I. TITLE OF RESEARCH
The title of this research is “Black Woman’s Oppression as Portrayed in
the Main Character of Alice Walker’s The Color Purple’’.
II. FIELD OF RESEARCH
The field study of this research is literature, a media used by the author in
conveying ideas to the reader reflecting the views of the author to the problems of
real life (Sugihastuti et. al, 2007:81). To this end, the author often takes life realities
as the sources such as social structure, functions and roles of each society members,
and the interaction among the people including that of between men and women
(Rampan, 1984:16). Interaction between them is an interesting theme to be assessed
because of the relationship between the two sexes, which form the fabric of
community life, both socially and culturally (Sugihastuti et. al, 2007:82).
III. BACKROUND OF THE STUDY
Essentially, all beings are created in pairs. In human life, there are men and
women who are created equally in terms of degree and dignity, yet with different
shapes and functions. Along with human civilization, many roles and status change
for both, in accordance with the changing of times (Sasongko, 2007: 7). In a domestic
space, women are identified with their social function as a domestic worker such as
child rearing and activities like cleaning the house, washing, cooking rice, and so on.
Meanwhile, men are more dominant in domestic space because of his duties as the
bread winner (Sugihastuti et. al, 2007:84).
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Alice Walker’s The Color Purple published in 1982 and won the Pulitzer
Prize and the American Book Award is selected as the object of this research. It is
Walker’s third novel and had ever been produced into movie in 1985 by Stephen
Spielberg that was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories, winning for
best musical score. Then, a musical adaptation of The Color Purple opened on
Broadway in 2005 (Bloom, 2007: 207-208).
The Color Purple is an epistolary novel, a work structured through a series
of letters written by Celie to God and Nettie, her sister. The epistolary was originated
from eighteenth-century western writing, specifically in the novels of the British
author Samuel Richardson but it has meaning in which Walker capitalizes on this
form that makes her novel so innovative. The style of language employed in The
Color Purple is heavily influenced by the novel's formal structure. Walker was
admired for her powerful portraits of black women. Reviewers praised her for her use
of the epistolary form, in which written correspondence between characters comprises
the content of the book, and her ability to use black folk English. Reflecting her early
political interests as a civil rights worker during the 1960s, many of her social views
are expressed in the novel. In The Color Purple, as in her other writings, focusing on
the theme of double repression of black women in the American experience, Walker
conveys that black women suffer from discrimination by the white community and
from a second repression from black males, who impose the double standard of white
society on women.
Therefore, it is interesting to analyze the causes and effects of oppression on
woman, especially a Black woman and how Celie struggle to free herself from her
2
stepfather’s and her husband’s oppressing attitude. Since it deals with Black woman’s
oppression and her struggle against oppressors, Black feminist approach is the
appropriate theory to analyze this novel.
IV. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
There are two important questions as the base of analysis in this research:
a. What are the causes and effects of oppression on a black woman?
b. How does Celie struggle to free herself from oppression?
V. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
The purposes of this research are:
a. To find out and analyze the causes and effects of oppression on a black woman.
b. To describe how Celie struggle to free herself from the oppression.
VI. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical framework contains the theories which are used to analyze the
object consisting character, objective approach, black feminist approach, sociological
approach and psychoanalysis. Objective approach will be applied to find out causes
and effects of oppression through the character as one of intrinsic elements of the
novel, while Psychoanalysis will be applied to analyze the character because the object
3
of this approach is a Black woman. Black feminism will be employed to find out the
struggle of Celie to free herself from the oppression. Then, sociological approach is
selected to find the real condition of Black women in Afrcan-American society.
A. Character
Character is a part of novel defined as the persons presented in a dramatic or
narrative works that are interpreted by the reader as being that have moral and
disposition qualities expressed in what they say the dialogue and they do the actions
(Abrams, 1981: 20). Characters defined as fictional whose existence originated from
fictional work or performances are classified into four; round characters, flat
characters, dynamic characters and static character. Round characters who have
multiple personality or characteristic; Flat characters who have only one
characteristic; Dynamic characters who change significantly during the story such as
change in insight or understanding, commitment, value and change in circumstance;
Static characters are the opponent of dynamic characters, do not have significant
changing during the story (Kelley,1986: 46-47).
