General
General
Introductory expressions:
The [graph/bar chart/chart] shows/illustrates/represent]
The [table] list
Summary:
In overall
It is immediately apparent that in.
There is a significant/considerable discrepancy/difference betweenand
On the contrary,
To sum up
In conclusion
Time periods
Fromto
Between.and
Over this/that/the same period
Over the course of a day/week/year
a/the period spanning years, fromto
Higher/lower (rates/price) larger/smaller (amounts/number) than the X-year period
Interestingly though, .
Names
Output
Turnover
Amount
Number
Demand
Consumption
Housing/estate prices
Revenue-income (revenue source)-turnoverExpenditure-outlets-OutgoesAdjectives
Total (demand/consumption) of
The least/most popular/favourite
SpectacularGraphsExpressions
The striking feature of the [graph]is thatVerbs:To increase/rise/go up/surge (slightly/rapidly/steadily/gradually/significantly/considerably)
To drop/fall/decline/decrease/go down/dip
by. To (a peak of/to a high of/To reach a peak at.
To reach a bottom
An upward/downward trend in the percentage of change/price/demand during the period shown
In almost all of (the cities/groups/categories) except for
To remain constant/level off/stable at/steady/stay constant at)/maintain the same) level
To experience/to be (there be) no change/a levelling out
It is evident from the charts that
Turning to/Changing the subject
The figures for were fairly similar
Names:
Cities/places/companies witnessed
Noun/groups/categories experienced/lived/
A (slight/sharp/steady/rapid/quick /spectacular/substantial) growth/rise/increase ofin
A Drop/fall/decrease/decline/dip/reduction/slump of in
the number of (countable)
the amount of (uncountable)
Bringing totalExpressions:
(to be used with groups/categories) and, respectively
Expressing the Movement of a Line
Verbs Nouns
Rise (to) a rise
Increase (to) an increase
Go up to
Grow (to) growth
Climb (to) a climb
Boom a boom
Peak (at) (reach) a peak (at)
Fall (to) a fall (of)
Decline (to) a decline (of)
Decrease (to) a decrease (of)
Dip (to) a dip (of)
Drop (to) a drop (of)
Go down (to)
Reduce (to) a reduction (of)
A slump
Level out a leveling out
No change no change
Remain stable (at)
Remain steady (at)
Stay (at)
Stay constant (at)
Maintain the same level
Adjectives Adverbs
Dramatic dramatically
Sharp sharply
Huge hugely
Enormous enormously
Steep steeply
Substantial substantially
Considerable considerably
Significant significantly
Marked markedly
Moderate moderately
Slight slightly
Small
Minimal minimallySpectacularDescribing the Speed of a Change
Adjectives Adverbs
Rapid rapidly
Quick quickly
Swift swiftly
Sudden suddenly
Steady steadily
Gradual gradually
Slow slowly
Bar ChartsMore___than__
To stand atPie Charts
MapsVerbs
To be located
To lie
south of the
To the south
Half way . And
Surrounded by
To the north
To the south-east
In the northern part
infrastructure featuresTask 1
Describing trendsRelated verbs and nouns Understanding dataTo fall steadily
To rise (rose/risen) gradually
To fluctuate wildly
To drop(dropped) slightly
To fall and then level(levelled) off
To rise(rose) gradually and then climb(ed) sharply
To decrease and then level off
To drop suddenly
To (sky)rocket
Relative to previous figures
To double
To halve
To treble
To experienced a (ten-fold) increase
Adverbs
Steadily
Gradually
Continuously
Rapidly
Dramatically
Sharply
Suddenly
SpectacularlyWildly (fluctuate) / erratically (change)Slightly
Moderately
Slowly
Noticeably
Nouns
There was/were
a steady fall in the consumption of chocolate
a wild fluctuation in spice exports all over the period
..a gradual fall in the number of new productsa significant drop in the purchases of tickets
a significant rise in the number of sites on the Internet
a slight fluctuation in the number of visitors.
a sudden decrease in the sale of mangos
a gradual decline in sugar imports
.a slow increase in the quality of food in supermarkets.a remarkable fluctuation in the number of air travellers
___ of ____
Chocolate consumption
Film production
Task 2Comparing informationAdverbs in comparisonsComparing and contrastingComparing
More/fewer (males) than (females)
The TV was more/less popular among (males) than (females)
The most/least popular/favourite form of communication was the Internet
As manyas
Not as many as
(Not) As many (females) as males chose the computer
Pasive
The bicycle was chosen/selected/named/picked by more/fewer (males) than (females)
The bicycle was more/less popular among (males) than (females)
ActiveMore/Fewer males than females chose/selected/named/picked/expressed their preference for the bicycle
The ___club/society attracted/appeal to more males than females.
