MIELIE AGRI-PRODUKTE
IN DIE FORMULERING VAN DIEREVOEREMAIZE AGRI-PRODUCTS
IN ANIMAL FEEDSTUFF FORMULATIONS
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ForewordVoorwoord
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TToonnggaaaatt HHuulleetttt SSttaarrcchh is the Starch and Glucose Division of the Tongaat-
Hulett Group, and is the largest wet-miller on the African continent, with mills
in Germiston, Meyerton, Kliprivier and Bellville. The company’s technological
agreement with CPI (Corn Products International) – a world leader in the
wet-milling industry – and an ISO 9001:2000 listing, underlines TToonnggaaaatt HHuulleetttt
SSttaarrcchh’s ongoing commitment and quest for quality products and services.
This brochure has been produced as a guide to customers who could benefit
from the application of TToonnggaaaatt HHuulleetttt SSttaarrcchh’s agri-products for animal
feedstuff formulations. The information provided herein underlines the quality
and value of the company’s agri-products and is offered as part of our
commitment to customer satisfaction.
FOREWORD
TToonnggaaaatt HHuulleetttt SSttaarrcchhis die Stysel- en Glukose-divisie van die Tongaat-
Hulett-groep, en is die grootste natmieliemeulenaar in Afrika, met fabrieke in
Germiston, Meyerton, Kliprivier en Bellville. Die maatskappy se tegnologiese
ooreenkoms met CPI (Corn Products International) – 'n wêreldleier in die
natmaalbedryf – asook 'n ISO 9001:2000-gradering, beklemtoon TToonnggaaaatt
HHuulleetttt SSttaarrcchhse volgehoue toewyding en strewe na produkte en dienste
van gehalte.
Dié brosjure is 'n gids vir klante wat TToonnggaaaatt HHuulleetttt SSttaarrcchhse agri-produkte
tot hul voordeel in dierevoerformulasies kan aanwend. Die inligting hierin
beklemtoon die gehalte en waarde van die maatskappy se agri-produkte en
maak deel uit van ons strewe na kliëntetevredenheid.
VOORWOORD
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOUTH AFRICA’SMAIZE PRODUCTION CAPABILITY
Maize has long been South Africa’s most important agricultural crop and accounts for
more than 45 percent of the total value of field crops. Not only is it the staple food for
most of the population, it is one of the country’s most significant feed grains. In addition,
the maize industry earns considerable foreign exchange and contributes to many
employment opportunities
One of the unfortunate characteristics of maize farming in SA is that production varies
dramatically from season to season. Over one particular period of two years, production
dropped from 12,4 million tons to 8 million tons. Such variations are twice those
experienced in the USA.
Since May 1995, the grain and oilseed industry in South Africa has been subject to a
free-market system, with import tariffs in place, to provide some protection against low
priced imports of grain. Maize production in SA is approximately 8 million metric tons,
with little prospect of increased production. (All available farmland is used and severe
restrictions on water for irrigation are foreseen). With the demand for animal products
increasing each year, maize imports will become a long-term reality.
HISTORIESE AGTERGROND OOR SUID AFRIKASE VERMOË OM MIELIES TE PRODUSEER
Mielies is lank reeds Suid-Afrika se belangrikste landbougewas en maak meer as
45 persent van die totale waarde van graangewasse uit. Dit is die stapelvoedsel van die
grootste deel van die bevolking, en is een van die land se belangrikste voergraan-
gewasse. Boonop verdien die mieliebedryf groot bedrae aan buitelandse valuta en
bied talle werkgeleenthede. Een van die groot uitdagings van mielieboerdery in
Suid-Afrika is dat produksie van die een seisoen na die volgende aansienlik kan wissel.
In 'n bepaalde tydperk van twee jaar het produksie van 12,4 miljoen ton na 8 miljoen ton
gedaal. Sulke wisselings is twee keer groter as wat in die VSAervaar word.
Sedert Mei 1995 is Suid-Afrika se graan- en oliesaadbedrywe aan 'n vryemarkstelsel
blootgestel, met invoertariewe wat 'n mate van beskerming teen die invoer van goed-
koop graan bied. Suid-Afrika se mielieproduksie beloop sowat 8 miljoen metrieke ton,
met weinig kans tot enige verdere toename in produksie. (Alle beskikbare landbougrond
word reeds benut, en na verwagting sal al hoe minder water vir besproeiing gebruik kan
word.) Die vraag na diereprodukte styg elke jaar, en dus sal die invoer van mielies oor
die lang termyn 'n werklikheid word.
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MAIZE WET-MILLING
Maize is an incredibly versatile grain. The end products of its processing are numerous,
and they are used in countless foods, beverages, drugs, cosmetics, industrial products,
as well as in animal feeds.
The first step in the processing of maize is “steeping”, which through softening the kernel,
facilitates the separation of the various components of the maize kernel.
Maize components:
WWaatteerr constitutes about 12,6 percent of the maize kernel, with the balance
of the kernel (on a DM basis) being as follows:
• SSttaarrcchh occurs in the endosperm of the grain in the form of granules and constitutes
about 70 percent of the kernel. It is a source of starches and nutritive sweeteners.
