Impact of natural and biogenic emissions on
Air Quality
Gabriele [email protected]
http://www.lisa.univ-paris12.fr/
NatAir Workshop, Brussels 26 June 2007
M. Beekmann1, R. Vautard2
1 LISA, 2 LSCE
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 2
SummarySummary
• Overview of CHIMERE model• Resume of biogenic emissions from NatAir
and anthropogenic EMEP emissions• Simulation results (summer)
– Impact on ozone• Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC)• Comparison with ground measurements
– Impact on PM• SOA from Terpenes• Dust• Spores, bacteria (PBAP)
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 3
CChimerehimere Chemistry-Transport ModelChemistry-Transport Model
Chimere0.5°x0.5°
• advection & turbulence• gas & aerosol chemistry• wet & dry deposition
METEO
MM5 48x48 km2
• ERA-40 forcing• grid FDDA• USGS landuse• MRF PBL• Grell cumulus scheme• Reisner2 microphysics• Noah LSM
GLOBAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
(monthly climatology)
• Gas : LMDz-INCA• Aerosol : GOCART
EMISSIONS
• Anthrogenic : EMEP CO,NH3, NOx, NMVOC, PM, SOx
• Biogenic : NatAir NMVOC, NO, PM
http://euler.lmd.polytechnique.fr/chimere/[Schmidt et al., Atmo. Env., 2001]
Chemical mechanism MELCHIOR
• 80 species, 300 reactions
• BVOC : isoprene [Paulson and Seinfeld, 1992], α-pinene [Stockwell et al., 1997]
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 4
NatAir Biogenic Emissions DatabaseNatAir Biogenic Emissions Database
• Main objective: estimation of fraction of atmospheric pollutants over Europe which can be attributed to natural/biogenic emissions (“incompressible part of air quality”)
• Development of state-of-the-art biogenic emission inventory: 10 km resolution on the European domain
• All emissions regridded on the 0.5°x0.5° grid of Chimere model and rewritten in netCDF format
• Sources included:– Biogenic VOCs: isoprene, speciated terpenes and others– NO from soils– Forest fires– Wind blown dust– Lightning– Spores, bacteria– Animals– Wetlands– Sea salt and DMS– Volcanoes– Geological seapages
http://natair.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 5
VOC Emissions year 2000 (1/2)VOC Emissions year 2000 (1/2)
Biogenic VOC emissions (ISOPRENE+TERPENES) are about 60% of anthropogenic VOC emissions on annul basis at continental scale
BVOC > AVOC emissions in Spain and Greece
[Mg]
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 6
VOC Emissions year 2000 (2/2)VOC Emissions year 2000 (2/2)
NatAir
Simpson et al., 1999
emissions into Chimere
[Derognat et al., 2003]
ISOPRENE Σ TERPENESChanges against
previous estimates
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 7
NONOxx Emissions Emissions
[Mg]
Biogenic NO emissions are about 2% of anthropogenic NOx
emissions on annual basis at continental scale
May contribute up to 20-25% in some parts of Spain and France
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 8
PMPM1010 Emissions Emissions
[Mg]
65% PM2.5 0% PM2.5
15% PM2.5 45% PM2.5
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 9
CChimerehimere SimulationSimulation
Simulation ID Description
CTRL No Biogenic Emissions
ALL2 CTRL + NatAir BVOC
ISO2 CTRL + NatAir ISOPRENE
TER2 CTRL + NatAir TERPENES
DST2 CTRL + NatAir DUST
PBAP CTRL + NatAir PBAP
All simulations in summer (Jun-Aug), base year 2000
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 10
BVOC impact on OZONE (1/6)BVOC impact on OZONE (1/6)
Average daily ozone maximum summer 2000 (JJA)
Average increase INLAND adding BVOC: 2.0 ppbv (1.0/3.5 ppbv N/S of 47°N)
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 11
BVOC impact on OZONE (2/6)BVOC impact on OZONE (2/6)
Animation of hourly contribution of BVOC to surface ozone, starting from zero BVOC emissions.
Ozone is produced mainly inland and near NOx sources (>20 ppbv locally)
Ozone builds up over the sea, because of its longer lifetime in the marine boundary layer.
After 3 days Mediterranean basin is filled up with additional O3 from BVOC
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 12
BVOC impact on OZONE (3/6)BVOC impact on OZONE (3/6)
Additional O3 from BVOC
Inland: 60% ISOPRENE and 40% TERPENES
Offshore: 50% ISOPRENE and 50% TERPENES
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 13
BVOC impact on OZONE (4/6)BVOC impact on OZONE (4/6)Seasonal cycle
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 14
BVOC impact on OZONE (5/6)BVOC impact on OZONE (5/6)
HEAT-WAVES!
