Index
Abache,Sanni, 129-30, 142, 147-50 Abascal, Carlos, 233 Abdullah 11, King of Jordan, 198 Abida, Mashood, 129, 131, 137,
146-7, 150 AB IM see Islamic Youth Movement
Malaysia ABM see Mexican Association of
Banks Abubakar, General, 129, 150 Academic Staff Union of Nigerian
University, 142 ACC see Amman Chamber of
Commerce Gordan) ACI see Amman Chamber of Industry
Oordan) AD see Alliance for Democracy
(Nigeria) ADGGN see Association for
Democracy, Good Governance in Nigeria
AFL-CIO (United States), 38 Agbakoba, Olisa, 140 Ajibola, Bola, 143 Aka-Bashorun, Alao, 142 Akatiga (Indonesia), 36 AIeman, Arnaldo, 280 AIeman, Miguel, 237 Alfonsin, Raul, 248-53, 257 ALG see Alternative Law Groups
(Philippines) All People's Party (Nigeria), 129 Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria),
129 Alliance Party (Malaysia), 67-8 Allianza (Mexico), 220, 232-3 Alliallza Para Bien Estar (Mexico), 234 All-Indonesian Labor Federation,
34-5 AII-Indonesia Workers Union, 34-5,
41 Alternative Law Groups (Philippines),
49
Amman Chamber of Commerce Oordan), 183, 185, 187-9, 194-5
Amman Chamber of Industry Oordan), 185, 194-5
Amman Economic Summit of 1995 Oordan), 191-4, 195
Amman Financial Market Oordan), 190
Amnesty International, 52 AMNLAE see Nicaraguan Association
of Women Luisa Amanda Espinoza
APEC see Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APP see All People's Party (Nigeria) Aquino, Benigno, 45, 49, 51 Aquino, Corazon, 45-7, 50-5, 58 Arab Common Market, 183 Argentina
civilian governments, 246, 248 Constitution, 244, 253 corporatism, 10, 13-14,242,245,
248-52,256,258-9 democratization, 10, 17,241-2,
247,249-52,257,259 economic reform, 10, 11, 13, 241-2,
247,249,253-9 elections, 244, 246-7, 249-52,
254-7 labor, "orthodox", 242, 246-8,
250-1 labor, "renewal", 251 military in, 244, 246-9, 252, 257 negotiations, 248-51 Peronism in, 10, 11, 241-59, 297 professional associations, 248 strikes, 244, 248-50, 254 violence, 245-8
Asfour, Mohammed, 189 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,
44 ASN see Permodalan Amanah Saham
Association (Malaysia)
303
304 Illdex
Association for Democracy, Good Governance in Nigeria, 141
Association of University Students (Kenya), 99, 102
ASUU see Academic Staff Union of Nigeria University
Ateneo Law School, 49
Babangida, lbrahim, 129-30, 132, 135-6, 138-41, 143, 145-7, 149-50
Bafyau, Paschal, 142 Bagong Alyansang Makabayan
(Philippines), 50 Bank Bumiputera, 81 Barisan Nasional/National Front
(Malaysia), 67-8, 70, 77-9,81-5 Barng'etuny, Ezekiel, 101 BAYAN, New Patriot Alliance
(Philippines) see Bagon Alyansang Makabayan
Bello, Silvestre, 50 Better Life for Rural Women (Nigeria),
135 Bina Desa (lndonesia), 32 Biwott, Nicholas, 93, 101 Blanco, Herminio, 229 BMF see Bumiputera Malaysia Finance BN see Barisan Nasional (Malaysia) Bolvinik, Julio, 234-5 Broadcasting Act (Malaysia), 78 Buhari, Mohammed, 132 bumiputera trust agencies, 69 Bumiputera Malaysia Finance, 75 Bumiputera Malaysia Finance
Investigative Committee, 75-6
"Cacique Democracy", 47 CAlNTRA see Chamber of
Manufacturing Industries Cairo Conference on Population and
Development, 278 CALABARZON, 57-8 Calles, Plutarco Elias, 221, 222 Campaign for Democracy (Nigeria),
141, 147 CANACINTRA see Chamber of
Transformation Industries (Mexico)
CANACO, 231 Canadian Embassy, 192-3 CAP see Consumers' Association of
Penang (Malaysia) Cardenas, Chautemoc, 237 Cardenas, Lazaro, 221, 222-3 Carranza, Venustiano, 221 Casablanca Conference, 192 Catholic Church, 11, 100-1, 163,
179-80,271-2,279-80,263 CD see Campaign for Democracy
(Nigeria) CEMAI,228 Center for Indonesian Workers'
Struggle, 40 Central Bank of Jordan, 184 CEOSS see Coptic Evangelical
Organization for Social Services (Egypt)
Certificates of Land Ownership Award (Philippines), 58
CGT see General Confederation of Labor (Argentina)
CGT-Azopardo, 255 CGT-San Martin, 255 Chamber of Manufacturing Industries
(Mexico), 230 Chamber of Transformation
Industries (Mexico), 231 Chamorro, Violeta, 263, 268-5,
280-1 CHR see Commission on Human
Rights (Philippines) Church of the Province of Kenya, 99 Church-Military Liaison Committee
(Philippines), 48 Citizens Councils for ]ustice and
Peace (Philippines), 48 Civil Liberty Organization (Nigeria),
140-1 Civil Liberty Union (Nigeria), 147 Civil Society