• Most of the protein is found in the endosperm and is referred to as gglluutteenn. This
non-soluble protein is seperated from the starch slurry and is known as Gluten-60.
• The hhuusskk is the fine skin around the kernel. The husks go into Gluten-20 for animal
feedstuffs.
• The ggeerrmm is the seed-like pod within the kernel. It contains about 50% oil and is a
source of oil for use in foodstuffs, drugs, and industrial products. Once most of the oil
has been removed, the remainder of the germ becomes maize germ cake meal and is
used in animal feed formulations.
The wet-milling process begins when maize is steeped in warm water and sulphur
dioxide to soften the kernels. The process is strictly controlled so that the bacterium
Lactobacillus can reach an optimum level of lactic acid, which softens the maize by dis-
solving some of the protein and other binding material.
At the end of the steeping period, the excess liquid - corn steep liquor (CSL) - is separated
and concentrated by evaporation to a heavy liquid of approximately 40 percent solids.
• The softened maize kernels are ground just enough to crack the kernel and free the
germ which still has some endosperm fragments (starch, gluten, and husks) clinging
to it. The germ is then separated from these fragments in hydrocyclones and dried to
a moisture content of approximately 4 percent.
NATMAAL VAN MIELIES
Mielies is 'n buitengewoon veelsydige graansoort. Die eindproduk na verwerking
is veelvuldig en word aangewend in talle voedselsoorte, dranke, genees- en
skoonheidsmiddels, nywerheidsprodukte asook dierevoer. Die eerste stap in die
prosessering van mielies is die weekproses, wat die skeiding van die verskeie dele
van die mieliepit vergemaklik deur dit sag te maak.
Die komponente is as volg:
Hoewel die mieliepit sowat 12,6 persent vvooggbevat, bestaan die res van die mieliepit
(op 'n DM-basis) uit die volgende:
•SSttyysseellkom voor in die endosperm van die mieliepit en maak sowat 70 persent van die
pit uit. Dit is 'n bron van stysel en voedselversoeters.
•Die meeste van die proteïene kom in die endosperm voor en word gglluutteenngenoem.
Hierdie onoplosbare proteïen word vanaf die stysel geskei en staan bekend as
Gluten-60 (word aangewend in die vervaardiging van hoëprotein konsentrate
asook hondekos en katkos).
•Die vesel is die dun vel om die mieliepit. Die vveesseellword met die weekwater gemeng
en word dan gedroog tot die eindproduk wat as Gluten-20 bekend staan.
•Die kkiieemmis die saadagtige deel in die mieliepit. Dit bevat sowat 50% olie en is 'n bron
van olie vir voedsel, geneesmiddels asook nywerheidprodukte. Sodra die meeste
van die olie verwyder is, word die res van die kiem, nl mieliekiemkoekmeel, in die
veevoer bedryf aangewend.
Die natmaalproses begin deur die mielies in warm water en swaeldioksied te week om
die pitte sag te maak. Die proses word streng beheer sodat die Lactobacillus-bakterie
kan vermeerder. Dié bakterieë produseer melksuur wat die mielies sag maak deur 'n
deel van die proteïen en ander bindmateriaal op te los. Ná afloop van die weektydperk
word die oortollige water – mielieweekwater (MWW) – deur verdamping geskei en
gekonsentreer tot 'n dik vloeistof met sowat 40 persent vastestowwe.
•Die sagte mieliepitte word net genoeg gemaal om dit te kraak en die kiem, waaraan
die endospermfragmente (stysel, gluten en doppe) vaskleef, los te maak. Die kiem
word dan in hidrosiklone van dié fragmente geskei en tot 'n voginhoud van sowat
4 persent gedroog.
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• The starch, gluten, and husks are finely ground to reduce the size of the starch grains
and gluten particles, which are then removed with sieves.
• The husks (fibre) are separated, mixed with CSL, and dried to a moisture content
of 12 percent, resulting in Gluten-20. CSL is rich in minerals and protein (50% crude
protein on a DM basis) that have been leached from the maize, and in
combination with the husks is a valuable animal feed ingredient.
• The starch granules and gluten particles are separated from each other. The gluten is
washed again to remove the last traces of starch and dried to a moisture content of
approximately 9 percent.
• The starch is refined so that it is ready for processing into starch powders and glucose
syrups.
The main object of maize wet milling is to manufacture starch and glucose syrups,
as well as various glucose powders.
•Die stysel, gluten en vesel word fyngemaal om die styselkorrels en glutendeeltjies
kleiner te maak, en dié word dan met siwwe verwyder.
•Die vesel word geskei, met MWW gemeng en tot 'n voginhoud van 12 persent
gedroog, met Gluten-20 as die eindproduk. MWW bevat baie minerale en proteïene
(50% ru-proteïen op 'n DM-basis) wat uit die mielies geloog is, en saam met die vesel
is dit 'n waardevolle veevoerbestanddeel.
•Die styselkorrels en glutendeeltjies word van mekaar geskei. Die gluten word weer
gewas om die oorblywende stysel te verwyder en dan tot 'n voginhoud van sowat
9 persent gedroog.
