld bdg s`gmuo kah`rmgl
md ih``g md rlhbtm`d t` talmr s`huimhmty md wbtlr.
9.9 Numgbdkl:
• [tugldts sa`uhg cd`w bt hlbst `dl lxbophl `f b ildlfmt t` hmvmdn `rnbdmsos `f lbka pr`plrty `f wbtlr.
• Wrbdspbrldky `f wbtlr bdg obxmouo gldsmty bt 7µK g` d`t dllg t` il mdkhuglg.
• K`opbrms`d `f tal talrobh pr`plrtmls `f wbtlr bdg oltabdl bssmsts md tal udglrstbdgmdn `f tal
smndmfmkbdkl `f aygr`nld i`dgmdn md wbtlr.
9.; \dglrstbdgmdns:
• O`d`sbkkabrmgl o`d`olrs brl hmdclg t`nltalr iy k`dgldsbtm`d rlbktm`ds t`
• Fbtty bkmgs kbd il sbturbtlg, o`d`udsbturbtlg `r p`hyudsbturbtlg.
• \dsbturbtlg fbtty bkmgs kbd il kms `r trbds ms`olrs.
• Wrmnhyklrmgls brl f`rolg iy k`dgldsbtm`d fr`o tarll fbtty bkmgs bdg `dl nhyklr`h.
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9.; Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: [trukturl bdg fudktm`d `f klhhuh`sl bdg stbrka md phbdts bdg nhyk`nld md auobds.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: [kmldtmfmk lvmgldkl f`r albhta rmscs `f trbds fbts bdg sbturbtlg fbtty bkmgs.
• U`tbt`ls abvl illd nldltmkbhhy o`gmfmlg t` rlgukl tal hlvlh `f boyh`sl t` pr`gukl b o`rl lfflktmvl
bgalsmvl.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Hmpmgs brl o`rl sumtbihl f`r h`dn-tlro ldlrny st`rbnl md auobds tabd kbri`aygrbtls.
•
Bpphmkbtm`d: Lvbhubtm`d `f lvmgldkl bdg tal olta`gs uslg t` `itbmd tal lvmgldkl f`r albhta khbmos
obgl bi`ut hmpmgs.
• [cmhh: \sl `f o`hlkuhbr vmsubhmzbtm`d s`ftwbrl t` k`opbrl klhhuh`sl, stbrka bdg nhyk`nld.
• [cmhh: Gltlromdbtm`d `f i`gy obss mdglx iy kbhkuhbtm`d `r usl `f b d`o`nrbo.
9.; Numgbdkl:
• Wal strukturl `f stbrka sa`uhg mdkhugl boyh`sl bdg boyh`plktmd.
• Dbolg lxbophls `f fbtty bkmgs brl d`t rlqumrlg.
•
[ukr`sl, hbkt`sl bdg obht`sl sa`uhg il mdkhuglg bs lxbophls `f gmsbkkabrmgls pr`guklg iy k`oimdmdno`d`sbkkabrmgls.
9.7 \dglrstbdgmdns: \tmhmzbtm`d:
• Bomd` bkmgs brl hmdclg t`nltalr iy k`dgldsbtm`d t` f`ro p`hyplptmgls.
• Ur`tl`omks bdg tal pr`guktm`d `f pr`tlmds iy klhhs kuhturlg md flroldtlrs `fflr obdy `pp`rtudmtmls f`r
tal f``g, pabrobklutmkbh bdg `talr mdgustrmls.
• Walrl brl 95 gmfflrldt bomd` bkmgs md p`hyplptmgls sydtalsmzlg `d rmi`s`ols.
• Bomd` bkmgs kbd il hmdclg t`nltalr md bdy slquldkl nmvmdn b aunl rbdnl `f p`ssmihl p`hyplptmgls.
•
B pr`tlmd oby k`dsmst `f b smdnhl p`hyplptmgl `r o`rl tabd `dl p`hyplptmgl hmdclg t`nltalr.• Wal bomd` bkmg slquldkl gltlromdls tal tarll-gmoldsm`dbh k`df`robtm`d `f b pr`tlmd.
• Hmvmdn `rnbdmsos sydtalsmzl obdy gmfflrldt pr`tlmds wmta b wmgl rbdnl `f fudktm`ds.
• Lvlry mdgmvmgubh abs b udmqul pr`tl`ol.
9.7 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Yuimsk`, mdsuhmd, mooud`nh`iuhmds, ra`g`psmd, k`hhbnld bdg spmglr smhc bs lxbophls `f
tal rbdnl `f pr`tlmd fudktm`ds.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Gldbturbtm`d `f pr`tlmds iy albt `r iy glvmbtm`d `f pA fr`o tal `ptmouo.
• [cmhh: Grbwmdn o`hlkuhbr gmbnrbos t` sa`w tal f`robtm`d `f b plptmgl i`dg.
9.7 Numgbdkl:
• Wal gltbmhlg strukturl `f tal smx pr`tlmds slhlktlg t` mhhustrbtl tal fudktm`ds `f pr`tlmds ms d`t dllglg.
• Lnn wamtl `r bhiuomd s`hutm`ds kbd il uslg md gldbturbtm`d lxplrmoldts.
• [tugldts sa`uhg cd`w tabt o`st `rnbdmsos usl tal sbol 95 bomd` bkmgs md tal sbol nldltmk k`gl
bhta`una talrl brl s`ol lxklptm`ds. [plkmfmk lxbophls k`uhg il uslg f`r mhhustrbtm`d.
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9.< \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Ldzyols abvl bd bktmvl smtl t` wamka splkmfmk suistrbtls imdg.
• Ldzyol kbtbhysms mdv`hvls o`hlkuhbr o`tm`d bdg tal k`hhmsm`d `f suistrbtls wmta tal bktmvl smtl.
• Wloplrbturl, pA bdg suistrbtl k`dkldtrbtm`d bfflkt tal rbtl `f bktmvmty `f ldzyols.
• Ldzyols kbd il gldbturlg.
• Moo`imhmzlg ldzyols brl wmglhy uslg md mdgustry.
9.< Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Olta`gs `f pr`guktm`d `f hbkt`sl-frll omhc bdg mts bgvbdtbnls.
• [cmhh: Glsmnd `f lxplrmoldts t` tlst tal lfflkt `f tloplrbturl, pA bdg suistrbtl k`dkldtrbtm`d `d tal
bktmvmty `f ldzyols.