The __club attracted a borader range of people.
In general, 25-year olds are more involved in societies.
The arts and crafts society has the greatest/smallest number of members of
Only 25 people from the younger age group are members of the historical society
Some (clubs/societies) are clearly more popular with one of the groups.
Adverbs in comparisonsSlightly more/fewer/lessthan
Fairly (quite) popular with
Significantly
Substantially
Considerably
Many/slightly more
Much/slightly more/less
e.g. Illiteracy is much less common than in previous generationsFar fewer/more
e.g. The exhibition attracted far fewer visitors than expected.
Almost (as manyas)
Approximately
Practically (as many as)
Equally (popular with)
Comparing and contrasting
Wherease.g. Some societies are clearly more popular with one of the age groups, whereas the arqueological society is equally popular with bothIn comparison with (noun phrase)e.g.___and__ clubs attract a broader attract a broader range of people, in comparison with the historical societyBut
e.g. The __ has the greatest number of 25-30 year-olds, but is one of the least popular with the older age group
Compared with (noun phrase)e.g. In general, the 20-30 year-olds are more actively involved in societies compared with the older age group.
While
e.g. Only 25 people from the younger age group are members of the historical society, while the figure for 45-65 year olds is about 50
Although
e.g. The __social club has slightly more members in the younger age bracket, although it is fairly popular with both age group.To change category.
For the (category), the pattern is reversed (the same for reinforcing trend)
Compared to
As opposed to
As againstTask 3The passivesequencing
Natural processes ( Active.
e.g. the river flows from its source, falls from the mountains, meanders through the plateau and merges with the sea at its mouth.
Manufacturing process(Passive
To reach (when the air flow reaches high ground and cools down, it condenses to form rain. As a result)
To condense
To form
The temperature rises
The sun shines
To occur
To begin
To dry out
To grow
To cool down
To openTo rise
To die/live
To drop
To turn
To perspire (planst)-transpirar
To power
To be manufactured/heated/extracted/dug up (from the ground at the mine)/constructed/built/added
Cooled (with blasts of cold air/heated (to a higher tempeture)
To be formed
To be opened
To be made
To be designed
To be produced
To be sent
To be obtained
To be cooled
To be heated
To be covered
To be trapped
To be mined
To be plantedTo be baked
To be tested
To passed on to
To be driven
To be piped
To be piped.
Line worker
Sequence
Firstly,
Then, after the factory, it is
After this
Afterwards,Following that,
Subsequently,
From this
After the ___is collected, it is sent and then__
Once___ the is____, it isWhen the cycle is completed and then
As soon as.
Later on,
As a result
And now is
Before__-+ing, the__ is____-.
Task 4General and specific statementscomparing informationdescribing proportionsSpecific statements-(See introductory expressions
General statement + data.
Data: the figures for were/are ___ and ___ respectively.
The average or all students in this category is a hefty
Transition
(complete different trend but not necessarily opposed to the previous ones)
Meanwhile, the pattern for appears to be slightly different.
Pie charts____
Number categories
Group
Most read six or more ___, out of this total 24% read__ and XX%, which is almost a third of the corresponding figure for___
It is clear that___ read more ___than either (category) or (category)Overall,
We can see that
___showed /followed similar trends.
The pattern for was___
Proportion equivalence:
Three quarters of75%three out of fourthe vast/overwhelming majority
Almost half the49%
Just under one half of/close to one half of/nearly half
Just over a quarter26%about one in four
One third of33%One in threeExactly one third
The vast/overwhelming majority
A tiny minority
A massive/impressive/overwhelming
A modest/mere 12 per cent
A hefty 85%A sizeable proportion (opposite of modes)
Percentage of/Proportion of
Task 5Describing changesDescribing locations
Describing changesIntroductory statements
The maps show/illustrate/compares the developments/changes that took place in____ between___and___(from___to___, over the period from __ to ___).