•Die stysel word geraffineer sodat dit geskik is om tot styselpoeier en
glukosestroop/poeier geprosesseer te word.
Die belangrikste doelwit met die natmaalproses is om stysel en glukose stroop
en poeier te vervaardig.
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THE MAIZE WET MILLING PROCESSCO-PRODUCTS GENERATION AND APPLICATION
MAIZE DELIVEREDMaize offloading
MAIZE CLEANED
STEEPING TANKS
MAIZE KERNEL CRACKED(COARSE MILL)
GERM SEPARATION
MILLING PROCESS(FINE MILL)
FIBRE SEPARATION
GLUTEN/STARCH SEPARATION
STARCH WASHED
STARCH
DRIED
ENZYME/ACID CONVERSION
GLUCOSEPOWDER
GLUCOSESYRUP
A medium protein (20%), mediumenergy (75% TDN) product is wide-ly used in ruminant, poultry and pigrations. In ruminant rations it par-tially replaces more expensive pro-teins while at the same time reduc-ing starch levels thereby limiting aci-dosis. It may be included at levelsof 15 to 20% of the diet. In poultryand pig rations gluten-20 can beincluded at levels of 10 to 15% with-out reducing feed efficiency or egg ormeat production
This protein and energy rich rawmaterial (61% crude protein) with ahigh bypass value contains anabundance of sulphur - amino acidswhich are invaluable for wool andmilk production. High levels (8 to15%) of Gluten-60 may be fed inpoultry and pig diets, providing theamino acids are balanced correctly.The dark yellow colour contributesto yolk and skin colour in poultry
DRYERDRYER
FIBRE+ CORN STEEP
LIQUOR
MAIZE FIBRE
GERM EXPELLED
MAIZE OILMAIZE
GERM MEAL
Fibre Separation
The steeping process gives rise to
steepwater which is concentrated
to give corn steep liquor (CSL)
which is added back to the maize
fibre to give gluten-20. CSL has
50% crude protein on a dry matter
basis and is rich in energy and min-
erals
HEAVY STEEPWATERMaize is steeped in water plus
sulphur dioxide at 50oC for 36
hours. Lactobacil lus bacteria
thrive producing lactic acid.
Soluble nutrients leach out. The
softened kernels are subsequently
cracked and milled
Steeping Tanks
Germ 6.5%
Gluten-60 4.5%
Gluten-20 17.5%
Starch 70%
The soluble portions of
the kernel are used for
food and feed materials
Gluten-60
GLUTEN-60GLUTEN-20
DIE MIELIE NATMAALPROSES,AGRI-PRODUKTE EN -AANWENDING
GELEWERDE MIELIESMielies afgelaai
MIELIES SKOONGEMAAK
WEEKTENKS
MIELIEPIT GEKRAAK(GROF MAAL)
KIEMAFSKEIDING
MAALPROSES(FYN MAAL)
VESEL AFSKEIDING
GLUTEN/STYSEL AFSKEIDING
STYSEL GEWAS
STYSEL
GEDROOG
ENSIEM/SUUR-OMSETTING
GEPOEIERDEGLUKOSE
GLUKOSESTROOP
‘n Middelmaat-proteien (20%), middel-maatenergie (75% TVV) produkword algemeen gebruik in herkouer-,pluimvee- en varkrantsoene. In her-kouerrantsoene vervang dit gedeeltelikdie duurder proteiene, terwyl ditstyselvlakke verlaag en daardeurasidose beperk. Dit mag teen vlakkevan 15 tot 20% van die dieet ingesluitword. In pluimvee- en varkrantsoenemag Gluten-20 teen vlakke van 10tot 15% ingesluit word sonder omvoerdoeltreffendheid, eier- of vleis-produksie te verlaag.
Hierdie proteien en energierykegrondstof (61% ruproteien) met ‘nhoë verbyvloeiwaarde bevat ‘noorvloed swaelaminosuur wat vanonskatbare waarde is met wol enmelk-produksie. Hoë vlakke (8 tot15%) Gluten-60 mag in pluimvee-en varkdiete gevoer word mits dieaminosure korrek gebalanseer is.Die donkergeel kleur dra by toteiergeel- en velkleur by pluimvee.
DROËRDROËR
VESEL+ MIELIE-
WEEKWATER
MIELIEVESEL
KIEM UITGEPARS
MIELIEOLIEMIELIE-
KIEMMEEL
Vesel-afskeiding
Die weekproses lei tot weekwater
wat gekonsentreer word om mielie-
weekwater (MWW) te verkry wat
weer by die mielievesel gevoeg
word om Gluten-20 te vervaardig,
MWW het 50% ruproteien op ‘n
droe basis en is ryk aan energie en
minerale.
SWAAR WEEKWATERMielies word in water en swawel-
dioksied geweek teen 50oC vir
36 uur.Lactobacillus bakteria
floreer en vervaardig melksuur.
Oplosbare voedingstowwe word
uitgeloog. Die versagde pitte word
daarna gebreek en gemaal.