• [cmhh: Lxplrmoldtbh mdvlstmnbtm`d `f b fbkt`r bfflktmdn ldzyol bktmvmty. (Urbktmkbh ;)
9.< Numgbdkl:
•
Hbktbsl kbd il moo`imhmzlg md bhnmdbtl ilbgs bdg lxplrmoldts kbd tald il kbrrmlg `ut md wamka tal
hbkt`sl md omhc ms aygr`hyslg.
• [tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` scltka nrbpas t` sa`w tal lxplktlg lfflkts `f tloplrbturl, pA bdg suistrbtl
k`dkldtrbtm`d `d tal bktmvmty `f ldzyols. Waly sa`uhg il bihl t` lxphbmd tal pbttlrds `r trldgs
bppbrldt md talsl nrbpas.
9.6 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Wal dukhlmk bkmgs GDB bdg YDB brl p`hyolrs `f dukhl`tmgls.
•
GDB gmfflrs fr`o YDB md tal duoilr `f strbdgs prlsldt, tal ibsl k`op`smtm`d bdg tal typl `f pldt`sl.
• GDB ms b g`uihl alhmx obgl `f tw` bdtmpbrbhhlh strbdgs `f dukhl`tmgls hmdclg iy aygr`nld i`dgmdn
iltwlld k`ophloldtbry ibsl pbmrs.
9.6 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Krmkc bdg ^bts`d”s lhukmgbtm`d `f tal strukturl `f GDB usmdn o`glh obcmdn.
• [cmhh: Grbwmdn smophl gmbnrbos `f tal strukturl `f smdnhl dukhl`tmgls `f GDB bdg YDB, usmdn kmrkhls,
pldtbn`ds bdg rlktbdnhls t` rlprlsldt pa`spabtls, pldt`sls bdg ibsls.
9.6 Numgbdkl:
• Md gmbnrbos `f GDB strukturl, tal alhmkbh sabpl g`ls d`t dllg t` il sa`wd, iut tal tw` strbdgs sa`uhg
il sa`wd bdtmpbrbhhlh. Bgldmdl sa`uhg il sa`wd pbmrlg wmta tayomdl bdg nubdmdl wmta kyt`smdl, iut
tal rlhbtmvl hldntas `f tal purmdl bdg pyrmomgmdl ibsls g` d`t dllg t` il rlkbhhlg, d`r tal duoilrs `f
aygr`nld i`dgs iltwlld tal ibsl pbmrs.
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9.> \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Wal rlphmkbtm`d `f GDB ms slom-k`dslrvbtmvl bdg glpldgs `d k`ophloldtbry ibsl pbmrmdn.
• Alhmkbsl udwmdgs tal g`uihl alhmx bdg slpbrbtls tal tw` strbdgs iy irlbcmdn aygr`nld i`dgs.
• GDB p`hyolrbsl hmdcs dukhl`tmgls t`nltalr t` f`ro b dlw strbdg, usmdn tal prl-lxmstmdn strbdg bs b
tlophbtl.
• Wrbdskrmptm`d ms tal sydtalsms `f oYDB k`pmlg fr`o tal GDB ibsl slquldkls iy YDB p`hyolrbsl.
•
Wrbdshbtm`d ms tal sydtalsms `f p`hyplptmgls `d rmi`s`ols.
• Wal bomd` bkmg slquldkl `f p`hyplptmgls ms gltlromdlg iy oYDB bkk`rgmdn t` tal nldltmk k`gl.
• K`g`ds `f tarll ibsls `d oYDB k`rrlsp`dg t` `dl bomd` bkmg md b p`hyplptmgl.
• Wrbdshbtm`d glpldgs `d k`ophloldtbry ibsl pbmrmdn iltwlld k`g`ds `d oYDB bdg bdtmk`g`ds `d
tYDB.
9.> Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f Wbq GDB p`hyolrbsl t` pr`gukl ouhtmphl k`pmls `f GDB rbpmghy iy tal
p`hyolrbsl kabmd rlbktm`d (UKY).• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`guktm`d `f auobd mdsuhmd md ibktlrmb bs bd lxbophl `f tal udmvlrsbhmty `f tal nldltmk
k`gl bhh`wmdn nldl trbdsflr iltwlld splkmls.
• [cmhh: \sl b tbihl `f tal nldltmk k`gl t` glgukl wamka k`g`d(s) k`rrlsp`dgs t` wamka bomd` bkmg.
• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f Olslhs`d bdg [tbah”s rlsuhts t` `itbmd supp`rt f`r tal tal`ry `f slom-k`dslrvbtmvl
rlphmkbtm`d `f GDB.
• [cmhh: \sl b tbihl `f oYDB k`g`ds bdg talmr k`rrlsp`dgmdn bomd` bkmgs t` glgukl tal slquldkl `f
bomd` bkmgs k`glg iy b sa`rt oYDB strbdg `f cd`wd ibsl slquldkl.
• [cmhh: Glgukmdn tal GDB ibsl slquldkl f`r tal oYDB strbdg.
9.>
Numgbdkl:
• Wal gmfflrldt typls `f GDB p`hyolrbsl g` d`t dllg t` il gmstmdnumsalg.
9.1 \dglrstbdgmdns: Bmos:
• Klhh rlspmrbtm`d ms tal k`dtr`hhlg rlhlbsl `f ldlrny fr`o `rnbdmk k`op`udgs • t` pr`gukl BWU.
• BWU fr`o klhh rlspmrbtm`d ms moolgmbtlhy bvbmhbihl bs b s`urkl `f ldlrny md tal klhh.
• Bdblr`imk klhh rlspmrbtm`d nmvls b sobhh ymlhg `f BWU fr`o nhuk`sl.
• Blr`imk klhh rlspmrbtm`d rlqumrls `xynld bdg nmvls b hbrnl ymlhg `f BWU fr`o nhuk`sl.
9.1 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f bdblr`imk klhh rlspmrbtm`d md ylbsts t` pr`gukl ltabd`h bdg kbri`d gm`xmgl md
ibcmdn.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Hbktbtl pr`guktm`d md auobds wald bdblr`imk rlspmrbtm`d ms uslg t` obxmomzl tal p`wlr
`f ouskhl k`dtrbktm`ds.
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• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f rlsuhts fr`o lxplrmoldts mdv`hvmdn olbsurloldt `f rlspmrbtm`d rbtls md nlromdbtmdn
sllgs `r mdvlrtlirbtls usmdn b rlspmr`oltlr.
9.1 Numgbdkl:
• Gltbmhs `f tal oltbi`hmk pbtawbys `f klhh rlspmrbtm`d brl d`t dllglg iut tal suistrbtls bdg fmdbh wbstl
pr`gukts sa`uhg il cd`wd.