B. Objective approach
Objective approach, an approach based on the literary work itself, focuses
on the intrinsic elements of a literary work and also their relations including plot,
setting, character, point of view, and etc. This is why the objective approach is well
known as intrinsic analysis (Ratna, 2004: 73-74). In this research, the character is
chosen as the target to be analyzed to figure out the causes and effects of oppression.
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C. Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a literary theory from Sigmund Freud usually used to
analyze the character in the literary works. So, this theory will be applied to analyze
the novel because this research is focused on psychology of the main character of the
novel The Color Purple. Psychoanalysis is a theory of mind. As he developed the
theory of the ego, especially in such controversial later works as Beyond the Pleasure
Principle and The Ego and the Id, Freud formulated a “structural” theory of the mind,
one in which the id, the ego and the super-ego, and signified certain kinds of
relationships between conscious and unconscious elements of the ego. Id is
completely unconscious part of the psyche that serves as a storehouse of our desires,
wishes, and fears. The id houses the libido, the source of psychosexual energy. Ego is
conscious part of the psyche that processes experiences and operates as a referee or
mediator between the id and superego. Superego often thought of as one's
"conscience"; the superego operates "like an internal censor [encouraging] moral
judgments in light of social pressures". According to this structural model, significant
portions of the ego are unknown; in a sense, then, the subject is internally split and
displaced. Fundamentally linked to the structural theory of the ego is the theory of
instincts or drives. In the earlier topographical model, there were two primary
instincts: sexual, linked to fantasy, wish fulfillment, and the pleasure principle; and
ego, linked to consciousness and the reality principle (Castle, 2007:167)
Psychoanalysis is not only a theory of the human mind, but a practice for
Freudian theory known as 'transference', a concept sometimes popularly confused
with what Freud calls 'projection', or the ascribing to others of feelings and wishes
5
which are actually our own. In the course of treatment, the patient may begin
unconsciously to 'transfer' on to the figure of the analyst the psychical conflicts from
which he or she suffers. If he has difficulties with his father, for example, he will
unconsciously cast the analyst in that role. This poses a problem for the analyst, since
such 'repetition' or ritual remade of the original conflict is one of the patient's
unconscious ways of avoiding the coming terms with it. We repeat, sometimes
compulsively, what we cannot properly remember, and we cannot remember it
because it is unpleasant. But transference also provides the analyst with a particular
insight into the patient's psychical life, in a controlled situation in which he or she can
intervene. The work of psychoanalysis can perhaps best be summarized in one of
Freud's own slogans: 'Where id was, there shall ego be.' Where men and women were
in the category gaining control of power which they could not understand, there
reason and self-mastery shall reign (Eagleton, 2008:138-139).
D. Sociological approach
Another approach used is sociological approach to figure out the real
condition of black women in the African-American society. Sociological approach is
an approach analyzing human in the society, with the understanding process started
from society to individual. The basic philosophy of sociological approach is there any
real relation between literary work and society. The relation itself caused by: a)
Literary work is created by the author, b) Author is a part of society, c) Author creates
literary work by describing all everything occurred in the society, d) Literary work
itself is returned to the societies as its devotee (Ratna, 2004: 59-61).
6
Sociological approach will be used for understanding gender, feminism,
social role and status. This approach has an implication methodology as basic
understanding about human life in the society (Ratna, 2004: 61).
E. Black Feminism
This research will be analyzed by using Black Feminism since it deals with
the struggle of Black woman represented by the main woman character, Celie, to free
herself from the oppressions in the novel of The Color Purple. Oesterreich and
Collin in Rosser (2010:4) state the history of feminism in the United States is marked
by two distinct periods or waves that are directly connected to and outgrowths of.
Two key movements in African American history are the abolitionist movement and
the modern civil rights movement. During both of these monumental historical
periods and the third wave that followed them, countless numbers of Black women
activist developed a feminist consciousness that gave them a delegation to attempt for
authority on their own terms. Collectively, their feminism was more expansive than
the agenda put forth by White women, in that specific social economics, and political
issues facing African American communities were combined into a theoretical
paradigm that today we call Black feminism. Black feminism is sometimes referred to
as womanism because both are concerned with struggles against sexism and racism
by Black women who are themselves part of the Black community’s efforts to
achieve equity and liberty (Omolade, 1994: xx). The ultimate goal of Black feminism
is to create a political movement against the interlocking systems of racial, sexual,
heterosexual, and class oppression, but that also “seeks to develop institutions to
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protect what the dominance culture has little respect and value for Black women’s
minds and bodies” (Taylor, 2001:8).