Weektenks
Kiem 6.5%
Gluten-60 4.5%
Gluten-20 17.5%
Stysel 70%
Die oplosbare delevan die pit word virvoer en voeding-stowwe gebruik
Gluten-60
GLUTEN-60GLUTEN-20
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TIPIESE ONTLEDING VANTONGAAT HULETT STARCH SE AGRI-PRODUKTE
(SOOS GEVOER BASIS)
Gluten-60 Gluten-20 MWW Vol VetKiem
Droë materiaal %92904095
ME, MJ/kg (pluimvee)15,98,64,421,1
VE, MJ/kg (varke)17,6610,574,823,9
NEL, Mcal/kg1,841,720,70-
ME, MJ/kg (herkouers)13,211,24,820,6
TVV %88,075,032,0137,6
Ruproteïen %63,020,019,310,5
Verbyvloeiproteïen % van RP60252536,19
Verbyvloeiproteïen %37,85,04,83,8
Arganien %2,000,90,880,73
Lisien %1,050,60,640,51
Metionien %1,750,360,400,34
TSAS metionien en sistien %2,700,851,040,57
Triptofan %0,310,120,040,11
Isoleusien %2,680,550,560,39
Treonien %2,20,750,720,62
Ru-vet %2,02,00,049,8
Neutrale suiweringsvesel (NSV) %12,740,80,09,7
Suursuiweringsvesel (SSV) %4,69,70,02,0
Ruvesel %2,69,40,06,0
Nie-strukturele koolhidraat %9,723,015,324,2
Kalsium %0,070,160,110,02
Beskikbare fosfor %0,150,220,440,09
Totale fosfor %0,500,771,440,28
Natrium (Na) %0,050,050,090,04
Chloor (Cl) %0,080,20,340,1
Magnesium (Mg) %0,100,370,570,08
Swawel (S) %0,720,190,47-
Kalium (K) %0,101,201,920,16
Yster (Fe) mg/kg28040288179
Koper (Cu) mg/kg2538,412,52,42
Mangaan (Mn) mg/kg423,723,21,99
Sink (Zn) mg/kg4057,452,855
Selenium (Se) mg/kg0,830,240,280,18
Totale as %1,87,87,86,1
Lynoleïnesuur1,32---
Densiteit kg/m36005201 250410
Gluten-60 Gluten-20 CSL Full Fat
Germ
Dry matter, % 92 90 40 95
ME, MJ/kg (poultry) 15,9 8,6 4,4 21,1
DE, MJ/kg (pigs) 17,66 10,57 4,8 23,9
NEL, Mcal/kg 1,84 1,72 0,70 -
ME, MJ/kg (ruminants) 13,2 11,2 4,8 20,6
TDN, % 88,0 75,0 32,0 137,6
Crude protein, % 63,0 20,0 19,3 10,5
Bypass protein, % of CP 60 25 25 36,19
Bypass protein, % 37,8 5,0 4,8 3,8
Arginine, % 2,00 0,9 0,88 0,73
Lysine, % 1,05 0,6 0,64 0,51
Methionine, % 1,75 0,36 0,40 0,34
TSAA Methionine and Cystine, % 2,70 0,85 1,04 0,57
Tryptophan, % 0,31 0,12 0,04 0,11
Isoleucine, % 2,68 0,55 0,56 0,39
Threonine, % 2,2 0,75 0,72 0,62
Crude fat, % 2,0 2,0 0,0 49,8
Neutral Detergent Fibre [NDF], % 12,7 40,8 0,0 9,7
Acid Detergent Fibre [ADF], % 4,6 9,7 0,0 2
Crude fibre, % 2,6 9,4 0,0 6
Non-structural carbohydrate, % 9,7 23,0 15,3 24,2
Calcium, % 0,07 0,16 0,11 0,02
Available Phosphorus, % 0,15 0,22 0,44 0,09
Total Phosphorus, % 0,50 0,77 1,44 0,28
Sodium [Na], % 0,05 0,05 0,09 0,04
Chloride [Cl], % 0,08 0,2 0,34 0,1
Magnesium [Mg], % 0,10 0,37 0,57 0,08
Sulphur [S], % 0,72 0,19 0,47 -
Potassium [K], % 0,10 1,20 1,92 0,16
Iron [Fe], mg/kg 280 402 88 179
Copper [Cu], mg/kg 25 38,4 12,5 2,42
Manganese [Mn], mg/kg 4 23,7 23,2 1,99
Zinc [Zn], mg/kg 40 57,4 52,8 55
Selenium [Se], mg/kg 0,83 0,24 0,28 0,18
Total ash % 1.8 7.8 7.8 6,1
Linoleic acid 1.32 - - -
Density, kg/m3 600 520 1250 410
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF AGRI-PRODUCTS(AS FED BASIS)
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Minerale
Al die agriprodukte bevat baie fosfor, kalium en magnesium. Daar is egter min kalsium
en natrium, en dus moet dié twee elemente uit ander bronne aangevul word. Al die
agriprodukte bevat betreklik baie yster en sink. Dié spoorelemente kom gekonsentreerd
voorin die MWW, en dus word die spoormineraalinhoud van Gluten-20 in
verhouding tot die hoeveelheid MWW wat by dié neweproduk gevoeg word,
verryk. In die algemeen maak agri-produkte uit die natmaalproses ten opsigte van
noodsaaklike minerale en spoorelemente 'n beduidende bydrae tot voerformulering.