theoretical discussion of, 1-5, 60-1, 96-9, 110, 181-2, 197-8, 202-3
CLO see Civil Liberty Organization (Nigeria)
CLOAs see Certificates of Land Ownership Award (Philippines)
CNC see National Peasant Confederation (Mexico)
Code of Conduct Bureau (Nigeria), 136
Code of Conduct Tribunal (Nigeria), 136
COECE see Coordinating Council for the Free Trade Agreement (Mexico)
Command for the Restoration of Order and Security (Indonesia), 30
Commission on Human Rights (Philippines), 53
Commission of Patrimony and Industrial Promotion of the Deputy Chambers (Mexico), 230
Committee for Solidarity for Marsinah (Indonesia), 39
Committee of Concerned Citizens (Nigeria), 140
Communist Party of the Philippines, 51-2, 54, 56
community development organizations (Indonesia), 26
CONApRO H-M see Women's Secretariat of the Confederation of the Nicaraguan Professionals, Heros and Martyrs
CONCAMIN see Confederation of Chambers of Industry (Mexico)
CONCANACO see Confederation of Chambers of Commerce
"concertacion" (Argentina). 249-51 Confederation of Chambers of
Commerce (Mexico), 221, 223-4 Confederation of Chambers of
Industry (Mexico), 221, 223 Confederation of Mexican Workers,
223 Congress of Argentinian Workers,
255 CONOSUpO, 225 Conservativc Party (Uganda), 113 Constituent Assembly (Nigeria), 136 Constitutional Liberal Party
(Nicaragua), 280 Constitutional Rights Project
(Nigeria), 141
Illdex 305
Consultative Council for Indonesian Labor, 34
Consumers Association of Penang (Malaysia), 74, 76
"Convertibility Law" (Argentina), 253 Coordinating Council for the Free
Trade Agreement (Mexico), 228-9 COpARMEX see Employers
Confederation of the Republic of Mexico
Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Services (Egypt), 169
Cordillera People's Liberation Army (philippinesl,45
corporatism, 10, 13-14, 18, 158, 176, 186,219,221,223-8,235,236, 238,242,245,248-52,256, 258-9, 301
Cl' see Conscrvativc Party (Uganda) CpK see Church of the Province of
Kenya CPLA see Cordillera People's
Liberation Army (Philippinesl Crown Prince (Jordanl, 188, 196 CRP see Constitutional Rights Project
(Nigeria) CTA see Congress of Argentinean
Workers CTM see Mexican Workers
Confederation
Dabibi, Milton, 148 Dada, Idi Amin (Uganda). 111-12,
120 DAP see Democratic Action Party
(Malaysia) Death Penalty l'rogram (Philippines),
57 democracy see democratization democratization, 1-20,286-302
in Argentina, 10, 17,241-2,247, 249-52,257,259
"Cacique", 47 in Egypt, 157-9, 174-6 in Indonesia, 26-7, 42 in Jordan, 180, 188, 197-8 in Kenya, 7-8, 91-2, 93-6, 96-104,
105,106 "guided",27
306 Index
democratization (cont'd) in Malaysia, 7, 12, 15, 66--7, 73, 77,
84-5 in Mexico, 14, 15, 18,219,236,238 in Nicaragua, 267, 268, 281-2 in Nigeria, 130-1, 136-43, 145-7,
149-51 in the Philippines, 45, 47-8, 53-4 in Tunisia, 201-3, 212-13 in Uganda, 8, 109, 113-16, 125-6
Democratic Action Party (Malaysia), 74, 76
Democratic Constitutional Rally (Tunisia), 203
Democratic Party (Kenya), 95, 104 Democratic Party (Uganda), 113, 115,
120, 124 "development aggression", 45, 58-60 DFRRI see Directorate for Food, Roads
and Rural Infrastructure (Nigeria) Dimaranin, Sr Mariani, 51 Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural
Infrastructure (Nigeria), 135 Directorate of Mass Mobilization for
Social Justice, Self-Reliance and Economic Recovery (Nigeria), 136
DP see Democratic Party
ECC see Economic Consultative CounciJ Oordan)
Echeverria, 237 Economic Consultative CounciJ
Oordan), 186 Economic Emergency Laws
(Argentina), 253 Economic Liberalization and Reform,
1-20, 286-302 Argentina, 10, 11, 13,241-2,247,
249,253-9 Egypt, 9,14,157-8,160-4,174,
175-6 Indonesia, 6, 15, 25-33, 42 Jordan, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 180-2,
186-94, 196--8, 289 Kenya, 104-6 Malaysia, 12, 17, 65, 69-71, 80 Mexico, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18,219-20,
224-5,229-30,236-7,288, 290,297,301
Nicaragua, 263-4, 268-70, 273, 279,281-2
Nigeria, 9, 13, 130, 132-5, 139 Philippines, 45-8 Tunisia, 10, 12, 17,201-2,204-5,
212-13,289,291 Uganda, 8, 109-10, 113, 115-18,
125-6,293 Economic Recovery Program
(Uganda), 116 Economic Reform and Structural
Adjustment Program (Egypt), 160-2
Economic Security CounciJ Oordan), 186
Economic, Social and CulturaI Rights Program (Philippines), 57
EFF see Extended Fund Facility (Mexico)