Rosemary Tong in her book Feminist Thought mentions several feminist
points of views about the mechanisms for the oppression of women such as the roots
of women’s oppression that are buried deep in patriarchy’s sex/ gender system,
stereotype of men and women. Men’s oppression of women leads logically to other
systems of human domination (Tong, 2007: 52). These will help to describe women’s
struggle about their society and the structure that binds them, not only in terms of
unequal treatment that they get but also social construction or stereotype of women,
they can combat and they cope with a very depressing and unhappy life.
VII. LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review consists of theory to get the research purposes consisting
of causes and effects of oppression among black women and also woman’s defense
mechanism on oppression. In this case, women in Black Society, Black woman’s
oppression and defense mechanism on oppression will be used as the base to find out
the causes and effects of oppression on a Black woman and also the struggle to free
herself from the oppression as reflected in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple.
a. Woman in Black Society
The importance of understanding the historical and social context of
women’s position in African-American society helps us in understanding the
position of African-American women along with the growth of cultural and social
condition since it is basically needed for correlating Celie as the main character
8
who is a reflection of Black woman in American society at large. African-
American is known also as black. In the society, Black women are the only ethnic
or radical group which has had the opportunity to be women. Olmedo & Parron
(1981) in Robinson states the double bind of living in a racist and sexist society
has placed Black women in an extremely difficult position. They are the poorest
paid workers (1983:136).
Black women, due to economic necessity, have always worked to support
themselves and their families. They have been forced by society, oppression, their
position, and their tradition to be responsible for the economic, social, and
physical survival of their families and communities. For centuries, Black women
have been dealing creatively with the concerns on role adaptabillity, division of
household chores, working wives/mothers, sexual harassment/abuse, and coping
with stressful situations (Robinson, 1983:136).
A brief glance at women all over the world today shows that Black women
are oppressed, in terms of educational attainments, participation rates,
occupational structure, private and public laws, family planning systems,
technological advance and above all socio cultural attitudes weighted against
them. Across distance and boundaries in history and society, women have been
placed on pedestals as goddesses, but imprisoned within domestic injustice
(custom has been nothing but a tyrant hidden in every home). They have been
owned, used and worked as horses, even today (James et. al., 1993:107).
9
b. Black Woman’s Oppression
Talking about Black woman oppression, Stanley tells that African/ Black
woman has complex problem including oppression from outside (colonialism and
neo-colonialism), oppression from traditional structures, oppression from her
backwardness, oppression from man, from her color and her race, and oppression
from herself (James et. al., 1993: 107-114)
First problem is oppression from outside as foreign intrusions. It can be
dated from the historical arrival of Vasco da Gama in the 1400s, beginning with
the mercantile trade with Europe which soon broadened into the trade in slaves
only, followed by “the integration of Africa” into the “full capitalist system”.
Then, followed the period of political or structural integration within capitalisms
was colonialization. Capitalist system of production itself draws women out of the
home into low-wage slavery encouraging the subordination of women, financial
disabilities and low female self-esteem (James et. al., 1993:107-108).
The second is built of structures and attitudes inherited from indigenous
history and sociological realities. African women are weighed down by super
structural forms deriving from pre-colonial past that positioning woman into
subordinated to men, considered as se second in place to men. Here is only the
difference being that inheritance and authority passed through the women to the
male of the line. Men are still dominant and public life. The ideology that men are
naturally superior to women in essence and in all areas, effects the modern day
organization of societal structures such as put men as breadwinners who look for
money and lead the family but women work as domestic workers (domestic
10
services) only like washing, cooking, and looking after the children (James et. al.,
1993:112).
The backwardness of the African woman is the third problem. Her
backwardness is a product of colonization and neo-colonialism, comprising
poverty, ignorance and the lack of a scientific attitude to experience and nature
(James et. al., 1993:113).
The fourth is race (James et. al., 1993:113). Despite the claim by Shirley
Chisholm, that she has experienced more discrimination as a woman than as a
black (1970:43), this is not the common perception of black woman. As one black
recorded in her journal, “As a woman, I am suppressed. But as a black woman, I
am oppressed” (Richardson, 1988: 241). The black woman’s experience is
qualitatively different from the white woman’s experience. The impact of
blackness is omnipresent, and totally structures the life chances of black women.