Energie
Die energiewaardes van die agri-produkte wissel ten opsigte van verskillende
dierespesies. Beeste verkry bykans soveel energie uit die hoëvesel-, laeproteïen
Gluten-20 as wat hulle van Gluten-60 verkry. Pluimvee en varke kan meer van Gluten-60
se energie-inhoud metaboliseer as dié van Gluten-20.
Huidige navorsing dui egter daarop dat bepaalde klasse pluimvee en varke Gluten-20
in bepaalde omstandighede veel doeltreffender benut as wat voorheen vermoed is.
Minerals
All of the feedstuffs are high in phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. However,
they are low in calcium and sodium, which means that these two elements should
be provided through other sources.
All the agri-products are relatively rich in iron and zinc. The trace minerals
tend to concentrate in the CSL, and so the trace-mineral content of Gluten-20
is enriched in proportion to the amount of CSL added to this agri-product.
In general, feedstuffs from maize wet-milling make significant contributions of
essential minerals and trace elements to the feed formulations in which they are used.
Energy
The energy values of the feedstuffs vary for different animal species. Cattle derive
almost as much energy from the higher-fibre, lower-protein Gluten-20 as they do from
Gluten-60. Poultry and pigs can metabolise more of the energy content of Gluten-60
than that of Gluten-20.
However, current research findings indicate that under suitable conditions, certain
classes of poultry and pigs utilise Gluten-20 much more efficiently than was
previously believed.
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APPLICATIONS OF TONGAAT HULETT STARCH’SAGRI-PRODUCTS
MONOGASTRICS
Poultry
The use of maize wet-milling agri-products in poultry feeds depends almost entirely on
the nutritive requirements of the class of bird being fed.
In poultry feeds, Gluten-60 is the agri-product mostly used. It has a high nutrient
density and concentrated energy value as well as high levels of methionine
(biologically available even to young chicks). It also includes xanthophyll, which is the
yellow pigment that makes it desirable in diets for broilers and layers. Research
shows that broilers and layers do not discriminate between feeds containing up to
14 percent Gluten-60. Neither is performance reduced at those high levels,
provided that diets are balanced for the essential amino acids
The relations between Gluten-60 and both yolk colour and skin colour are as follows.
Note that for skin colour, 0 is light and 10 is dark.
Skin colour = 2,9 + (0,43 x Gluten-60 inclusion %)
Yolk colour = 6,5 + (0,27 x Gluten-60 inclusion %)
For both skin colour and yolk colour, evaluations were based on the DSM colour fan.
The relatively high levels of linoleic acid (1.32%) in Gluten-60 makes it useful for young
chicks, because they have a high requirement for essential fatty acids.
For Monogastrics, Gluten-20 has relatively high fibre levels and is therefore restricted
to formulations for laying hens, pullet rearing, and broiler breeders. Levels of between
10 and 15 percent may be used in balanced diets without affecting feed efficiency
or egg production.
Pigs
Gluten-60 is very suitable as an ingredient of pig feed and may be included at levels of
up to 8 percent in grower rations.
Gluten-20 can be used at levels of up to 15 percent in pig feeds without suppressing the
conversion ratio or performance of the feed. The availability or quantity of tryptophan
may limit its application, however. When the amino acid of the diet is balanced,
growing and finishing swine can utilize up to 30 percent in their diets.
AANWENDING VAN TONGAAT HULETT STARCHSE AGRI-PRODUKTE
ENKELMAAGDIERE
Pluimvee
Die hoeveelheid agri-produkte wat in pluimveevoer gebruik word, hang geheel en al af
van die voedingsbehoeftes van die tipe pluimvee wat gevoer word. Gluten-60 word
meestal in pluimveevoer asook hondekos en katkos aangewend. Dit het 'n hoë
voedingsdigtheid en gekonsentreerde energiewaarde asook hoë metionienvlakke
(wat selfs vir jong kuikens biologies beskikbaar is). Dit sluit ook xantofil in – 'n geel
pigment wat in die dieet van braaikuikens sowel as lêhenne voorkom. Navorsing
toon dat braaikuikens en lêhenne geen onderskeid tref tussen voere wat tot 14 persent
Gluten-60 bevat nie. Prestasie word ook nie teen dié hoë vlakke ingeboet nie, mits
diëte vir die noodsaaklike aminosure gebalanseer word. Die verband tussen Gluten-60
en beide eiergeelkleur en velkleur is as volg. Let Wel, in die geval van velkleur,
is 0 lig en 10 donker.
Velkleur = 2,9 + (0,43 x Gluten-60 insluiting %)
Eiergeelkleur = 6,5 + (0,27 x Gluten-60 insluiting %)
Wat beide vel- en eiergeelkleur betref, is die beoordelings op die DSM-kleurwaaier
gegrond.
Die betreklik hoë linoleïnesuurvlakke (1,32 %) in Gluten-60 maak dit nuttig vir jong
kuikens, vanweë hul hoë behoefte aan noodsaaklike vetsure.