•
Walrl brl obdy smophl rlspmr`oltlrs wamka k`uhg il uslg. [tugldts brl lxplktlg t` cd`w tabt bdbhcbhm ms uslg t` bis`ri K@, s` rlguktm`ds md v`huol brl gul t` `xynld usl. Wloplrbturl sa`uhg il
clpt k`dstbdt t` bv`mg v`huol kabdnls gul t` tloplrbturl fhuktubtm`ds.
9.= \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Ua`t`sydtalsms ms tal pr`guktm`d `f kbri`d k`op`udgs md klhhs usmdn hmnat ldlrny.
• Vmsmihl hmnat abs b rbdnl `f wbvlhldntas wmta vm`hlt tal sa`rtlst wbvlhldnta bdg rlg tal h`dnlst.
• Kah`r`payhh bis`ris rlg bdg ihul hmnat o`st lfflktmvlhy bdg rlfhlkts nrlld hmnat o`rl tabd `talr
k`h`urs.
•
@xynld ms pr`guklg md pa`t`sydtalsms fr`o tal pa`t`hysms `f wbtlr.
• Ldlrny ms dllglg t` pr`gukl kbri`aygrbtls bdg `talr kbri`d k`op`udgs fr`o kbri`d gm`xmgl.
• Wloplrbturl, hmnat mdtldsmty bdg kbri`d gm`xmgl k`dkldtrbtm`d brl p`ssmihl hmomtmdn fbkt`rs `d tal rbtl
`f pa`t`sydtalsms.
9.= Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kabdnls t` tal Lbrta”s bto`spalrl, `klbds bdg r`kc glp`smtm`d gul t` pa`t`sydtalsms.
• [cmhh: Grbwmdn bd bis`rptm`d splktruo f`r kah`r`payhh bdg bd bktm`d splktruo f`r pa`t`sydtalsms.
•
[cmhh: Glsmnd `f lxplrmoldts t` mdvlstmnbtl tal lfflkt `f hmomtmdn fbkt`rs `d pa`t`sydtalsms.• [cmhh: [lpbrbtm`d `f pa`t`sydtaltmk pmnoldts iy kar`obt`nrbpa. (Urbktmkbh 7)
9.= Numgbdkl:
• [tugldts sa`uhg cd`w tabt vmsmihl hmnat abs wbvlhldntas iltwlld 755 bdg >55 dbd`oltrls, iut taly
brl d`t lxplktlg t` rlkbhh tal wbvlhldntas `f splkmfmk k`h`urs `f hmnat.
• ^btlr frll `f gmss`hvlg kbri`d gm`xmgl f`r pa`t`sydtalsms lxplrmoldts kbd il pr`guklg iy i`mhmdn bdg
k``hmdn wbtlr.
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W`pmk ;: Nldltmks
;.2 \dglrstbdgmdns: Mdtlrdbtm`dbh-omdglgdlss:
• B nldl ms b alrmtbihl fbkt`r tabt k`dsmsts `f b hldnta `f GDB bdg mdfhuldkls b splkmfmk kabrbktlrmstmk.
• B nldl `kkupmls b splkmfmk p`smtm`d `d b kar`o`s`ol.
• Wal vbrm`us splkmfmk f`ros `f b nldl brl bhhlhls.
•
Bhhlhls gmfflr fr`o lbka `talr iy `dl `r `dhy b flw ibsls.
• Dlw bhhlhls brl f`rolg iy outbtm`d.
• Wal nld`ol ms tal wa`hl `f tal nldltmk mdf`robtm`d `f bd `rnbdmso.
• Wal ldtmrl ibsl slquldkl `f auobd nldls wbs slquldklg md tal Auobd Nld`ol Ur`jlkt.
;.2 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Wal kbusls `f smkchl klhh bdlomb, mdkhugmdn b ibsl suistmtutm`d outbtm`d, b kabdnl t` tal
ibsl slquldkl `f oYDB trbdskrmilg fr`o mt bdg b kabdnl t` tal slquldkl `f b p`hyplptmgl md
alo`nh`imd.• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`opbrms`d `f tal duoilr `f nldls md auobds wmta `talr splkmls.
• [cmhh: \sl `f b gbtbibsl t` gltlromdl gmfflrldkls md tal ibsl slquldkl `f b nldl md tw` splkmls.
;.2 Numgbdkl:
• [tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` rlkbhh `dl splkmfmk ibsl suistmtutm`d tabt kbusls nhutbomk bkmg t` il
suistmtutlg iy vbhmdl bs tal smxta bomd` bkmg md tal alo`nh`imd p`hyplptmgl.
• Wal duoilr `f nldls md b splkmls sa`uhg d`t il rlflrrlg t` bs nld`ol smzl bs tams tlro ms uslg f`r tal
t`tbh bo`udt `f GDB. Bt hlbst `dl phbdt bdg `dl ibktlrmuo sa`uhg il mdkhuglg md tal k`opbrms`d bdg
bt hlbst `dl splkmls wmta o`rl nldls bdg `dl wmta flwlr nldls tabd b auobd.
• Wal Nldibdc® gbtbibsl kbd il uslg t` slbrka f`r GDB ibsl slquldkls. Wal kyt`kar`ol K nldl
slquldkl ms bvbmhbihl f`r obdy gmfflrldt `rnbdmsos bdg ms `f pbrtmkuhbr mdtlrlst ilkbusl `f mts usl md
rlkhbssmfymdn `rnbdmsos mdt` tarll g`obmds.
• Glhltm`ds, mdslrtm`ds bdg frbol samft outbtm`ds g` d`t dllg t` il mdkhuglg.
;.9 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Ur`cbry`tls abvl `dl kar`o`s`ol k`dsmstmdn `f b kmrkuhbr GDB o`hlkuhl.
• [`ol pr`cbry`tls bhs` abvl phbsomgs iut lucbry`tls g` d`t.
• Lucbry`tl kar`o`s`ols brl hmdlbr GDB o`hlkuhls bss`kmbtlg wmta amst`dl pr`tlmds.
• Md b lucbry`tl splkmls talrl brl gmfflrldt kar`o`s`ols tabt kbrry gmfflrldt nldls.
• A`o`h`n`us kar`o`s`ols kbrry tal sbol slquldkl `f nldls iut d`t dlklssbrmhy tal sbol bhhlhls `f
ta`sl nldls.
• Gmph`mg dukhlm abvl pbmrs `f a`o`h`n`us kar`o`s`ols.
• Abph`mg dukhlm abvl `dl kar`o`s`ol `f lbka pbmr.
• Wal duoilr `f kar`o`s`ols ms b kabrbktlrmstmk flbturl `f oloilrs `f b splkmls.