Being black is less valued in the society than being white. If blacks numerically
dominate or control an organization (institution, business, school), the cultural
assumption is that the organization is less prestigious, less well run, and less
desirable than its white counterpart (Richardson, 1988: 240).
The next problem is man (James et. al., 1993:113). The problem for black
women is not to gain more power but to come to terms with the black male, to
restructure new role relationships with him (Richardson, 1988: 241). Women live
in a patriarchal system which put men in a dominant position and power. In order
that, man has superior and woman has inferior status so they can do whatever they
want to the women. Besides, there are stereotype among men and women. For
11
example men have the nature being strong, intelligent, aggressive, and effective.
Meanwhile, women are stereotyped as submissive, stupid, and ineffective.
Therefore, women feel so oppressed and depressed because of that condition
(James et. al., 1993:113-114).
The last problem is herself. Women are shackled by their own negative
self-image, by centuries of the interiorization of the ideologies of patriarchy and
gender hierarchy. Their own reactions to objective problems cause self-defeating
and self-crippling. Woman reacts with fear, dependency complexes and attitudes
to please and cajole where more self-assertive actions are needed (James et. al.,
1993:114).
As the conclusion, black woman’s oppression comes from outside
(colonialism and neo-colonialism), traditional structures, her backwardness,
oppression from man, from her color and her race, and oppression from herself.
The effects of those oppression are depression, self-defeating and self-crippling
on the black women.
c. Defense Mechanism on Oppression
The analysis of this research is focused on black woman’s oppression. As
the victims of oppression, black women have some defense mechanism, which
according to Freud as psychological strategy to cope reality and to maintain self-
image with the purpose to protect individual from the anxiety (a premonition that
something bad will happen) and from unwanted situation (Haber & Runyon,
1984:187). There are five defense mechanisms including repression, reaction
12
formation, projection, regression and displacement. First defense mechanism is
repression, a defense mechanism in which anxious thoughts or desires are
automatically removed from consciousness because individuals want to ignore or
try to forget uncomfortable thoughts which made oppressed. The next is reaction
formation, a defense mechanism in which individuals overact in the opposite way
to the fear that someone wants to feel. It occurs when someone feel an urge to do
or say something and actually do or say something that is completely the opposite
of what they really want. The other defense mechanism is projection which
involves individual attribute uncomfortable feelings to others. It happens when
individuals characterize unintended impulse toward other people. The next is
regression, an action as a child when someone response a stressful situation with
greater levels of stress potentially lead to more overt regressive acts like crying,
hit some things, etc. The last defense mechanism is displacement, an act in
redirecting emotions to an alternative object (Feist and Feist, 2006:33-34). By
doing defense mechanism, someone who feels oppressed will try to do self
adaptation.
d. Author And Her Works
Alice Walker was born on February 9, 1944, the youngest daughter from
Willie Lee and Minnie Tallulah Grant Walker, sharecroppers in Eatonton,
Georgia. In 1952, Walker lost the sight in one eye, the result of a bb-gun accident.
Then, she received her B. A. at Sarah Lawrence College in 1965. She became one
of six black students in her class. In 1967, Walker married with Melvyn
13
Leventhal, a civil-rights attorney, on 17 March and God gave them a daughter,
Rebecca, but they divorced nine years later.
Walker’s first book, Once: Poems was published in 1968. Walker taught
black studies and literature at Jackson State College, Tugaloo College, Wellesley,
and University of Massachusetts until 1973. She is active in the Civil Rights
Movement and in the feminist movement. In 1970, The Third Life of Grange
Copeland, Walker’s first novel, was published. Then the second novel, Meridian,
was published in 1976. Walker edited I Love Myself When I Am Laughing: A Zora
Neale Hurston Reader, initiating a Hurston revival in 1979. Walker’s third novel,
The Color Purple, is published 1982. It won the Pulitzer Prize and the American
Book Award. Later, in 1983 Walker’s collection of feminist essays, In Search of
Our Mother’s Gardens, was published. Next, in 1984 Walker with writer Robert
Allen found Wild Trees Press, which publishes books of “special insight,”
particular from a feminist perspective.