The (place) was a (much greener area) but during the ____(as a result of) it experienced a number of/various dramatic changes
The city/town underwent a profound transformation
The most noticeable/remarkable is that____, with (subject) being____ to make place for a _____
The most noticeable difference/change/development was___The city/town underwent a profound transformation
In___the town was a much (greener/isolated/remote) areabut during the next___years the town experienced a complete transformationPast verbsEither in active or passive form
The local council opened the social club
Build(built)
Constructed
Demolish
Knock(ed) down
Cut down
Chop down
To spring up (appeared suddenly)
To be located
To lie
To be relocated
To be reconstructed
To be nestling
To make way for a
To give way to
To be replaced by
To turn into
To be converted into
By ____ the____ had been____ to
Running north/south
Stretching north
Passive structures
The area/town/city/island experienced/witnessed/lived a (tremendous/profound) transformation, with the clearance of the tress____ and the construction of
The area/town/city/island experienced/witnessed/lived a number of changesThere were spectacular changes in the town centreThe town centre was changed spectacularly
The town centre experienced/witnessed/lived spectacular changes
The town centre changed completely
There was a complete transformation of the neighbourhoodThe neighbourhood was completely transformed
The neighbourhood experienced a complete transformation
There was a total reconstruction of the residential area
The residential area was totally reconstructed
The residential area witnessed a total reconstruction
There was a total redevelopment of the old factoriesThe old factories were totally redeveloped
The old factories lived a total redevelopment
There was a rebuilding of the old housesThe old houses were rebuilt
The old houses experienced a reconstruction
There was a complete modernisation of the entertainment district (fincial district)The entertainment district was completely modernised
The entertainment city witnessed a complete modernisation
There was a pedestrianisation of the city centre
The city centre was pedestrianised/converted into a pedestrian area, providing and immediate traffic-free environment
The central district was converted into a pedestrian zone, that now is reserved to only pedestrian use and provides a traffic free immediate environment.
By.By 2006, the town had undergone a profound transformation
By 2006, the row of terraced houses that lied along the coastline had been demolished to give way to a new stretch of the railway.
By 2006, the factory had been completely modernised.Cardinal direction
North/south/east of the river/stadium/lake
In the north of the town
PrepositionsIn the town
Surrounded by trees
Beside the railway line
Located in the north
A new railway was constructed which ran from the station directly north/from north to south.
By the sea
On the shores of the lake
The wind turbines were paced in the sea, just off the coastlineAdittion
Moreover
Furthermore.
Futher developments were the construction of a marina at the mouth of
What remained
Only a few (trees/houses) remained (south of the river/ in the northern part of the town/ in the north)
Further developments were the construction of (where) / a new stretch of the railway/highway (from ___running directly north)
Conclusion
Overall/All in all/In conclusion/, a comparison between the two (maps) reveals a change from (a largely rural) to a (mainly rural) landscape / the improvement of the infrastructures of the cityTask 6Concluding statementsconcession
Concluding statements
Surveys/opinion
It is clear that the overwhelming majority of (group) are in favour of school visits between countries
It is evident that about one half of both sexes favoured/were in favour of increased cultural events
Overall, just over half the people surveyed found ____ the most difficult/easy thing to adapt to, with a smaller number naming _____ and _____.
The three languages in question, __,__ and ___, were named as the most important languages after English by about equal numbers of people.
To conclude, only a small minority of people feel that
It is evident that opinions are split almost equally between the three options as regards the benefit of social cultural events
Just under half the people surveyed are of the opinion that____
About half of the holiday makers visited Italy because they were interested in___, wheras the food and the climated were named as the most important factors by approximately equal numbers of the remaining tourist.
To sum up,____
Revision: proportionNearly a third
Almost equal numbers
Opinions were split equally between
A tiny minority
Just under half __
Nearly two-thirds of ___The vast majority
To account for 63%/nearly two-thirds of
Introductory expression tables.
As can be seen from the table, the age profile of people on the two different types of holidays varies considerably.
As can be seen from the table, the pattern for those holiday makers on the two types of holiday is substantially different.The age profile of people on the two different types of holidays varies considerably
For example, ________% of those on___ belong to , but the same age group accounts for a small proportion of those on guided tours.
However, the pattern is reversed when it comes to/for the 41-50 year-olds.