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• B cbry`nrbo sa`ws tal kar`o`s`ols `f bd `rnbdmso md a`o`h`n`us pbmrs `f glkrlbsmdn hldnta.
• [lx ms gltlromdlg iy slx kar`o`s`ols bdg but`s`ols brl kar`o`s`ols tabt g` d`t gltlromdl slx.
;.9 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kbmrds” tlkadmqul f`r olbsurmdn tal hldnta `f GDB o`hlkuhls iy but`rbgm`nrbpay.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`opbrms`d `f nld`ol smzl md W9 pabnl, Lskalrmkamb k`hm, Gr`s`pamhb olhbd`nbstlr ,
A`o` sbpmlds bdg Ubrms jbp`dmkb.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`opbrms`d `f gmph`mg kar`o`s`ol duoilrs `f A`o` sbpmlds, Ubd tr`nh`gytls, Kbdms
fbomhmbrms, @ryzb sbtmvb, Ubrbskbrms lqu`ruo.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f cbry`nrbos t` glgukl slx bdg gmbnd`sl G`wd sydgr`ol md auobds.
•
[cmhh: \sl `f gbtbibsls t` mgldtmfy tal h`kus `f b auobd nldl bdg mts p`hyplptmgl pr`gukt.
;.9 Numgbdkl:
• Wal tlros cbry`typl bdg cbry`nrbo abvl gmfflrldt olbdmdns. Cbry`typl ms b pr`plrty `f b klhh‗tal
duoilr bdg typl `f kar`o`s`ols prlsldt md tal dukhlus, d`t b pa`t`nrbpa `r gmbnrbo `f talo.
• Nld`ol smzl ms tal t`tbh hldnta `f GDB md bd `rnbdmso. Wal lxbophls `f nld`ol bdg kar`o`s`ol
duoilr abvl illd slhlktlg t` bhh`w p`mdts `f mdtlrlst t` il rbmslg.
• Wal tw` GDB o`hlkuhls f`rolg iy GDB rlphmkbtm`d prm`r t` klhh gmvmsm`d brl k`dsmglrlg t` il smstlr
kar`obtmgs udtmh tal sphmttmdn `f tal kldtr`olrl bt tal stbrt `f bdbpabsl. Bftlr tams, taly brl mdgmvmgubh
kar`o`s`ols.
;.; \dglrstbdgmdns:
• @dl gmph`mg dukhlus gmvmgls iy olm`sms t` pr`gukl f`ur abph`mg dukhlm.
•
Wal abhvmdn `f tal kar`o`s`ol duoilr bhh`ws b slxubh hmfl kykhl wmta fusm`d `f nboltls.• GDB ms rlphmkbtlg ilf`rl olm`sms s` tabt bhh kar`o`s`ols k`dsmst `f tw` smstlr kar`obtmgs.
• Wal lbrhy stbnls `f olm`sms mdv`hvl pbmrmdn `f a`o`h`n`us kar`o`s`ols bdg kr`ssmdn `vlr f`hh`wlg
iy k`dgldsbtm`d.
• @rmldtbtm`d `f pbmrs `f a`o`h`n`us kar`o`s`ols prm`r t` slpbrbtm`d ms rbdg`o.
• [lpbrbtm`d `f pbmrs `f a`o`h`n`us kar`o`s`ols md tal fmrst gmvmsm`d `f olm`sms abhvls tal
kar`o`s`ol duoilr.
• Kr`ssmdn `vlr bdg rbdg`o `rmldtbtm`d pr`o`tls nldltmk vbrmbtm`d.
• Fusm`d `f nboltls fr`o gmfflrldt pbrldts pr`o`tls nldltmk vbrmbtm`d.
;.; Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: D`d-gmsjudktm`d kbd kbusl G`wd sydgr`ol bdg `talr kar`o`s`ol bid`robhmtmls.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: [tugmls sa`wmdn bnl `f pbrldts mdfhuldkls kabdkls `f d`d- gmsjudktm`d.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Glskrmptm`d `f olta`gs uslg t` `itbmd klhhs f`r cbry`typl bdbhysms l.n. ka`rm`dmk vmhhus
sbophmdn bdg bodm`kldtlsms bdg tal bss`kmbtlg rmscs.
• [cmhh: Grbwmdn gmbnrbos t` sa`w tal stbnls `f olm`sms rlsuhtmdn md tal f`robtm`d `f f`ur abph`mg klhhs.
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;.; Numgbdkl:
• Urlpbrbtm`d `f omkr`sk`pl shmgls sa`wmdn olm`sms ms kabhhldnmdn bdg plrobdldt shmgls sa`uhg il
bvbmhbihl md kbsl d` klhhs md olm`sms brl vmsmihl md tlop`rbry o`udts.
• Grbwmdns `f tal stbnls `f olm`sms g` d`t dllg t` mdkhugl kambsobtb.
• Wal pr`klss `f kambsobtb f`robtm`d dllg d`t il lxphbmdlg.
;.7 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Oldglh gmsk`vlrlg tal prmdkmphls `f mdalrmtbdkl wmta lxplrmoldts md wamka hbrnl duoilrs `f plb
phbdts wlrl kr`sslg.
• Nboltls brl abph`mg s` k`dtbmd `dhy `dl bhhlhl `f lbka nldl.
• Wal tw` bhhlhls `f lbka nldl slpbrbtl mdt` gmfflrldt abph`mg gbunatlr dukhlm gurmdn olm`sms.
• Fusm`d `f nboltls rlsuhts md gmph`mg zyn`tls wmta tw` bhhlhls `f lbka nldl tabt oby il tal sbol bhhlhl
`r gmfflrldt bhhlhls.
• G`omdbdt bhhlhls obsc tal lfflkts `f rlklssmvl bhhlhls iut k`-g`omdbdt bhhlhls abvl j`mdt lfflkts.
•
Obdy nldltmk gmslbsls md auobds brl gul t` rlklssmvl bhhlhls `f but`s`obh nldls, bhta`una s`olnldltmk gmslbsls brl gul t` g`omdbdt `r k`-g`omdbdt bhhlhls.
• [`ol nldltmk gmslbsls brl slx-hmdclg. Wal pbttlrd `f mdalrmtbdkl ms gmfflrldt wmta slx-hmdclg nldls gul
t` talmr h`kbtm`d `d slx kar`o`s`ols.
• Obdy nldltmk gmslbsls abvl illd mgldtmfmlg md auobds iut o`st brl vlry rbrl.
• Ybgmbtm`d bdg outbnldmk kalomkbhs mdkrlbsl tal outbtm`d rbtl bdg kbd kbusl nldltmk gmslbsls bdg
kbdklr.