Wat enkelmaagdiere betref, bevat Gluten-20 betreklik hoë veselvlakke, en dus word dit
beperk tot formules vir lêhenne, die grootmaak van hennetjies en braaikuiken-teelouers.
Vlakke van tussen 10 en 15 persent kan in gebalanseerde diëte gebruik word sonder om
voerdoeltreffendheid of eierproduksie in te boet.
Varke
Gluten-60 is uiters geskik as 'n bestanddeel in varkvoer en kan tot vlakke van 8 persent
in groeirantsoene ingesluit word.
Gluten-20 kan tot vlakke van 15 persent in varkvoer gebruik word sonder om die
doeltreffendheidsverhouding of voerprestasie nadelig te beïnvloed. Die beskikbaarheid
of hoeveelheid triptofaan kan die aanwending egter beperk. Wanneer die aminosure
in die dieet gebalanseer is, kan groei- en afrondingsvarke tot 30 persent Gluten-20
in hul dieet doeltreffend benut.
THS COPRODUCT REPRO 2008/9 11/25/08 2:38 PM Page 27
COMPOSITION, NUTRITIVE VALUES,AND FORMULATION
Protein and amino acidsAll of the products described in this brochure are protein supplements under the
NRC classification.
In the ruminant, amino acids reaching the abomasum and small intestine are provided
by two radically different sources. The first source of amino acids is known as microbial
protein. This microbial protein (which has a constant amino acid composition) is
derived from the nitrogenous feed material which is fermented in the rumen
[RDP = Rumen Degradable Protein]. The second source is that protein in the
feed that bypasses the rumen (commonly referred to as “bypass protein”). The
amino acid composition of this bypass protein can have a measurable influence
on the performance of the animal.
For monogastrics (poultry and pigs), protein quality is a more complex consideration
in that amino acids must be present and biologically available in sufficient quantities and
in correct proportions to meet the animal’s requirements.
Gluten-60 is particularly valued for its high methionine content, which is an essential
amino acid that many feed ingredients lack in useful concentrations.
Fats and fibreThe fat content of Tongaat Hulett Starch’s agri-products (except CSL) contributes to their
energy value as feedstuffs. Moreover, the high degree of unsaturation of the fats should
enhance the utilization of saturated fats in other components of a feed.
The high proportion of linoleic acid (an essential fatty acid) that is a characteristic of
maize fat is of special importance in poultry feeds and pet food.
Fibre values affect the use of the feedstuff. Gluten-20 tends to be more useful for beef
and dairy cattle, pigs, and poultry layers, while the lower-fibre Gluten-60 is desirable for
high nutrient-density feeds for broilers and aqua-culture.
VitaminsGluten-60 is a good source of carotenoids, which have vitamin A activity. In addition, all
the agri-products described in this brochure can make important contributions of choline
and B-vitamins in all monogastric formulations.
SAMESTELLING, VOEDINGSWAARDESEN FORMULERING
Proteïene en aminosureAl die produkte wat in dié brosjure beskryf word, is proteïen-aanvullings volgens die
NRC-klassifisering. In herkouers kom die aminosure wat die melkpens en dunderm
bereik, van twee geheel en al verskillende bronne. Die eerste bron van aminosure
staan as mikrobiese-proteïen bekend. Dié mikrobiese-proteïen (met 'n konstante
amino-suursamestelling) is afkomstig vanaf stikstofryke voermateriaal wat in die
grootpens fermenteer (RDP= Rumen Degradeerbare Proteien). Die tweede bron
is die proteïen in die voer wat verby die grootpens vloei, nl "verbyvloeiproteïen".
Die aminosuur-samestelling van dié verbyvloeiproteïen kan 'n groot invloed op die
dier se prestasie hê. Wat enkelmaagdiere (pluimvee en varke) betref, is proteïenge-
halte 'n ingewikkelderoorweging omdat die aminosure teenwoordig moet wees, en in
voldoende hoeveelhede asook in die korrekte verhoudings biologies beskikbaar moet
wees om aan die diere se behoeftes te voldoen.
Gluten-60 is veral van hoë waarde weens ‘n hoë metionien-inhoud – in wese 'n aminosuur
wat in talle voerbestanddele nie in bruikbare hoeveelhede aangetref word nie.
Vette en veselDie vetinhoud van Tongaat Hulett Starch se agri-produkte (behalwe MWW) dra by tot hul
energiewaarde as voedingstowwe. Boonop behoort die hoë vlakke van onversadigde
vette die benutting van versadigde vette in ander komponente van die voer te verhoog.
Die hoë proporsie linoleïnesuur ('n essensiële vetsuur) in mielievet, is veral in
pluimveevoer en troeteldierkos van besondere belang.
Veselwaardes het 'n invloed op die benutting van die voedingstowwe. Gluten-20 is
gewoonlik nuttiger vir vleis- en melkbeeste, varke en lêhenne, terwyl Gluten-60, met
minder vesel, wenslik is vir braaikuiken-en visvoere met ‘n hoë voedingsdigtheid.
VitamieneGluten-60 is 'n goeie bron van karotenoïede met 'n vitamien A-aktiwiteit. Boonop kan
al die neweprodukte wat in dié brosjure beskryf word, belangrike hoeveelhede cholien
en B-vitamiene tot alle enkelmaag-formulering bydra.