By contrast, the profiles for both ___include almost equal proportions from the () and () groups.Verbs
To belong to (group)
To account for __% of ___/to make up__%of___(category)
For / when it comes to (group)
(pattern/category) To include____(almost equal) proportions from (groups)
Concession
Clause (belonged to this group), although only___were aged between__and___Clause (belonged to this group). Nevertheless/However, only___were aged between__and___
Clause (belonged to this group), despite accounting for only____
Task 7 Arts and sciencesAdverbsusing adverbs to evaluate data
avoiding irrelevanceAdverbsSlightly
Marginally
(the figure for___ended the year marginally up)
Significantly
Considerably
Substantially
(the income for the arts centre was substantially down on the previous quarter)
Consistently
Continuously
Rapidly
Suddenly
Dramatically
WildlyErratically
Approximately
RoughlyAbove/below____the EU average/other trade member/other EU member statesConsiderably behind___(perform) well/badly (good/bad performance)
Marginally/considerably
Approximately/exactly
Constantly/erratically
Slowly/rapidly
Significantly/Slightly
Completely/partially
Using adverbs to evaluate data
Clearly,___It is clear that
Interestingly,___
It is interesting to note that
Probably, numbers will continue to fall over the period
It is probable that numbers will continue to fall
Numbers are likely to continue falling over the period
It is not surprising that there were skill shortages in the chemical industryNot surprisingly,Noticeably,
It is noticeable that
More importantly, the cost of___is set to fall
It is more important that
Nor surprisingly,__
It is not surprising that.
Clerarly, the trend for____ was downwardThe trend was clearly downward
Considerably, sales fell
Sales fell considerably
Evidently,
It is evident that,Task 8Making predictionsfactual accuracy
IntroductionThe charts provide forecasts for the annual deforestation rate in selected regions and worldwide together with the current opinion on /attitude towards concern for tree loss.
General statement
Generally, it is expected that ___willl grow until, though at varying grades.It is predicted/anticipated/projected/expect/forecast/estimated that the number/proportion of__will___
The prediction /forecast/estimation/projection is that the number/proportion/percentage of will ____
The number of____ is predicted/anticipated/projected/forecast/expected/set/estimated to
By 2015, it is expected/predicted/forecast/anticipated that
very few trees will remain in our cities.
many trees will be standing in our cities
many trees will have been cut down in/removed from our parks
By 2020, it is anticipated that many endangered species will have become extinct.
Ireland, with the lowest rate throughout the period, will experience the greater overall increase.
It is anticipated that the figure will rise from ___ in ___to____ in ____ and then rise more sharply Passive / active structures
AttitudesSomething will become important
More people are concerned about climate change
Task 9 Health
Varying vocabularyChecking spelling
Effect/impactUse occupancy
Cut/reduction
Tendency/trend
Considerably/significantly
Low/
Evident/clear
Increase/growth/rise
Decrease/fall
Dropping/falling
Information/details
Result/outcome
Saw/experienced
High point/peak
Sharp/dramatic
Dramatically/rapidly
To provide/give/show
To have an impact on/to have an effect on/affected
To reach a peak/reached its highest point/hit a peak
A similar pattern/trend/movement
The Chinese hospital, by comparison/by contrast/on the other hand, continued to see a riseThe number of beds rose from around/about/approximately___
There was a reduction in the budget (35 per cent compared to /as opposed to/as against ___The change in bed use is reflected/can be seen/can be viewed in the budget.Task 9Use of with
It is clear that the two groups were influenced by the various factors to different degrees, with ___and___being the most relevant.
As regards___(second category) and (second category) the relative importance of each factor was again the other way round:% and % respectively for the younger, and __% and __% for the older.
The only similarity was that____
The main reason for career choice is ambition, with a hefty 57 per cent choosing it.
Energy consumption rose, with the highest point being in January.
Introductory expressionThe graph provides information/details about the income trends of ____ over the last year
The chart provides information about how selected/different/number age groups participate in several clubs/societies at a centre for adults.(how categories- verb attend/participate/etc.)
The chart provides information about how many articles from academic journals are read weekly
The diagram illustrate the various stages involved in the production of __/ __production
The diagram shows the process by which ____forms over a period of million years
The diagram shows the butterfly life cycle
The diagram shows the various stages/steps in the production of clean energy from coal
The table provides information about
The table provides a breakdown by (select age group/income source/expenditure ) of holiday makers on backpacking and guided tours in ___The charts show how____viewed different ____ on a scale of easy to difficult
The bar chart shows the result of a___survey on
The bar chart provides information from a greek survey about the reasons for choosing a career among two age groups.