In 1985, Stephen Spielberg produced the movie adaptation of The Color
Purple. It was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories and it also
won for best musical score. Continuous to Walker’s career, her novel The Temple
of My Familiar (1989) is on the New York Times Bestseller List for over four
months. Next, she co-produces Warrior Marksn (1993), a documentary movie
about female circumcision. Furthermore, Walker published Now Is the Time to
Open Your Heart (2004), her ninth novel. In 2005, a musical adaptation of The
Color Purple opened on Broadway (Bloom, 2007: 207-208).
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e. The Synopsis of The Color Purple
The story begins from Celie, she is fourteen year old girl, a black girl
whom the life is full of suffer and oppression from her Pa, Alphonso and later she
begins to write her letter. She is raped more than one times causing she pregnant
twice, but she may not tell her mother about his act. Her children named Olivia
and Adam, but her father steals and sells them to the missionary named Samuel. A
few days later, Celie’s mother dies by suspecting that the children were her
husband’s.
After the death of her mothe, Alphonso introduces Celie to Albert, a
widower with three children usually known as Mr.___ who is interested in getting
married with Nettie but Alphonso tells him that she is too young and she has no
experience of taking care the children, sex, and cook. He recommends Celie to be
his wife and offers some cows to be with if he married her.
Nettie is sent to school, trying to study to be a teacher. Basically, Celie
also want to go to school for studying but her pa does not allow her. Therfore,
Nettie teaches her what she learned at school. Since Celie is fored to married
Mr.___, she cannot teach her anymore because she lives with her husband in his
small farm and takes care for his three children. Her life becomes so hard and full
of suffer because her husband beats her regularly.
Nettie feels so worry about Celie, so she runs away from home to meet
Celie in the farm but Mr.___ does not allow her to life for a long time. Therefore,
she leaves them and promises to write letters for Celie. Unfortunately, Mr.___
silently promises that he never let her letters through to Celie.
15
One day, a blues singer named Shug Avery comes to town causing Albert
stops working. To this end, Celie and his son, Harpo do all the farm chores. Shug
lives in Albert’s house because she is ill and becomes friend with Celie. Celie
shares to her about how she is physically abused by Albert and Shug give a
positive respond about her story by giving her suggestions to be a good and
dependence woman but she goes after she gets well condition.
Harpo tell to Celie that he wants to marry a woman named Sofia and treats
his wife like what his father done to Celie. After he married Sofia, he attempted to
ask her to obey what he asked for but she rejected it, so he bit her but she fought
back. Celie saw and amazed because she cannot do as what Sofia can do.
Several years later, Shug Avery marries a man named Grady and comes
back for a visit, she tells Celie that she had ever seen Mr.___ hid mysterious letter
from the mailbox and the letters is suspected from Nettie. Then, they search the
letters and finally find them. Celie is shocked because they are all right from
Nettie that previously she thought she was dead since she never received letters
from her. Celie becomes so angry at Albert and determines to continue receiving
Nettie’s letters at any cost. In one letter, Nettie explains how she went to the
minister’s house to find work, just as Celie had suggested. During her first visit,
she realized that the minister’s adopted children, Olivia and Adam. Nettie wanted
to be close to the children. Samuel tells Nettie the history of Olivia and Adam,
explaining that Fonso had brought the children to him and offered to sell them.
Pitying the two young children, he took them in and raised them as his own.
Samuel tells Nettie that Fonso is her stepfather, not her real father.
16
After Celie know all about the reality, Shug invites Celie to move to
Tenesse leaving Mr.___ that makes him so angry and tries to hit Celie, but she
stabs his hand. She leaves the farm forever and lives with Shug by starting a
successful business in making pants. Her successful makes Albert changing. He
becomes friendly and helps Celie’s business. There is no oppression anymore to
Celie.
Soon, news about Alphonso is coming. It is about his died and he has been
stealing what rightfully belongs to Nettie and Celie including the house and the
land. Shug and Celie go to see the house and prepare for Nettie’s return. Finally,
she writes her last letter about celebration and the homecoming of Nettie, Olivia,
and Adam. It is wonderful to see her beloved sister again and her own children for
the first time. They have a big family reunion on the fourth of July. She ends her
letter as if it were a prayer and close it by saying “Amen”.
VIII. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Method of research
The researcher applies descriptive qualitative method to analyze the object
of the research. In making the analysis becomes descriptive form, interpretation and
description are employed. The main data is from The Color Purple by Alice Walker.