Egypt, corporatism, 13, 158, 176 Community Development
Associations, 164, 166--70 democratization, 157-9, 174-6 economic liberalization and reform,
9, 14, 157-8, 160-4, 174-6 economic performance, 160-2 economic reform, 9, 14, 157-8,
160-2,164,175-6 elections, 159, 163, 165, 176 foreign aid to, 9, 169, 173-4,292 foreign debt, 160-1 Islamic activism, 12, 159, 163-6,
174,291,301 NGOs,9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 157-9, 162,
166--76,287-8,290-1,300, 301
politicaI liberalization, 9, 157, 159, 291
poverty, 161, 164 privatization,9, 157-8, 160-2, 176 structural adjustment, 12, 13,
160-2,287-8,301 syndicates, 158-9, 163, 165, 176
Egyptian Society for Population and Development, 173
elections: Argentina, 244, 246-7, 249-52,
254-7
Egypt, 159, 163, 165, 176 Indonesia, 25 Jordan, 180, 187, 189 Kenya,95-6, 101, 105 Malaysia, 67, 78-80, 293 Mexico, 236-7 Nicaragua, 267-8, 280 Nigeria, 129-30, 137-8, 144-6, 147,
150 Philippines, 45-6, 51, 53, Tunisia, 203 Uganda, 114, 121,295,299
Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia), 75
Employers Confederation of the Republic of Mexico, 222, 233
Enahoro, Anthony, 141 Enhanced Structural Adjustment
Facility (Nicaragua), 280 Environmental Litigation and
Advocacy Program (Philippines), 57
Environmental Protection Society Malaysia, 74
EPR see People's Revolutionary Army (Mexico)
EPSM see Environmental Protection Society Malaysia
ERP see Economic Recovery Program (Uganda)
ERSAP see Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (Egypt)
ESAF II see Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (Nicaragua)
Extended Fund Facility (Mexico), 224
EZLN see Zapatista Army of National Liberalization (Mexico)
Fact Finding Committee on Involuntary Missing Persons (Philippines), 52, 54
Falae, Olu, 129 Families of Victims of Involuntary
Disappearances (Philippines), 52 Fawehinmi, Gani, 141 FBSI see All-Indonesian Labor
Federation
Index 307
Federal Labor Law (Mexico), 222, 233 Federal Road Safety Corps (Nigeria),
144 Federation of Malaysian Consumers'
Association, 82 Finance Committee Oordan), 188 FIND see Families of Victims of
Involuntary Disappearances (Philippines)
FLAG see Free Legal Assistance Group (Philippines)
FNV (Dutch federation), 38 FOMCA see Federation of Malaysian
Consumers' Association FORD - Kenya see Forum for the
Restoration of Democracy -Kenya
Foreign Investment Committee (Malaysia), 69
Forum Demokrasi, 37 Forum for the Restoration of
Democracy - Asali, 95, 100-4 Forum for the Restoration of
Democracy - Kenya, 95, 100-4 Forum on Indonesian Development,
41 Freedom of Information Act
(Malaysia), 76 Free Legal Assistance Group
(Philippines),48-57 FRSC see Federal Road Safety Corps
(Nigeria) FSLN see Sandinista Front for National
Liberation (Nicaragua)
GABRIELA see General Assembly Binding Women for Reform, Integrity, Equality, Leadership and Action (Philippines)
Gagasan Rakyat (Malaysia), 79 GATT see General Agreement on
Tariff and Trade GDP see Gross Domestic Product General Assembly Binding Women
for Reform, Integrity, Equality, Leadership and Action (Philippines),50
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade,225
308 Index
General Confederation of Labor (Argentina), 245-51, 255, 257-9
Generalized System of Preferences, 38,73
Giwa, Dele, 144 GNP see Grass National Praduct Graduates Pragram (EgyptJ, 162 Grass Domestic Praduct,
of Argentina, 243, 247 of Egypt, 162 of Indonesia, 29 of Jordan, 198 of Malaysia, 70-1, 82 of Mexico, 227 of Nicaragua, 269, 270
Grass National Praduct, of Indonesia, 30 of the Philippines, 46
Graup of 25 (Argentina), 251 Graup of 50 (lndonesia), 31 GSP see Generalized System of
Preferences "guided democracy" see democracy
Habibie, B. L 33, 41 Hashemite, 182-3 Hausa-Fulani, 131 Horta, Jose Ramos, 44 House of Representatives
(Philippines), 46 Hussein, Emir Abdullah Ibn, 182-3 Hussein I, King of Jordan, 186, 196-7 Hussein, Prime Minister (Malaysia),
65
Ibrahim, Anwar, 74 ICA see Industrial Coordination Act
(Malaysia) ICFTU see International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions (Indonesia)
Idehen, CharIes, 142 Igbo, 131 IGG see Inspector General of
Government (Uganda) IMF see International Monetary
Fund import de-substitution (ArgentinaJ,
254
import substitution industrialization (Mexico),224-5
Indah Water Konsortium (Malaysia), 82