Clue:
Name complement
journal articles articles from academic journal
Frequency:
Per week/weekly
Per year/annually
Per day/daily
Time frame:
Over the period from _ to__
Between __ and___
Over the course of
During last ___
Graph/Chart introductory expressionsFrom the pie chart, it can be seen that [used to change from bar charts to pie charts]
Generally, it is expected that_____will grow until, though at varying grades.
There are (two) basic general trends: downward and upward. As regards/Regarding the first, .Important fact____ XXX seems to have had an effect on bed use
It is clear from the chart thatIt is evident from the chart thatIt is apparent from the chart that
We can see from the chart.
As can be seen
It is interesting to note
Noticeably,It is noticeable that
The most striking feature of the chart is that.
Table introductory expressions
As can be seen from the table, the age profile of people on the two different types of holidays varies considerably.
As can be seen from the table, the pattern for those holiday makers on the two types of holiday is substantially different.ContrastBy contrast
By way of contrast
____, however,____
However
(Category) followed the reverse pattern
However/Meanwhile, the pattern for (category) was the reverse/substantially different.SimilarityThe only similarity is that.
Similarly
___,similarly,___
(Category) follows/followed the same pattern
also ended the year up
Likewise, the trend for ___ was upward/downwardSimilarity with some differences
the trend was upward to varying degrees
However, the increase/fall was slightly less marked for___
___ , except that in___ Addition
Furthermore,Moreover,ConclusionThere is clear trend towards___+ing
UseAverage beds in use
Bed useMoneyIncome for (category)
Earnings for (category)
Wages
Revenue
Net / gross income
Allocate to
Spending on
Expenses on
Expenditure on
OutgoingsCharges
Fees
Investment
cost
Outlets
Shortages of (skills/funds/skilled workers) in the (industry)
Culture
Organized student exchanges
Language learning
International trade agreements
Similar climate and landscape
Joint cultural events
Transport linkis
Tourism
Shared scientific and technological know-how
Positive media images
Similarities in lifestyle and culture
To be in favour of / against
The overwhelming majorityArts and sciencesThe brain drain of skilled workers like scientist or technicians to rich countries is morally wrong.
Unstoppable
HealthTo take regular exercise
To monitor ones diet
Have a wide range of interests
To have a wide network of friends
To live in the countryside
Sleep at least seven hours a week.Surveys/Polls
Voting patterns for (category)
To selectTo name
To express the opinion that
To express the concern that
To pick
To chooseXX of people surveyed felt/hold the opinion/expressed that ___were preferable. (prefer)
Factor
Reason for ___choice/choosing a career
(factor ) influenced
It is clear that the two age groups were influenced by the various factors to different degrees.
Surveys/polls/ClubsCategory is more/less/the most/the least popular with groupCategory has XX members from the group
people from the group are more actively involved in category(club/society)
The (vast majority of the [group ]) feel that___
To belong to a group or a category. Structure
Verbs
To attract
To appeal
Membership of (category)stands at
To be more/less actively involved
To be more / less / as important than / as
To be the most important factor in / cause for
To be more likely to + verb
(group) under-represented in (category)
To have more fewer /members from
To be more popular with
To be rated
To enjoy (sth)
Group-focused structuresOnly XX from the (group) are members of the (category)
(Group) is more actively involved in the (category) compared with the (group)while the figure for (group) is about [after comparison]
Category-focused
The (category)has the greatest/smallest number of (group)
The (category) attracts a broader range of peopleSome (categories) are clearly more/less popular with one of the (groups)
The (category) have slightly more members in/of /from (in the younger age bracket/from the younger age group), although it is fairly popular with (both/all of them)
Whereas the average for this ___in this category was
Age groupsin younger/older age bracketof/for the X to Y age group
there are XX members from the 25-35 age group/aged between 25 and 35.
45-60 year-olds
Those below/over thirty/sixty
Proportion
Proportion of / percentage of
Those who___accounted for %
To be more /less likely
Maps
VocabularyGolf course
Skate park
Theatre
Railway station
Concert hall
Gallery
Stadium
Ice rink
Park
College
AirportIndustrial estateA bypass (una circunvalacin)
Peaceful / unspoilt
Trees/Woodland
The Woodland made way for___
Factory
Warehouse
Construction
TransformationDevelopments/Changes that took placed/occurred in____
The single dwellings
The single-family homes
The terraced houses