𝐷𝑆𝐿𝑥 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐵𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡 𝑥
𝑚𝑥
𝑛=1
∗ 𝐵𝑆𝑆𝐿 𝑛)
(x= district ; mx = total number of bus stops buffers included in the district x; n=bus stop)
Improving equity of public transportation planning
The case of Palma de Mallorca (Spain)
Analysis of public transport potential demand
Bus Public Transport Equity analysis
Conclusion
Public transport BUS supply analysis
• Geolocation of 959 bus stops • Buffer of 300 m from each bus stop
•Overlay of bus buffers over districts to calculate the District Service Level (DSL)
• Calculation of total buses per day are obtained for each bus stop for 12 hours period on working days.
Public transport planning requires consideration of equity in access of the population to the transport service. This paper presents a methodology for the analysis of public transport in the city of Palma and its evaluation in terms of spatial and social equity. First, the analysis of supply based on the activity of the bus stops has been performed. Then an AHP multicriteria weighted model over a set of socioeconomic variables has been developed to obtain a public transport demand index. Finally the analysis of equity has been made using the Gini Index and a sensitivity analysis of bus lines. The results show the distribution of equity for all the 88 districts of city. This paper presents a simple and powerful methodology exportable to transportation planning studies in other geographic areas.
Maurici Ruiz Pérez GIS & Remote Sensing Service [email protected]
Joana Maria Seguí Pons Earth Science Department [email protected]
Jaume Mateu Lladó Earth Science Department [email protected]
Maria Rosa Martínez Reynés Earth Science Department [email protected]
AHP MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS NEED OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT INDEX
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICE INDEX
Matrix
% W
om
en
% O
ld p
eople
% Y
oung
people
% D
ependence
% F
ore
igners
Econom
ic
Activ
ity Index
1 2 3 4 5 6
% Women 1 - 1 3 1 1/2 1
% Old
people2 1 - 1 2 1 1
% Young
people3 1/3 1 - 1 1/2 1
%
Dependence4 1 1/2 1 - 1/3 3
%
Foreigners 5 2 1 2 3 - 2
Economic
Activity 6 1 1 1 1/3 1/2 -
RK
17,07% 3
17,83% 2
11,68% 6
15,07% 4
26,46% 1
11,89% 5
normalized
principal
Eigenvector
𝑃𝑇𝑁 𝑥 = 𝑤𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑥𝑖
(x= district ; i= variables ; wi = weight of variable (i); xi= value of variable (i) )
PUBLIC TRANSPORT NEED INDEX
The distribution of population in Palma shows spatial pattern of people concentration at peripheral areas. The old town has gradually lost population for the benefit of the first extension areas (Eixample) and the tourist area (Arenal district). There is a significant increase of population at the first belt of the city (especially toward the northeast)
Regarding the social demand for transport, the result shows a significant increase at the main suburbs of Palma: Pere Garau, Bons Aires, etc. These residential areas concentrate a great number of immigrants and local population with scarce resources.
The supply of bus service has a radial distribution. The areas with the highest level of service are the main roads surrounding the old town of Palma. In these areas the bus stops have more than 200 buses per 12 h
In order to obtain a social indicator of public transport need (PTN index) for each district an AHP multicriteria
analysis has been developed over a set of socioeconomic variables. It includes the next tasks:
•Creation of a socioeconomic database of Palma districts who include: demographic information, population
income, economic activity, etc. All the variables are normalized in a range of 0 – 1.
A group of six experts provides weights to each of the variables according with their role in transport need. The
average weight value is assigned to each variable. The final value of each district will be calculated using the
expression (2).
We consider the total population of districts as the
first indicator of public transport demand.
Equity analysis shows a pattern of distribution with significant imbalances in different areas. Neighborhoods with low levels of horizontal equity are areas with a high level of bus service and low population (Port, Mercat, Plaça dels Patins) or areas of high population and low bus service (Pere Garau, Son Gotleu).
The Gini index for public transport service and population is 0,4 and 0,34 for public transport demand (PTD). The index increase with inequality, therefore we can say that the bus service is adapted the social needs of the city
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
14
15
16
18 19 20
21 23
24 25
28 28
29
29
30 31
33
34
41
46 46
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Soci
al s
en
sib
ility
Public Transport Service Sensibility
Zona PortuÓria Estadi Balear El Jonquet Puig de Sant Pere Ca'n Pere Antoni
Cort Son Rullan L'Aranjassa La Calatrava
Son Malferit Amanecer La Seu
La Casa Blanca La Llotja - Born
Sant Nicolau La Missió El PilÀlarÝ Sant Jaume Son Dureta
Son Peret¾ Ca'n Capes GÞnova
Son Roca
L'Olivera Portopí
El Mercat Son Ximelis Hostalets
Secar de la Real
Sant Jordi
El Sindicat
Son Sardina Jaume III Son Fortesa (Sud)
Son Xigala
Plaþa dels Patins
Son Oliva Cala Major
Sant AgustÝ
Les Meravelles
Son Serra - La Vileta Ca'n Pastilla
Rafal Nou Son Dameto
El Terreno Son Canals
Son Espanyolet MarquÞs de la Fontsanta
El FortÝ Arxiduc
Son Ferriol
L'Arenal El Molinar
Cas Capiscol Son Armadams La Soledat (Nord)
Santa Catalina
Rafal Vell
El Coll d'en Rabassa
Son Cotoner
Son Gotleu
Camp Rodó Camp de'n Serralta
Plaþa de Toros
Foners
Bons Aires
Pere Garau
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Po
pu
lati
on
Level of Bus Service
The sensitivity analysis of bus lines show that routes L15 , L3 , L7 , L8 , L33 , L5 have the greater sensitivity to maintain the level of service to the population and are responsible for keep the horizontal equity service. That means that a little change in the timetables of these routes will have a great impact on the equity of public transport system.
The proposed methodology is an improvement in the integration of various techniques of geographical and socioeconomic analysis to study the equity of public transport. The city of Palma has a good level of bus service but moderate equity imbalances have been detected. In some populous districts of the periphery could be adequate to check the current level of bus service and adapt it to their actual level of need.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This research was supported by the project Civitas Dyn@mo EU-funded research project FP 7
HORIZONTAL EQUITY INDEX VERTICAL EQUITY INDEX
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
Pui
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
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Pui
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Districts
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Serv
ice
Le
vel I
nd
ex
Population or Public Transport Need Index
LORENZ
Population
PublicTransport NeedIndex
POPULATION
BUS STOPS BUS STOP ACTIVITY
LORENZ CURVE
BUS LINE SENSITIVITY TO EQUITY POPULATION & BUS SERVICE by DISTRICT
Source of information EMT. 2012.
REFERENCES
17th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science Connecting a Digital Europe through Location and Place 3-6 June 2014, Castellón, Spain
Universitat de les Illes Balears Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7,5 07122 Palma de Mallorca