THS COPRODUCT REPRO 2008/9 11/25/08 2:38 PM Page 23
THS COPRODUCT REPRO 2008/9 11/25/08 2:38 PM Page 29
RUMINANTS
Dairy cattle
All Tongaat Hulett Starch’s agri-products are well suited to use in dairy feeds.
Gluten-60 is a protein source that readily bypasses the digestive process in the rumen and
is thus available for digestion in the small intestine. Gluten-60 has high levels of methionine,
which is usually limited in diets of high-producing dairy cows, and so complement lysine-rich
feed sources (fish meal, soya beans, and proteins of animal origin).
Gluten-20 is rich in neutral detergent fibre (NDF), has a medium energy level, and is
relatively low in starch (23 percent). It therefore plays an invaluable role in high-energy
rations with high starch levels by reducing starch levels in these rations and thereby
limiting acidosis. The high fibre content in Gluten-20 helps enhance butterfat levels.
Gluten-20 with 20 percent crude protein partially replaces some of the more costly
protein sources. It can be used at levels of 15 to 20 percent (on a DM basis) in
formulations for dairy cattle.
HERKOUERS
Melkbeeste
Al Tongaat Hulett Starch se agri-produkte is uiters geskik vir gebruik in die voeding
van melkbeeste. Gluten-60 is 'n uitstekende bron van verbyvloei proteïen wat na
die laer spysverteringskanaal vloei en dus vir vertering in die dunderm beskikbaar
is. Gluten-60 bevat ook hoë vlakke van metionien, wat in hoog produserende
melkkoeie beperkend is, en vul dus lisienryke voedingsbronne (vismeel, sojabone
en dierlike proteïene) suksesvol aan.
Gluten-20 bevat baie neutraal bestande vesel (NDF), met 'n medium energievlak, en
betreklik min stysel (23 persent). Dit speel dus 'n baie belangrike rol in hoë-energie-
rantsoene met 'n hoë styselvlak deur die styselvlak in dié rantsoene te verminder en dus
asidose te beperk. Die hoë veselvlak van Gluten-20 help om bottervet vlakke te verhoog.
Gluten-20 met 20 persent ru-proteïen kan sommige van die duurder proteïenbronne
gedeeltelik vervang. In formules vir melkbeeste kan dit op vlakke van 15 tot 20 persent
(op 'n DM-basis) ingesluit word.
THS COPRODUCT REPRO 2008/9 11/25/08 2:38 PM Page 31
Beef cattle
Gluten-60 is limited in its application for beef rations because the quality of protein
generally required is less important for beef cattle than for dairy cows. On the other
hand, young stud bulls of less than 250 kg need good quality protein, and Gluten-60
may therefore be useful in their rations.
Gluten-20 may be used at relatively high levels (20 to 30 percent) in Beef feedlot
rations; it helps limit starch levels in the feed and thus minimizes the possibility of
acidosis and liver abscesses.
Gluten-20 is particularly effective in protein and energy supplements such as
production licks and lick blocks. In lick blocks, Gluten-20 helps bind the raw
materials to give acceptable hardness
Sheep
Gluten-60 has special significance in sheep feedlot rations and supplementary diets.
The high level of bypass protein in Gluten-60 enhances growth rates in the feedlot. Also,
its methionine content contributes to good wool growth and crimping.
Gluten-20 may be included at levels of 12 to 15 percent in sheep feedlot diets; it reduces
starch levels in the diet, thus minimising the possibility of Acidosis.
OTHERPets
Gluten-60, with its high protein and methionine levels, is an ideal alternative source
of vegetable protein in pet foods. The use of Gluten-60 does not cause the flatulence
commonly associated with materials produced from soya beans. It is a valuable
ingredient in pet foods because of its high digestibility, low residue production and
high linoleic acid content.
Gluten-20 is an ideal filler and an alternative to other fibre sources. It has the added
advantage of reducing total fibre levels and in doing so increasing the overall digestibility
of pet foods. With a protein level of 20 percent, it helps meet the high protein
requirement of pets.
Both Gluten-60 and Gluten-20 are acidic and therefore help reduce the incidence
of feline urolithiasis syndrome (FUS) in cats.
Vleisbeeste
Gluten-60 het 'n beperkte gebruik in vleisbeesrantsoene aangesien die proteïen
behoefte van vleisbeeste gewoonlik laer is as dié van melkbeeste. Daarenteen het
jong stoetbulle van minder as 250 kg proteïen van 'n goeie gehalte nodig, en dus
kan Gluten-60 in laasgenoemde rantsoene aangewend word. Gluten-20 kan in
voerkraalrantsoene teen betreklik hoë vlakke (20 tot 30 persent) ingesluit word.
Dit help om die styselvlakke in die voer te beperk en dus die moontlikheid van
asidose en lewerabsesse tot 'n minimum te beperk. Gluten-20 is veral doeltreffend in
proteïen- en energie-aanvullings soos produksielekke asook lekblokke. In lekblokke
help Gluten-20 om die bestanddele saam te bind en dit hard genoeg te maak.