Indonesia, Bina Desa, 32 Communism, 27-8, 29, 34 cronyism, 29 economic development/grawth, 26,
28-32 economic restructuring, 6, 15, 25-6,
31-3, 42 ethnic Chinese, 15,25-7,29-31,
33, 39 "guided democracy", 27 Islam, 28 labor movement, 6, 26-7, 33-42 Muslims, 26, 29, 30-1, 37, 39 "New Order", 28, 31, 34-5 NGOs, 6, 26, 30-2, 36-9, 41-2, 287,
295 Pancasila, 31 Petrus, 31 Pribumi,29 student activism, 29, 34, 295 "social jealousies", 33
Indonesian Communist Party, 27-8, 34
Indonesian Democratic Party, 37,41 Indoncsian Enviranmental Forum, 30 Indonesian Human Rights
Commission,37 Indonesian People's Council, 41 Indonesian Worker's Party, 41 Industrial Coordination Act
(Malaysia), 69, 71-2 INFID see Forum on Indonesian
Development Internal Security Act (Malaysia), 77,
79,84 International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights 1966 (Philippines), 55, 57, 61
International Monetary Fund, 2, 3, 5, 8,292
and Argentina, 257 and Egypt, 157, 160-1, 164 and Indonesia, 25 andJordan, 189-90
and Kenya, 101 and Mexieo, 224-5 and Nigeria, 130, 132-3, 135 and Tunisia, 213 and Uganda, 109, 116-18
Inspeetor General of Government (Uganda), 115, 123
Institute for the Defense of Human Rights (lndonesia), 36
Instituto Proposieiones Estrategieas (Mexico),230-1
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (Indonesia), 38
International Covenant on Civil and PoIitical Rights (Egypt), 175
Interparty Politieal Forees Committee (Uganda), 115
IPE see Instituto Proposiciones Estrategieas (Mexieo)
IPK see Islamie Party of Kenya ISA see Internal Seeurity Aet
(Malaysia) ISI see import substitution
industrialization (Mexieo) Islamie Aetivism (Egyptl, 12, 159,
163-6, 174,291,301 Islamie Brotherhood Uordan), 187 Islamie Party of Malaysia, 74, 76 Islamie Party of Kenya, 102 Islamie Youth Movement Malaysia,
74 IWK see Indah Water Konsortium
(Malaysia) Ixehen (women's health dinic), 267,
275
JABOTABEK,36-7 Jordan,
business assoeiations, 9, 15, 181, 188-9, 193, 196-7
business-state relations, 180-2, 184-7, 190-2, 194-5, 197
eooptation, 182, 184 corporatism, 186 demoeratization, 180, 188, 197-8 East Bank, 15, 184, 191 eeonomic liberalization and reform,
9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 180, 182, 186, 189, 191, 193-4, 196-8,289
eleetions, 180, 187, 189 external debt, 186
Index 309
foreign aid and investment to, 181, 184-5, 189, 192, 198
Islamists, 187-9 Israel, 189, 192, 194-6,295 Palestine, 182, 193 Palestinian Authority, 195 Palestinians, 15, 183-4, 191, 195-6 parliament, 187, 189, 196 patronage, 182, 184-5 peaeeproeess, 181, 189, 192, 194,
197,295 press, 187, 189, 196 professional assoeiations, 194, 196 politieaI liberalization, 9, 180-2,
186-7,189,191,197-8 privatization, 9-10, 15, 188-91 remittanees, 184-6 rentierism, 181-2, 185, 197 taxation, 181, 183, 185,289 tribes, 188 West Bank, 15, 191, 195
Jordan Investment Corporation, 184, 190
Jordanian Businessmen's Assoeiation, 194-5
Judicial Reorganization Committee (Philippines),51
KADU see Kenya People's Democratic Union
Kakwa peopIe (Uganda), 112 Kalenjin, 103, 105 KANU see Kenya Afriea National
Union KARAPATAN,56 Kenya,
ehureh, 7,99,296,300 demoeratization, 7-8, 91-2,93-6,
96-104 eeonomie reform, 104-6 eleetions, 95-6, 101, 105 ethnicity, 7-8, 15,92-3,95-6, 101,
103-4 Islam, 102 multi-partyism, 91-6, 99-104 NGOs, 98-9, 102, 105, 300 one-party system, 91-4, 99
310 Index
Kenya (cont'd) politicalliberalization, 7, 91-6,
103 rents, 104-5, 106 structural adjustment, 100, 104-5 students, 7, 99, 102 women's organizations, 99
Kenya Africa National Union, 93-4, 96,99-101, 103
Kenya Law Society, 95 Kenya People's Democratic Union,
93-4, 103 Kenya People's Union, 94 Kenyatta, President Jomo (Kenya), 92 Kibaki, Mwai, 95 Kikuyu, 95, 103 Kiliku, Kennedy, 101 Kilusang Magbubukidng Pilipinas
(Philippines), 50 Kilusang Mayo Uno/KMU/The
May first Movement/ (Philippines), 50
KLIA see Kuala Lumpur National Airport (Malaysia)
KMP, Philippine Peasants Movement see Kilusang Magbubukidng Pilipinas (Philippines)
Kobia, SanlUe/, 101 Kokori, Frank, 142, 148 KPU see Kenya People's Union Kuria, Manases, 99
Labor Party (Egypt), 163 land reform program (Philippines),
47,52,54,58 Law 32 (Egypt), 170-6 Law 150 (Nicaragua), 271 Law for Democratic Guarantees in
Professional Syndicatcs (Egypt), 165
Leakey, Richard, 95 Legal Aid Institute (Indonesia), 30,