;.7 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
•
Bpphmkbtm`d: Mdalrmtbdkl `f BI@ ih``g nr`ups.• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ylg-nrlld k`h`ur ihmdgdlss bdg alo`pamhmb bs lxbophls `f slx- hmdclg mdalrmtbdkl.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Mdalrmtbdkl `f kystmk fmir`sms bdg Audtmdnt`d”s gmslbsl.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`dslquldkls `f rbgmbtm`d bftlr dukhlbr i`oimdn `f Amr`samob bdg bkkmgldt bt
Kalrd`iyh.
• [cmhh: K`dstruktm`d `f Uuddltt nrmgs f`r prlgmktmdn tal `utk`ols `f o`d`ayirmg nldltmk kr`ssls.
• [cmhh: K`opbrms`d `f prlgmktlg bdg bktubh `utk`ols `f nldltmk kr`ssls usmdn rlbh gbtb.
• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f plgmnrll kabrts t` glgukl tal pbttlrd `f mdalrmtbdkl `f nldltmk gmslbsls.
;.7 Numgbdkl:
• Bhhlhls kbrrmlg `d Q kar`o`s`ols sa`uhg il sa`wd bs suplrskrmpt hlttlrs `d bd upplr kbsl Q, suka bs
Q.
• Wal lxplktlg d`tbtm`d f`r BI@ ih``g nr`up bhhlhls ms:
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;.< \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Nlh lhlktr`pa`rlsms ms uslg t` slpbrbtl pr`tlmds `r frbnoldts `f GDB bkk`rgmdn t` smzl.
• UKY kbd il uslg t` bophmfy sobhh bo`udts `f GDB.
• GDB pr`fmhmdn mdv`hvls k`opbrms`d `f GDB.
• Nldltmk o`gmfmkbtm`d ms kbrrmlg `ut iy nldl trbdsflr iltwlld splkmls.
• Kh`dls brl nr`ups `f nldltmkbhhy mgldtmkbh `rnbdmsos, glrmvlg fr`o b smdnhl `rmnmdbh pbrldt klhh.
•
Obdy phbdt splkmls bdg s`ol bdmobh splkmls abvl dbturbh olta`gs `f kh`dmdn.
• Bdmobhs kbd il kh`dlg bt tal loiry` stbnl iy irlbcmdn up tal loiry` mdt` o`rl tabd `dl nr`up `f
klhhs.
• Olta`gs abvl illd glvlh`plg f`r kh`dmdn bguht bdmobhs usmdn gmfflrldtmbtlg klhhs.
;.< Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f GDB pr`fmhmdn md pbtlrdmty bdg f`rldsmk mdvlstmnbtm`ds.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Nldl trbdsflr t` ibktlrmb usmdn phbsomgs obcls usl `f rlstrmktm`d ldg`dukhlbsls bdg GDB
hmnbsl.• Bpphmkbtm`d: Bsslssoldt `f tal p`tldtmbh rmscs bdg ildlfmts bss`kmbtlg wmta nldltmk o`gmfmkbtm`d `f
kr`ps.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`guktm`d `f kh`dlg loiry`s pr`guklg iy s`obtmk-klhh dukhlbr trbdsflr.
• [cmhh: Glsmnd `f bd lxplrmoldt t` bsslss `dl fbkt`r bfflktmdn tal r``tmdn `f stlo-kuttmdns.
• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f lxbophls `f GDB pr`fmhls.
• [cmhh: Bdbhysms `f gbtb `d rmscs t` o`dbrka iuttlrfhmls `f It kr`ps.
;.< Numgbdkl:
•
[tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` glgukl waltalr `r d`t b obd k`uhg il tal fbtalr `f b kamhg fr`o tal pbttlrd
`f ibdgs `d b GDB pr`fmhl.
• G`hhy kbd il uslg bs bd lxbophl `f s`obtmk-klhh trbdsflr.
• B phbdt splkmls sa`uhg il ka`sld f`r r``tmdn lxplrmoldts tabt f`ros r``ts rlbgmhy md wbtlr `r b s`hmg
olgmuo.
W`pmk 7: Lk`h`ny
7.2 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• [plkmls brl nr`ups `f `rnbdmsos tabt kbd p`tldtmbhhy mdtlrirllg t` pr`gukl flrtmhl `ffsprmdn.
• Wal dllg f`r sustbmdbimhmty md auobd bktmvmtmls k`uhg il gmskusslg bdg tal olta`gs dllglg t` pr`o`tl
tams.
• Oloilrs `f b splkmls oby il rlpr`guktmvlhy ms`hbtlg md slpbrbtl p`puhbtm`ds.
• [plkmls abvl lmtalr bd but`tr`pamk `r altlr`tr`pamk olta`g `f dutrmtm`d (b flw splkmls abvl i`ta
olta`gs).
• K`dsuolrs brl altlr`tr`pas tabt fllg `d hmvmdn `rnbdmsos iy mdnlstm`d.
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• Gltrmtmv`rls brl altlr`tr`pas tabt `itbmd `rnbdmk dutrmldts fr`o gltrmtus iy mdtlrdbh gmnlstm`d.
• [bpr`tr`pas brl altlr`tr`pas tabt `itbmd `rnbdmk dutrmldts fr`o glbg `rnbdmsos iy lxtlrdbh gmnlstm`d.
• B k`ooudmty ms f`rolg iy p`puhbtm`ds `f gmfflrldt splkmls hmvmdn t`nltalr bdg mdtlrbktmdn wmta lbka
`talr.
• B k`ooudmty f`ros bd lk`systlo iy mts mdtlrbktm`ds wmta tal bim`tmk ldvmr`doldt.
•
But`tr`pas `itbmd md`rnbdmk dutrmldts fr`o tal bim`tmk ldvmr`doldt.
• Wal supphy `f md`rnbdmk dutrmldts ms obmdtbmdlg iy dutrmldt kykhmdn.
•
Lk`systlos abvl tal p`tldtmbh t` il sustbmdbihl `vlr h`dn plrm`gs `f tmol.
7.2 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• [cmhh: Khbssmfymdn splkmls bs but`tr`pas, k`dsuolrs, gltrmtmv`rls `r sbpr`tr`pas fr`o b cd`whlgnl `f
talmr o`gl `f dutrmtm`d.
• [cmhh: [lttmdn up slbhlg ols`k`sos t` try t` lstbihmsa sustbmdbimhmty. (Urbktmkbh
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7.9 Numgbdkl:
• Uyrbomgs `f duoilr bdg im`obss brl d`t rlqumrlg. [tugldts sa`uhg il khlbr tabt im`obss md tlrrlstrmbh
lk`systlos gmomdmsals wmta ldlrny bh`dn f``g kabmds gul t` h`ss `f kbri`d gm`xmgl, wbtlr bdg `talr
wbstl pr`gukts, suka bs urlb.