+2.2 ppbv +2.0 ppbv
+2.5 ppbv +2.8 ppbv
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 15
BVOC impact on OZONE, year 2010 (6/6)BVOC impact on OZONE, year 2010 (6/6)
YEAR 2000
[ppbv]
YEAR 2010
Reduced impact over western Europe, increased in Turkey
Change driven by change of NOx emissions
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 16
Robustness of OZONE results (1/2)Robustness of OZONE results (1/2)
[ppbv]
NatAir BVOC emissions “Simpson99” BVOC emissions
Inventories differs in the range of -100 to +200%
Calculated impact on ozone differs in the range -3 (UK) to 8 (Portugal) ppbv, tipically less than ±2 ppbv
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 17
Robustness of OZONE results (2/2)Robustness of OZONE results (2/2)
Reference simulation
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 18
Comparison with OZONE measurements (1/2)Comparison with OZONE measurements (1/2)
[ppbv]
NO BVOCWith BVOC
O3 hourly measurements from EMEP and AirBase archives
Adding BVOC the O3 underestimation of the model is generally attenuated
Observations
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 19
Extreme Event July-August 2003Extreme Event July-August 2003
Large episodic contribution from BVOC emissions to ozone throughout the Mediterranean basin
Up to 100 µg/m3 in one extreme case in Spain!
Observations from EMEP and AirBase databases
!
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 20
Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic emissionsemissions
ITALY
No BVOC
With NatAir BVOC
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 21
Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic emissionsemissions
SPAIN
No BVOC
With NatAir BVOC
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 22
Impact of SOA from TERPENES on PM10Impact of SOA from TERPENES on PM10
Terpenes contribute most of Secondary Organic Aerosol on continental scale
In Spain SOA up to 9 µg/m3, in Greece up to 4 µg/m3
In Southern France, Italy and Eastern Europe 1 µg/m3
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 23
Impact of DUST on PM10Impact of DUST on PM10
[µg/m3]
(1) Chimere dust (2) NatAir dust “Sahara” distr.*
(3) NatAir dust Chimere distr.
Model PM>10 10<PM<2.5 PM<2.5
1 50 45 5
2 76 24 0
3 50 45 5
Assumed Size Distribution (%)
* From Alfaro et al. 1998, 2001
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 24
Impact of PBAP on PM10Impact of PBAP on PM10
PBAP maximum impact on PM10 is 2%
PBAP emissions almost uniformly distributed over the continent and 85% between 2.5 and 10 µm
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 25
ConclusionsConclusions
• This is the first long-term interannual assessment of BVOC impact on ozone at European scale after Simpson 95
• The BVOC impact on average ozone daily maximum in summer is ~2.5 ppbv
• The emphasis on the Mediterranean basin (~5 ppbv) and Portugal (15 ppbv) is greater than previous estimates, and smaller north of Mediterranean
• Use of biogenic BVOC emissions is necessary to explain extreme summer ozone episodes (e.g. 2003 heat-waves)
• The associated uncertainty of the average BVOC impact on O3 is estimated in 50%
• Impact of SOA from terpenes on PM10 is significant, expecially on the Iberian peninsula
• Impact of dust on PM10 is also very important at several locations
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 26
OutlookOutlook
• A detailed SOA scheme will be applied in combination with speciated terpene emissions from NatAir
• Specific simulations in combination with PM10 observations at interesting places will be used to “tune” the size distribution of dust emissions
• Other emissions from NatAir will be implemented into the Chimere model
EXTRA SLIDESEXTRA SLIDES
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 28
VOC Emissions year 2000 (3/3)VOC Emissions year 2000 (3/3)
[Mg]
Only 13% (0.76 Tg) in
reactive HCHO and CH3CHO
NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 29
Comparison with OZONE measurements (2/2)Comparison with OZONE measurements (2/2)
Sim. ID April July September
RMS[ppbv]
CTRL 7.6 (4.4-11.4) 12.6 (6.5-20.2) 7.9 (5.1-11.6)
ALL1 7.4 (4.4- 11.0) 10.6 (5.7-16.5) 7.8 (5.0-11.5)
ALL2 7.5 (4.4-11.3) 10.8 (6.0-17.1) 7.8 (5.0-11.7)
Bias[ppbv]
CTRL -1.4 (-8.3-5.0) -7.6 (-17.1-0.7) 0.0 (-7.5-6.1)
ALL1 -0.8 (-7.7-5.7) -4.1 (-13.3-4.3) 1.4 (-5.9-7.1)
ALL2 -1.2 (-8.2-5.4) -4.2 (-13.4-3.9) 0.6 (-6.9-6.6)
Correlation
CTRL 0.58 (0.33-0.82) 0.78 (0.58-0.93) 0.52 (0.25-0.77)
ALL1 0.61 (0.34-0.84) 0.80 (0.60-0.93) 0.55 (0.28-0.80)
ALL2 0.59 (0.33-0.82) 0.79 (0.61-0.93) 0.53 (0.27-0.80)