35, 41 Ley ele Reorelenamiento Sindical
(Argentina), 248 Liberal Party (EgyptL 163 "Liberating Revolution, The"
(Argentina), 244 loans see World Bank
Local Councils (Uganda), 113, 124 Lord's Resistance Army (Uganda), 117 LRA see Lord's Resistance Army
(Uganda) Lubgara people (Uganda), 112 Luhya, 95, 103 Luo, 95,103
Maasai,103 Madrid, Miguel de la, 220 Malaysia,
bumiputeras, 65-6, 68-70, 72, 81 Chinese, 65-6, 68-9, 72, 75,81 constitution, 67, 76,289 corporatization, 81 Dayaks,80 democratization, 7, 12, 15, 66-7,
73,77,84-5 demonstrations, 75-6, 78 "developmentalism", 7, 66, 83-4 economic liberalization, 12, 17, 65,
69-71, 80 elections, 67, 78-80, 293 Emergency, 67 ethnicity, 7, 65-8, 70, 72, 74, 76,
78-9 free trade zones, 71 Indian, 66, 68 Islam, 68 Kadazans, 78, 80 mass consumerism, 7, 17, 83-5 middle classes, 7,66, 73,80-1,83,
85 Muslims, 66, 78 NGOs, 7, 12, 15, 73-7, 79-80, 82,
85,289 patronage, 7, 12, 15,80-1 politicalliberalization, 7, 12, 66,
85 privatization, 17,65,70, 72,80-2,
289 riots, 67, 78 state-owned enterprises, 69 trade unions, 79
Malaysian Chinese Association, 67, 75
Malaysian Indian Congress, 67 MAMSER see Dircctoratc of Mass
Mobilizatioll for Social Justice,
Self-Reliance and Economic Recovery (Nigeria)
Manila People's Forum on APEC (Philippines), 44
Marcos, Ferdinand, 45-6, 48-51, 60-1
Marsinah, 38-9 MARTYR see Mothers and Relatives
against Tyranny and Repression (Philippines)
Matiba, Kenneth, 95, 100 MCA see Malaysian Chinese
Association Medium Term Development Plan of
1993-8 (Philippines), 57, 59 Mejelis Rakyat Indonesia see
lndonesian People's Counci! Menem, President Carlos (Argentina),
241-2,251-8 Mexican Workers' Confederation, 233 Mexico,
Allianza, 10, 220, 232-3 "big business", 10, 14, 15, 18,
225-9,235,238,291 business chambers, 221, 223, 228,
230-1 business-state relations, 14,219-21,
223-4,235,237 caciques, 236 constitution, 221, 233 cooptation, 219, 222, 235, corporatism, 10, 13, 14, 18,219,
221,223-4,235-8,297 democratization, 14, 15, 18,219,
236,238,301 economic liberalization and reform,
10, 13, 14, 15, 18,219-20, 224-5,230,236-7,288,290, 297, 301
elections, 236--7 import substitution
industrialization, 224-5 inequalities, 10,219-20,231,233,
235 labor, 14,219,221-3,232-3,238 "new federalism", 236 North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFfA). 10,220, 228-9,235,237,290
Pacto, 10,220,232 patron--dient, 223, 236 patronage, 223
Illdex 311
"people's organizations", 235 politicalliberalization, 15,219-21,
235, 238 poverty, 232-5, 238, 301 privatization, 219, 225, 229 small business, 10, ] 5, 230-3, 237,
291 "social pact", 10,219,221
Mexican Association of Banks, 227 Mexican Workers' Confederation,
223 MHRC see Moro Human Rights
Center MIC see Malaysian Indian Congress Minister of Commerce and Industry
(Jordan), 192-4, 195 Ministry of Commerce and Industrial
Promotion (Mexico), 228-9 Ministry of Social Affairs (Egypt),
166-7,169,170-4,175 Ministry of Supplies (Jordan), 185 MNLF see Moro National Liberation
Front (Philippines) Mohamed, Prime Minister Mahathir
bin, 77, 79 Moi, President Daniei arap (Kenyal,
92-6,99, 101, 105 Moro Human Rights Center
(Philippines), 49, 52, S9 Moro National Liberation Front
(Philippines), 45 Moros of Muslim Mindanao, 49, S0,
52 MOS see Ministry of Supplies
(Jordan) MOSA see Ministry of Social Affairs
(Egypt) Mothers and Relatives against
Tyranny and Repression (Philippines), 52
Movement for National Reform (Nigeria), 14]
Movement of Argentinean Workers, 255
MPFA see Manila People's Forum on APEC (Philippines)
312 Index
MT A see Movement of Argentinean Workers
Muge, Alexander, 99 Muite, Paul, 95 Mubarak, Hosni, 159, 164-5, 167 Museveni's Departed Asians Property
Custodian Board (Uganda), 116 Museveni, Yoweri, 112-16, 119, 121,
125 Mwakenya, 102
Nacional Financiera (Mexico), 224, 230-1
NADECO see National Democratic Coalition (Nigeria)
"Nadlatul Ulama", 37 NAFINSA see Nacional Financiera
(Mexico) NAFT A see North American Free Trade
Agreement Nasser, lamal Abdel, 158, 170 National Assel11bly (Nigeria), 13 7 National Bureau of Investigation
(Philippines), 53 National Council of Churches of
Kenya, 100-2 National Cultural Policy (Malaysia),
68 National Democratic Coalition
(Nigeria), 148 National Democratic Front
(Philippines), SO-I, 56, 58 National Del110cratic Party (Egypt),