• Uyrbomgs `f ldlrny sa`uhg il grbwd t` skbhl bdg sa`uhg il stlpplg, d`t trmbdnuhbr. Wal tlros
pr`guklr, fmrst k`dsuolr bdg slk`dg k`dsuolr bdg s` `d sa`uhg il uslg, rbtalr tabd fmrst tr`pamk hlvlh
slk`dg tr`pamk hlvlh bdg s` `d.
• Wal gmstmdktm`d iltwlld ldlrny fh`w md lk`systlos bdg kykhmdn `f md`rnbdmk dutrmldts sa`uhg il
strlsslg. [tugldts sa`uhg udglrstbdg tabt talrl ms b k`dtmdu`us iut vbrmbihl supphy `f ldlrny md tal
f`ro `f sudhmnat iut tabt tal supphy `f dutrmldts md bd lk`systlo ms fmdmtl bdg hmomtlg.
7.; \dglrstbdgmdns:
• But`tr`pas k`dvlrt kbri`d gm`xmgl mdt` kbri`aygrbtls bdg `talr kbri`d k`op`udgs.
• Md bqubtmk lk`systlos kbri`d ms prlsldt bs gmss`hvlg kbri`d gm`xmgl & aygr`nld kbri`dbtl m`d
• Kbri`d gm`xmgl gmffusls fr`o tal bto`spalrl `r wbtlr mdt` but`tr`pas.
• Kbri`d gm`xmgl ms pr`guklg iy rlspmrbtm`d & gmffusls `ut `f `rnbdmsos mdt` wbtlr `r tal bto`spalrl.
• Oltabdl ms pr`guklg fr`o `rnbdmk obttlr md bdblr`imk k`dgmtm`ds iy oltabd`nldmk brkablbds bdg
s`ol gmffusls mdt` tal bto`spalrl `r bkkuouhbtls md tal nr`udg.
• Oltabdl ms `xmgmzlg t` kbri`d gm`xmgl bdg wbtlr md tal bto`spalrl.
• Ulbt f`ros wald `rnbdmk obttlr ms d`t fuhhy glk`op`slg ilkbusl `f bkmgmk bdg/`r bdblr`imk k`dgmtm`ds
md wbtlrh`nnlg s`mhs.
• Ubrtmbhhy glk`op`slg `rnbdmk obttlr fr`o pbst nl`h`nmkbh lrbs wbs k`dvlrtlg lmtalr mdt` k`bh `r mdt`
`mh bdg nbs tabt bkkuouhbtl md p`r`us r`kcs.
• Kbri`d gm`xmgl ms pr`guklg iy tal k`oiustm`d `f im`obss bdg f`ssmhmzlg `rnbdmk obttlr.
•
Bdmobhs suka bs rllf-iumhgmdn k`rbhs bdg o`hhuskb abvl abrg pbrts tabt brl k`op`slg `f kbhkmuo
kbri`dbtl bdg kbd ilk`ol f`ssmhmzlg md hmolst`dl.
7.; Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Lstmobtm`d `f kbri`d fhuxls gul t` pr`klssls md tal kbri`d kykhl.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Bdbhysms `f gbtb fr`o bmr o`dmt`rmdn stbtm`ds t` lxphbmd bddubh fhuktubtm`ds.
• [cmhh: K`dstrukt b gmbnrbo `f tal kbri`d kykhl.
7.; Numgbdkl:
• Kbri`d fhuxls sa`uhg il olbsurlg md nmnbt`ddls.
7.7 \dglrstbdgmdns:
• Kbri`d gm`xmgl bdg wbtlr vbp`ur brl tal o`st smndmfmkbdt nrllda`usl nbsls.
• @talr nbsls mdkhugmdn oltabdl bdg dmtr`nld `xmgls abvl hlss mopbkt.
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• Wal mopbkt `f b nbs glpldgs `d mts bimhmty t` bis`ri h`dn wbvl rbgmbtm`d bs wlhh bs `d mts k`dkldtrbtm`d
md tal bto`spalrl.
• Wal wbrolg Lbrta lomts h`dnlr wbvlhldnta rbgmbtm`d (albt).
• H`dnlr wbvl rbgmbtm`d ms bis`rilg iy nrllda`usl nbsls tabt rltbmd tal albt md tal bto`spalrl.
• Nh`ibh tloplrbturls bdg khmobtl pbttlrds brl mdfhuldklg iy k`dkldtrbtm`ds `f nrllda`usl nbsls.
•
Walrl ms b k`rrlhbtm`d iltwlld rmsmdn bto`spalrmk k`dkldtrbtm`ds `f kbri`d gm`xmgl smdkl tal stbrt `f
tal mdgustrmbh rlv`hutm`d 955 ylbrs bn` bdg bvlrbnl nh`ibh tloplrbturls.
•
Ylkldt mdkrlbsls md bto`spalrmk kbri`d gm`xmgl brl hbrnlhy gul t` mdkrlbsls md tal k`oiustm`d `f
f`ssmhmzlg `rnbdmk obttlr.
7.7 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Warlbts t` k`rbh rllfs fr`o mdkrlbsmdn k`dkldtrbtm`ds `f gmss`hvlg kbri`d gm`xmgl.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: K`rrlhbtm`ds iltwlld nh`ibh tloplrbturls bdg kbri`d gm`xmgl k`dkldtrbtm`ds `d Lbrta.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Lvbhubtmdn khbmos tabt auobd bktmvmtmls brl d`t kbusmdn khmobtl kabdnl.
7.7 Numgbdkl:
• Kbri`d gm`xmgl, oltabdl bdg wbtlr vbp`ur sa`uhg il mdkhuglg md gmskussm`ds.
• Wal abrofuh k`dslquldkls `f `z`dl glphltm`d g` d`t dllg t` il gmskusslg bdg mt sa`uhg il obgl khlbr
tabt `z`dl glphltm`d ms d`t tal kbusl `f tal ldabdklg nrllda`usl lfflkt.
W`pmk
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• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ylk`ndmtm`d `f flbturls `f imrgs, oboobhs, bopamimbds, rlptmhls bdg fmsa.
• [cmhh: K`dstruktm`d `f gmka`t`o`us clys f`r usl md mgldtmfymdn splkmolds.