According to Bogdan and Taylor in Moleong, qualitative method is a
research procedure that results descriptive data both written and spoken from
someone or the attitude which can be examined (2006:4). There are several
characteristics of qualitative research including human instrument and descriptive
17
data as stated by Ary et. al. (2002:424-425): “in qualitative studies, the human
investigator is the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing the data. The
qualitative inquirer deals with data that are in the form of words, rather than numbers
and statistics.”
B. Data Source
In conducting this research, the researcher takes the data from many sources
which are classified into:
1. The Primary Data
In literature, the main source of the data is a literary work or an
original text. The primary data of this research is a novel entitled The Color
Purple written by Alice Walker and published in 1982 by Washington Square
Press, USA. The main source includes the narration, characters and the
conversation.
2. The Secondary Data
The secondary data sources are the sources that support the research.
They are other relevant information taken from the books, articles, essays,
website pages or the other devices.
C. Method of Collecting Data
Since the object of the research is a novel, the data collecting will be
done by the library research method. It means that the research is held in a
18
working room or the library to get the data and information about the research
from the books, articles taken from the internet or the other audio-visual devices.
There are four steps in process of collecting the data. They are:
1. Reading the novel of The Color Purple by Alice Walker repeatedly.
Reading the novel is a must. It will help the researcher to know the
story, the theme, setting, characters and plot in the novel of The Color Purple.
2. Identifying the limitation for the research.
Limitation is used to limit the data that are needed. Data are limited in a
novel entitled The Color Purple and focus on causes and effects of a Black
woman oppression and struggle of Celie to free herself from oppression.
3. Determining the theory and supporting theory related to the data.
Theory is very important to make this research valid. Sociological
approach will be used to know real condition of woman in Black society and
to figure out the causes and effects of black woman’s oppression. Then,
psychoanalysis will be employed to analyze the character based on the
psychology during the oppression. Meanwhile, Black feminist theory will be
applied to find out the struggle of Celie to free herself from the oppression.
4. Quoting some important points that are relevant to the problem of research.
The quotation of the data consists of the significant evidences taken
from the novel including the words, sentences, characters and story of the
novel.
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D. Method of Data Analysis
Data analysis as the next step that requires the researcher to be
comfortable with developing categories and making comparisons and contrast
covers several ways. Data analysis in a qualitative research includes “organizing,
summarizing, and interpreting the data.” In organizing the data, the researcher
reduces and categorizes the data. In summarizing the data, we examine all entries
with the same code, and merge these categories into patterns by finding links and
connection among the categories. In interpretation, the researcher extracts
meaning and insights from the data (Ary et al., 2002:465-471).
Based on the explanation above, the data analysis of this research are
involved the following steps:
1. Organizing
In the organizing process, the data will be organized into two basic
ata data will be categorized based on the topic conducted in this
research. In the beginning, the data will be organized into two basic
categories which woman in Black society reflected in Walker’s The
Color Purple and Celie’s struggle to free herself from the oppression.
First categories will be divided into two sub categories; the causes of
oppression on Celie as reflection of a black woman, the effects of
oppression on Celie’s psyche condition. The second categories will be
divided into three sub categories; the influences from other black
women, Celie’s finding of identity, and Celie’s struggle to get freedom.
20
2. Summarizing
The second step to analyze the data is summarizing. In this case,
all organized data will be selected and resumed by focusing on the main
points related to the appropriate category of the research.
3. Interpreting
The last step is interpreting. Here, extract meaning is needful. The
data are taken from the main character’s utterances, monologues,
description, behavior and expression. Then, put them close together
based on the theoretical frameworks of the study. Here the data will be
conducted with the provided theories. Black woman oppression and
Black feminist theory used to analyze causes and effects of black
woman oppression specially Celie and the struggle to face the
oppression. Besides, Freud’s Psychoanalysis is used to analyze Celie’s
psyche side during the oppression. Furthermore, Sociological approach
is used also to support the analysis.
The conclusion of the analysis is gained from identifying the
outcome. This step will be presented the result in a descriptive form.
Furthermore, the outcome will be compared with theories and literature
to gain some conclusions of the analysis after analyzing the data. The
first conclusion will explain about causes and effects of black woman
oppression, while the second conclusion will explain about the struggle
to face the oppression.
21
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James, Stanlie M et. al. (1993). Theorizing Black Feminism: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women. London and New York: Routledge.
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