159 National Developl11ent Policy
(Malaysia), 80 National Directorate of El11ployment
(Nigeria), 135 National Educational Policy
(Malaysia), 68 National Electoral Commission
(Nigeria), 136 National Language Policy (Malaysia),
68 National NGO Committee for
Population Developl11ent (Egypt), 173
National Operations Council (Malaysia), 67
National Organization for Civic Education and Election Monitoring (Uganda), 114, 124-6
National Organization of Churches in the Philippines, 49
National Peasant Confederation (Mexico), 223
National Population Commission (Nigeria), 130
National Republican Convention (Nigeria), 131, 136
National Resistance Arl11Y (Uganda), 112,116
National Resistance Council (Uganda), 113, 117-18, 122
National Resistance Movement (Uganda), 109, 112-16, 118, 120-6
National Revenue Mobilization Commission (Nigeria), 136
National Revolutionary Party (Mexico), 223
National Secretariat for Social Action (Philippines), 49
National Security Organization, 144 National Solidarity (Mexico), 234 National Union of University
Students (Nigeria), 136 National United Opposition
(Nicaragua), 268 "National Workers Meeting"
(Indonesia), 37 NBI see National Bureau of
Investigation (Philippines) NCR see National Republican
Convention (Nigeria) NCCK see National Council of
Churches of Kenya NCPD see National NGO Committee
for Population Development (Egypt)
NDE see National Directorate of Employment (Nigeria)
NDF see National Democratic Front (Phili ppin es)
NDP see National Democratic Party (Egypt)
NDP see National Development Policy (Malaysia)
NEC see National EJectoral Commission (Nigeria)
NEP see New Economic Policy (Malaysia)
New Economic Policy, 1971-90 (Malaysia), 65-6, 68-72, 80-1
New Law of Professional Associations (Argentina), 246, 248
"New Order" (lndonesia), 28, 31, 34-5
New People's Army (Philippines), 47, 51,56
New UMNO (Malaysia), 79 NFPE see Non-financial public
enterprises (Malaysia) NGOs see Non-Governmental
Organizations Nicaragua,
Catholic Church, 11,263,271-2, 179-80
economic liberalization, 11, 14, 15, 263-4,268-70,273,279, 281-2
elections, 267-8, 280 foreign aid, 269, 275 health care, 264-6, 269, 272-3, 275 privatization, 263, 268-70 revolution, 263, 265, 266 structural adjustment, 11, 269-70 unemployment, 269-70 women's movement, 10-11, 14,
163-8,273-81,292,296, 299-300
women's movement networks, 274-80,290,293-4,296
Nicaraguan Association of Women Luisa Amanda Espinoza, 263-4, 266-8,273-6,279
Nigeria, cartoons, 146-7,291 civil war, 132 democratization, 130-1, 136-8,
139-43, 145-6, 147, 149-51 economic liberalization and reform,
9, 13, 130, 132-5, 139 elections, 129-30, 137-8, 144-6,
147, 150 ethnicity, 130-1, 136, 151 external debt of, 9, 132-3
II/dex 313
healthcare, 134, 146 media, 9, 143-6,291,294 military rule, 129-30, 132, 135-6,
138, 140, 147-9 Muslims, 129, 131 politicalliberalization, 136-7 pro-democracy groups, 8, 139-43,
147, 149 riots, 135, 138, 146 structural adjustment, 13, 130,
132-3,135-6,139,143,287 traditional rulers, 138-9, 148
Nigerian Bar Association, 142-3 Nigerian Labor Congress, 142 Nigerian Medical Association, 136,
141-2 NOCEM see National Organization for
Civic Education and EJection Monitoring (Uganda)
Non-financial public enterprises (Malaysia), 69
Non-Governmental Organizations, 1-20,286-302
Egypt, 157-9, 162, 166-76 Indonesia, 6, 26, 30-2, 36-9, 41-2,
287,295 Jordan, 188-9, 194-7 Kenya,98,99, 102, 105,300 Malaysia, 7, 12, 15, 73-7, 79-80,
82,289 Nicaragua, 275-8 Philippines, 48-61 Tunisia, 203 Uganda, 8, 109, 113, 123, 124-5,
126,287,293,295 North American Free Trade
Agreement, 220, 228-9, 235, 237 NPA see New People's Army
(Philippines) NRA see National Resistance Army
(Uganda) NRC see National Resistance CounciI
(Uganda) NRM see National Resistance
Movement (Uganda) NSO see National Security
Organization (Nigeria) Ntimama, WiJliam oie, 101 Nwanko, Clement, 140-1
314 Index
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 129, 137, 141, 148, 150-1
Obregon, Alvaro, 221 Odinga, Oginga, 94-5 Official Secrets Act (Malaysia), 76 Okullu, Henry, 99-100 Onabule, Duro, 143 Onagoruwa, Olu, 141 "Operation Lallang" (Malaysia), 77 Orgallizaciolles 62 (Argentina), 251 Organization of Islamic Conference
(Nigeria), 139 OSA see Official Secrets Act
(Malaysia) OXFAM,173 Oyugi, Hezekiah, 93
PAHRA see Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (Phili ppines)