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6.2 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Ur`klssls `kkurrmdn md tal sobhh mdtlstmdl tabt rlsuht md tal gmnlstm`d `f stbrka bdg
trbdsp`rt `f tal pr`gukts `f gmnlstm`d t` tal hmvlr.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: \sl `f gmbhysms tuimdn t` o`glh bis`rptm`d `f gmnlstlg f``g md tal mdtlstmdl.
• [cmhh: Ur`guktm`d `f bd bdd`tbtlg gmbnrbo `f tal gmnlstmvl systlo.
• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f tmssul hbylrs md trbdsvlrsl slktm`ds `f tal sobhh mdtlstmdl vmlwlg wmta b
omkr`sk`pl `r md b omkr`nrbpa.
6.2 Numgbdkl:
• [tugldts sa`uhg cd`w tabt boyhbsl, hmpbsl bdg bd ldg`plptmgbsl brl slkrltlg iy tal pbdkrlbs. Wal
dbol trypsmd bdg tal olta`g uslg t` bktmvbtl mt brl d`t rlqumrlg.
• [tugldts sa`uhg cd`w tabt stbrka, nhyk`nld, hmpmgs bdg dukhlmk bkmgs brl gmnlstlg mdt` o`d`olrs bdg
tabt klhhuh`sl rlobmds udgmnlstlg.
• Wmssul hbylrs sa`uhg mdkhugl h`dnmtugmdbh bdg kmrkuhbr ouskhls, ouk`sb bdg lpmtalhmuo.
6.9
\dglrstbdgmdns:
• Brtlrmls k`dvly ih``g bt amna prlssurl fr`o tal vldtrmkhls t` tal tmssuls `f tal i`gy.
• Brtlrmls abvl ouskhl klhhs bdg lhbstmk fmirls md talmr wbhhs.
• Wal ouskhl bdg lhbstmk fmirls bssmst md obmdtbmdmdn ih``g prlssurl iltwlld puop kykhls.
• Ih``g fh`ws tar`una tmssuls md kbpmhhbrmls. Kbpmhhbrmls abvl plrolbihl wbhhs tabt bhh`w lxkabdnl `f
obtlrmbhs iltwlld klhhs md tal tmssul bdg tal ih``g md tal kbpmhhbry.
• Vlmds k`hhlkt ih``g bt h`w prlssurl fr`o tal tmssuls `f tal i`gy bdg rlturd mt t` tal btrmb `f tal albrt.
• Vbhvls md vlmds bdg tal albrt ldsurl kmrkuhbtm`d `f ih``g iy prlvldtmdn ibkcfh`w.
•
Walrl ms b slpbrbtl kmrkuhbtm`d f`r tal hudns.• Wal albrt ilbt ms mdmtmbtlg iy b nr`up `f splkmbhmzlg ouskhl klhhs md tal rmnat btrmuo kbhhlg tal smd`btrmbh
d`gl.
• Wal smd`btrmbh d`gl bkts bs b pbklobclr.
• Wal smd`btrmbh d`gl sldgs `ut bd lhlktrmkbh smndbh tabt stmouhbtls k`dtrbktm`d bs mt ms pr`pbnbtlg tar`una
tal wbhhs `f tal btrmb bdg tald tal wbhhs `f tal vldtrmkhls.
• Wal albrt rbtl kbd il mdkrlbslg `r glkrlbslg iy mopuhsls ir`unat t` tal albrt tar`una tw` dlrvls fr`o
tal olguhhb `f tal irbmd.
• Lpmdlparmdl mdkrlbsls tal albrt rbtl t` prlpbrl f`r vmn`r`us paysmkbh bktmvmty.
6.9 Bpphmkbtm`ds bdg scmhhs:
• Bpphmkbtm`d: ^mhhmbo Abrvly”s gmsk`vlry `f tal kmrkuhbtm`d `f tal ih``g wmta tal albrt bktmdn bs tal
puop.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Urlssurl kabdnls md tal hlft btrmuo, hlft vldtrmkhl bdg b`rtb gurmdn tal kbrgmbk kykhl.
• Bpphmkbtm`d: Kbusls bdg k`dslquldkls `f `kkhusm`d `f tal k`r`dbry brtlrmls.
• [cmhh: Mgldtmfmkbtm`d `f ih``g vlsslhs bs brtlrmls, kbpmhhbrmls `r vlmds fr`o tal strukturl `f talmr wbhhs.
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:9>638?=9>491
• +=:388? 4=8=:0 3EB I4= 0K=GL FENA8=BM= NJ C30K=C30G:38 J3:04? :NE:=H04 3EB 0=:KEGOI=4 GE 3
D3LG=0@ NJ J3CG8G3L 3EB IEJ3CG8G3L :NE0=U04/
03;E
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W`pmk 2: Duoilr bdg bhnlirbW`pmk K`dtldt Furtalr numgbdkl
2.2 Dbturbh duoilrs,
!! !"#$%$&'!!! !"#$%&"' !"#$%&'!!! !"#
!"#$ !"#$%&'!!!
D`t rlqumrlg:
Ur``f `f mrrbtm`dbhmty, f`r lxbophl, `f!
Hmdc wmta g`obmd bdg rbdnl 6.2.
2.9 Bppr`xmobtm`d: glkmobh phbkls, smndmfmkbdt
fmnurls.
Ulrkldtbnl lrr`rs.
Lstmobtm`d.
[tugldts sa`uhg il bwbrl `f tal lrr`rs tabt kbd
rlsuht fr`o prlobturl r`udgmdn.
[tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` rlk`ndmzl waltalr
tal rlsuhts `f kbhkuhbtm`ds brl rlbs`dbihl,
mdkhugmdn rlbs`dbihl vbhuls `f, f`r lxbophl,
hldntas, bdnhls bdg brlbs.
F`r lxbophl, hldntas kbdd`t il dlnbtmvl.
2.; Lxprlssmdn duoilrs md tal f`ro ! ! !"!,
walrl 2! ! ! !" !"# ! !" !" !"#$%$&!
@plrbtm`ds wmta duoilrs md tams f`ro.
[tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` usl skmldtmfmk o`gl
`d tal NGK.
Kbhkuhbt`r d`tbtm`d ms d`t bkklptbihl.
2.7 [M ([ystáol Mdtlrdbtm`dbh ) bdg `talr ibsmk
udmts `f olbsurloldt: f`r lxbophl, cmh`nrbo
(cn), oltrl (o), slk`dg (s), hmtrl (h), oltrl plr
slk`dg (o s-2
), Klhsmus skbhl.
[tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` k`dvlrt iltwlld
gmfflrldt udmts.
Hmdc wmta tal f`ro `f tal d`tbtm`d md 2.;, f`r
lxbophl, < co ?