Skape
Gluten-60 is veral in voerkraalrantsoene en aanvullende diëte vir skape van belang. Die
hoë vlak van die verbyvloeiproteïen in Gluten-60 sorg vir 'n vinniger groeitempo in 'n
voerkraal. Die metionieninhoud dra ook by tot goeie wolgroei en karteling.
Gluten-20 kan teen vlakke van 12 tot 15 persent in skaap rantsoene ingesluit word; dit
help om stysel vlakke in die voer te verlaag, om sodoende die voorkoms van Asidose
tot ‘n minimum te beperk.
Troeteldiere
Danksy die hoë proteïen- en metionienvlakke is Gluten-60 'n ideale bron van
plantaardige proteïen in troeteldierkos. Die gebruik van Gluten-60 veroorsaak nie die
winderigheid wat gewoonlik met sojaboonmateriaal gepaard gaan nie. Danksy goeie
verteerbaarheid, lae residuvlakke en 'n hoë linoleïnesuur-inhoud is dit 'n waardevolle
bestanddeel in troeteldierkos.
Gluten-20 is 'n ideale vuller en 'n alternatief vir ander veselbronne. Daar is die
bykomende voordeel dat totale veselvlakke daal en die algehele verteerbaarheid van
troeteldierkos dus verhoog. Met 'n proteïenvlak van 20 persent help dit om aan
troeteldiere se hoë proteïenvereistes te voldoen. Beide Gluten-60 en Gluten-20 is
suuragtig en help dus om die voorkoms van urolitiasesindroom (FUS) in katte te
verminder.
THS COPRODUCT REPRO 2008/9 11/25/08 2:38 PM Page 33
TTOONNGGAAAATT HHUULLEETTTT SSTTAARRCCHH
Vaal Gold Gluten-60
(Class: Maize gluten meal)
(Klas: Mieliegluten)
Reg No. V5140
COMPOSITION / SAMESTELLING
g/kg
Protein (min.) 610.0 Proteïen (min.)
Fat (min.) 10.0 Vet (min.)
Fibre (max.) 50.0 Vesel (maks.)
Moisture (max.) 100.0 Vog (maks.)
MASS 50 kg MASSA
FFEEEEDDIINNGG RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS // VVOOEERRIINNSSTTRRUUKKSSIIEESS
Feed as recommended by an animal nutritionist
Voer soos aanbeveel deur 'n veevoedingskundige
TTOONNGGAAAATT HHUULLEETTTT SSTTAARRCCHH
Vaal Gold Gluten-20
(Class: Maize gluten feed)
(Klas: Mielieglutenvoer)
Reg No. V5309
COMPOSITION / SAMESTELLING
g/kg
Protein (min.) 200.0 Proteïen (min.)
Fibre (max.) 120.0 Vesel (maks.)
Moisture (max.) 130.0 Vog (maks.)
MASS 50 kg MASSA
FFEEEEDDIINNGG RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS // VVOOEERRIINNSSTTRRUUKKSSIIEESS
Feed as recommended by an animal nutritionist
Voer soos aanbeveel deur 'n veevoedingskundige
2 Dick Kemp Street, Meadowdale, Germiston, 1401 South Africa. Private Bag 2019, Isando, 1600, SA.Tel: (2711) 458-5000. Fax: (2711) 458-5071. Website: www.tongaathulettstarch.co.za
ISO 9001:2000REGISTERED COMPANY
TTOONNGGAAAATT HHUULLEETTTT SSTTAARRCCHH
Vaal Gold Gluten-60
(Class: Maize gluten meal)
(Klas: Mieliegluten)
Reg No. V5140
COMPOSITION / SAMESTELLING
g/kg
Protein (min.) 610.0 Proteïen (min.)
Fat (min.) 10.0 Vet (min.)
Fibre (max.) 50.0 Vesel (maks.)
Moisture (max.) 100.0 Vog (maks.)
MASS 50 kg MASSA
FFEEEEDDIINNGG RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS // VVOOEERRIINNSSTTRRUUKKSSIIEESS
Feed as recommended by an animal nutritionist
Voer soos aanbeveel deur 'n veevoedingskundige
TTOONNGGAAAATT HHUULLEETTTT SSTTAARRCCHH
Vaal Gold Gluten-20
(Class: Maize gluten feed)
(Klas: Mielieglutenvoer)
Reg No. V5309
COMPOSITION / SAMESTELLING
g/kg
Protein (min.) 200.0 Proteïen (min.)
Fibre (max.) 120.0 Vesel (maks.)
Moisture (max.) 130.0 Vog (maks.)
MASS 50 kg MASSA
FFEEEEDDIINNGG RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS // VVOOEERRIINNSSTTRRUUKKSSIIEESS
Feed as recommended by an animal nutritionist
Voer soos aanbeveel deur 'n veevoedingskundige
2 Dick Kemp Street, Meadowdale, Germiston, 1401 South Africa. Private Bag 2019, Isando, 1600, SA.Tel: (2711) 458-5000. Fax: (2711) 458-5071. Website: www.tongaathulettstarch.co.za
ISO 9002:2000REGISTERED COMPANY
THS COPRODUCT REPRO 2008/9 11/25/08 2:38 PM Page 35