Pakpahan, Muchtar, 37-41 Pancasila, 31 Papan Support Group, 75, 77 PARC see Perak Anti-Radioactivity
Committee (Malaysia) Partai Demokrasi Indonesia see
Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Komunis Indonesia see
Indonesian Communist Party Parti Bersatu Sabah (Malaysia),
778-9 Partido justicialista see Peronist Party
(Argentina) Partido RevolutiollClrio
Illstituciollal/lnstitutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico), 220,223,234-5,237-8
PAS see Islamic Party of Malaysia patronage,
in lndonesia, 26 in jordan, 182, 184-5 in Malaysia, 7, 12, 15,80-1 in Mexico, 223 in Philippines, 47, 58 in Tunisia, 201, 209, 291
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Mexico),237
Party of the Mexican Revolution, 223
PBS see Parti Bersatu Sabah (Malaysia)
PCHR see Presidential Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)
PDI see Indonesian Democratic Party
"People Power" revolt 1986 (Philippines), 60
People's Bank (Nigeria), 144 People's Democratic Alliance
(Indonesia), 40 People's Democratic Party (Nigeria),
129 People's Organizations (PhiJippines),
49,52 People's Revolutionary Army
(Mexico), 235 Perak Anti-Radioactivity Committee
(Malaysia), 75, 77 Peronist Labor Movement
(Argentina), 242-59 Peronist Party (Argentina), 241,
246-7,250-2,254-5,258 Persatuan Rakyat Demokratie see
People's Democratic Alliance (Indonesia)
Petisi 50 see Group of 50 (Indonesia) petrus, 31 PhiJippines,
agrarian-based elite, 47, 58, 61 Communist-based insurgency, 47,
54,60 counter-insurgency, 48, 51-6, 60 counter-summit, 44 "crony capitalism", 45-6 dictatorship, 45, 47, 49-51, 60-1 economic crisis, 46, 54 economic growth, 7,46-7,59 economic reform, 6, 13, 14,44-7,
57,59,60-1 economy, 45-7, 54 Mindanao's Muslims, 49, 50, 52 patronage, 47, 58 political reform, 6, 44-8 structural adjustment, 45, 54,
287 Philippine Alliance of Human
Rights Advocates, 50, 52-3, 58, 60
PHRC see Presidential Human Rights Commission (Philippines)
PHRC see Presidential Human Rights Committee (Philippines)
Pilot Project for the Development of Cooperation between Banks and Community Self-Support Groups (Indonesia),32
PKI see Indonesian Communist Party
"Plan Austral" see "Plan for Economic Reform," Argentina
"Plan for Economic Reform" (Argentina), 249
Plan Primavera (Argentina), 252 PLLP see Protestant Lawyers League of
the Philippines PNR see National Revolutionary Party
(Mexico) Political Bureau (Nigeria), 136 politicalliberalization, 1-20,
286-302 Egypt, 9, 157, 159,291 Indonesia, 27 Jordan, 9, 180-2, 186-7, 189, 191,
197-8 Kenya, 7, 91-6, 103 Malaysia, 7, 12, 66, 85 Mexico, 15,219-21,235,238 Nigeria, 136-7 Philippines, 44-5, 60-2 Tunisia, 203, 212 Uganda, 8,109,113-17,125-6
PDP see People's Democratic Party POs see People's Organizations Police Act (Malaysia), 77 Portillo, Lopez, 220 PPBI see Center for Indonesian
Workers' Struggle PRD see People's Democratic Alliance
(Indonesia) PRD see Party of the Democratic
Revolution Presidential Commission on Human
Rights (Philippines), 53 Presidential Committee on Political
Detainees (Philippines), 51 Presidential Human Rights
Commission (Philippines), 51
Index 315
Presidential Human Rights Committee (Philippines), 53
Prime Minister's Office (Jordan), 190, 192, 193, 194
PRI see Partido Revo/utionario Instituciollal/lnstitutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico)
pribllmi,29 Private Sector Executive Committee
(Jordan), 193-4 PRM see Party of the Mexican
Revolution Promotion of Investments Act
(Malaysia), 72 PRONASOL see National Solidarity
(Mexico) Prosperous Indonesia Workers Union,
37-41 Protestant Lawyers League of the
Philippines, 49, 52 PSEC see Private Sector Executive
Committee (Jordan) Public Sector Reform Law (Argentina),
253 Publications and Printing Presses Act
(Malaysia), 77-8 Pusat Perjuangan Buruh Indonesia see
Center for Indonesian Workers' Struggle
Radical Party (Argentina), 248-52 Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 76 Ramos, Fidel, 45-6, 53-9, 60 Ransome-Kuti, Beko, 141-2 Ransome-Kuti, Olikoyo, 143 Razaleigh, Tengku, 79-80 RBC see Regional Business Center
(Jordan) RCD see Democratic Constitutional
Rally (Tunisia) Regional Business Center (Jordan),
196 Regional Industrial Centers
(Philippines), S7 Republic Act 1700 of the Philippines,