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6;
;.<
;.6
;.>
Ibsmk k`dklpts `f slt tal`ry: lhloldts
! ! !! !"#!$%! ! ! !! !"#$%&$'#!(" ! ! !!
\dm`d ! ! !3 k`ophloldt B”.
Vldd gmbnrbos bdg smophl bpphmkbtm`ds.
D`t rlqumrlg:
Cd`whlgnl `f tal O`rnbd”s hbws.
[bophl spbkl3 lvldt B3 k`ophloldtbry lvldt B”.
Ur`ibimhmty `f k`oimdlg lvldt.
Ur`ibimhmty `f b k`ophloldtbry lvldt.
Lxplktlg vbhul.
Ur`ibimhmty `f k`oimdlg lvldts, outubhhy
lxkhusmvl lvldts, mdglpldgldt lvldts.
\sl `f trll gmbnrbos, Vldd gmbnrbos, sbophl
spbkl gmbnrbos bdg tbihls `f `utk`ols.
Ur`ibimhmty usmdn ‘wmta rlphbkloldt‟ bdg
‘wmta`ut rlphbkloldt‟.
K`dgmtm`dbh pr`ibimhmty.
Md lxbomdbtm`ds, tal udmvlrsbh slt \ wmhh
mdkhugl d` o`rl tabd tarll suislts.
Wal lopty slt ms gld`tlg iy !!
[tugldts sa`uhg il ldk`urbnlg t` usl tal
o`st bppr`prmbtl olta`g md s`hvmdn
mdgmvmgubh qulstm`ds.
Ur`ibimhmty qulstm`ds wmhh il phbklg md
k`dtlxt bdg wmhh obcl usl `f gmbnrboobtmk
rlprlsldtbtm`ds.
Md lxbomdbtm`ds, qulstm`ds rlqumrmdn tal
lxkhusmvl usl `f tal f`rouhb md slktm`d ;.>
`f tal f`rouhb i``chlt wmhh d`t il slt.
W`pmk 7: [tbtmstmkbh bpphmkbtm`dsW`pmk K`dtldt Furtalr numgbdkl
7.2 Wal d`robh gmstrmiutm`d.
Wal k`dklpt `f b rbdg`o vbrmbihl3 `f tal
pbrboltlrs ! bdg !3 `f tal ilhh sabpl3 tal
syooltry bi`ut ! ! !.
Gmbnrboobtmk rlprlsldtbtm`d.
D`robh pr`ibimhmty kbhkuhbtm`ds.
Lxplktlg vbhul.
Mdvlrsl d`robh kbhkuhbtm`ds.
D`t rlqumrlg:
Wrbdsf`robtm`d `f bdy d`robh vbrmbihl t` tal
stbdgbrgmzlg d`robh.
[tugldts sa`uhg il bwbrl tabt
bppr`xmobtlhy 61% `f tal gbtb hmls iltwlld
! ! !, =
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7.9 Imvbrmbtl gbtb: tal k`dklpt `f k`rrlhbtm`d.
[kbttlr gmbnrbos3 hmdl `f ilst fmt, iy lyl, pbssmdn
tar`una tal olbd p`mdt.
Ulbrs`d”s pr`gukt-o`oldt k`rrlhbtm`d
k`lffmkmldt, !.
Mdtlrprltbtm`d `f p`smtmvl, zlr` bdg dlnbtmvl,
str`dn `r wlbc k`rrlhbtm`ds.
[tugldts sa`uhg il bihl t` obcl tal
gmstmdktm`d iltwlld k`rrlhbtm`d bdg
kbusbtm`d.
Abdg kbhkuhbtm`ds `f ! oby ldabdkl
udglrstbdgmdn.
Md lxbomdbtm`ds, stugldts wmhh il lxplktlg
t` usl b NGK t` kbhkuhbtl !.
7.; Wal rlnrlssm`d hmdl ! `d !.
\sl `f tal rlnrlssm`d hmdl f`r prlgmktm`d purp`sls.
Abdg kbhkuhbtm`ds `f tal rlnrlssm`d hmdl oby
ldabdkl udglrstbdgmdn.
Md lxbomdbtm`ds, stugldts wmhh il lxplktlg
t` usl b NGK t` fmdg tal rlnrlssm`d hmdl.
[tugldts sa`uhg il bwbrl `f tal gbdnlrs `f
lxtrbp`hbtm`d.
7.7 Wal !9 tlst f`r mdglpldgldkl: f`rouhbtm`d `f duhh
bdg bhtlrdbtmvl ayp`talsms3 smndmfmkbdkl hlvlhs3
k`dtmdnldky tbihls3 lxplktlg frlquldkmls3
glnrlls `f frllg`o3 !-vbhuls.
Md lxbomdbtm`ds:
• Wal obxmouo duoilr `f r`ws `r
k`huods md b k`dtmdnldky tbihl wmhh
il 7
• Wal glnrlls `f frllg`o wmhh bhwbys
il nrlbtlr tabd `dl
• Wal !9 krmtmkbh vbhul wmhh bhwbys il
nmvld
•
@dhy qulstm`ds `d upplr tbmh tlsts
wmta k`oo`dhy uslg smndmfmkbdkl
hlvlhs (2%,
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6"
W`pmk
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W`pmk 6: Obtalobtmkbh o`glhsW`pmk K`dtldt Furtalr numgbdkl
6.2 K`dklpt `f b fudktm`d, g`obmd, rbdnl bdg nrbpa
Fudktm`d d`tbtm`d, ln ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !
K`dklpt `f b fudktm`d bs b obtalobtmkbh o`glh.
Md lxbomdbtm`ds:
• Wal g`obmd ms tal slt `f bhh rlbh duoilrs
udhlss `talrwmsl stbtlg
• Obppmdn d`tbtm`d !! !! ! wmhh d`t il
uslg.6.9
6.;
Hmdlbr o`glhs.
Hmdlbr fudktm`ds bdg talmr nrbpas, ! ! ! !" !
!.
Rubgrbtmk o`glhs.
Rubgrbtmk fudktm`ds bdg talmr nrbpas (pbrbi`hbs):
! ! ! !"! ! !" ! !!! ! !
Ur`plrtmls `f b pbrbi`hb: syooltry3 vlrtlx3
mdtlrklpts `d tal x-bxms bdg y-bxms.
Lqubtm`d `f tal bxms `f syooltry, ! ! ! !
!!!
Hmdc wmta lqubtm`d `f b hmdl md \sl `f b NGK t` s`hvl lqubtm`ds mdv`hvmdn
k`oimdbtm`ds `f tal fudktm`ds bi`vl.
Lxbophls: ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! !! ! !!.
@talr fudktm`ds kbd il u