54 rentierism, 104-5, 106, 160 rents see rentierism
316 Index
Rewane, Alfred, 148 RICs see Regional Industrial Centers
(Philippines) Rifai, Zayd al-, 186 Rubia, Charles, 100 Rukunegara, 68
Sadat, Anwar, 158-9, 161 SAFINA, 95, 105 SALAG see Structural Alternative Legal
Assistance for Grassroots (Philippines)
Salinas, Carlos, 220, 226-7, 234, 237
Samahanngmga Ex-Detainees Laban sa Detensiyon at para sa Amnestiya (the Association of Ex-Detainees against Detention and for Amnesty) (Philippines), 52
Sandanista Front for National Liberation (Nicaragua), 263-8, 269,270,280
SAPRIN see Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Network (Uganda)
Sari, Dita, 40 Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 148 SBSI see Prosperous Indonesia
Workers' Union SDP see Social Democratic Party
(Nigeria) SECOFI see Ministry of Commerce
and Industrial Promotion (Mexico)
Second-Tier Foreign Exchange Market (Nigeria), 133
Selangor Graduates Society (Malaysia), 74
Self-Convocated Women's Network (Nicaragua),275
"Semangat 46", 79 Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia see
Prosperous Indonesia Workers Union
Setiakawan, 36-7 SFEM see Second-Tier Foreign
Exchange Market (Nigeria)
SGS see Selangor Graduates Society (Malaysia)
Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, 132 Shonekan, Earnest, 130 "sick man of Asia", 46 Sijuade,Okunade, 139 SOBSI (Indonesia), 34 Social Democratic Party (Nigeria),
129, 136-7 Socialist Destour (Tunisia), 203 Social Fund for Development (Egypt),
169 Socialist Labor Party (Egypt), 163 Societies Act (Malaysia), 74-5, 78 Soeharto, 25-6, 28-31, 34, 41-2 Solarin, Tai, 144 Soyinka, Wole, 144 SPSI see All-Indonesia Workers Union
(Indonesia) structural adjustment, 1-20,286-302
in Argentina, 241-2, 253-6, 258
in Egypt, 12, 13, 160-2,287-8, 301
in Indonesia, 25-6, 37 in Kenya, 100, 104-5 in Mexico, 225 in Nicaragua, 11,269-70, 280 in Nigeria, 13, 130, 132-3, 135-6,
139,143,287 in Philippines, 45-6, 54, 287 in Tunisia, 14,205-6,298 in Uganda, 8, 12, 113-18,287
Structural Alternative Legal Assistance for Grassroots (Philippines), 49, 57-9
Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Network (Uganda), 117
Sukarno, 27-8, 40 Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 40-1 Sultan of Sokoto, 138-9, 148
Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, 48-52, 54, 56-8, 60
Tebourba, 201-2,205-12 Telecommunications Corporation
Gordan), 190-1
Tempo (Nigeria), 145-6 Ten-Point Program (Uganda), 113 "tent city", 44 TFDP see Task Force Detainees of the
Philippines Thurlow, Juan Gallardo, 228 Tofa, Bashir, 131 Tunisia,
associationallife, 201, 202-3, 289, 291
economic Iiberalization, 10, 12, 17, 201-2,204-5,212-13,289, 291
Islamic values, 12, 201, 204, 207-9
large landowners, 10,201,205, 208,210-12, 198
moral economy, 201, 208-9 patron-dient ties, 207, 209-10 patronage, 201, 209, 291 peasant farmers, 10,201,205-12,
299 primordial identification, 14, 17,
201,203,209,212,291 Ramadan, 207-9 structural adjustment, 14,206,
298 umdas, 204, 208-9 zakat, 207, 209
Ubani, Chris, 141 Uganda,
Asians, 112, 116 authoritarian rule, 111-16,
118-23 Constitution, 114, 118 democratization, 8, 109, 113-16,
125-6 economic Iiberalization, 8, 109-10,
113,115-18,125-6,293 economic war, 112 elections, 114, 121,295,299 NGOs, 8, 109, 113, 123, 124-5, 126,
287,293,295 political Iiberalization, 8, 109,
113-17, 125-6 poverty, 117 strikes, 118,289
Illdex 317
structural adjustment programs, 8, 12, 113-18,287
Uganda Human Rights Activists, 114, 123-4
Uganda National Liberation Army, 112
Ugandan Human Rights Commission, 115
Uganda Im porters and Exporters Association, 118
Ugandan]ournalists Association, 121, 124
Uganda Patriotic Movement, 113 Uganda People's Congress, 113, 115,
119 UGIETA see Uganda Importers and
Exporters Association UHRA see Uganda Human Rights
Activists UMNO see United Malays National
Organization UMNO Baru see New Umno United Church of Christ in the
Philippines, 49 United Malays National Organization,
67, 70, 73, 77, 79-80, 85 United Nations' Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 55, 57, 61
UNLA see Uganda National Liberation Army
UNO see National United Opposition (Nicaragua),268
UPC see Uganda People's Congress UPM see Uganda Patriotic
Movement
Wahid, Ahdurrachman, 37 W ALHI see Indonesian
Environmental Forum Wamalwa, Kijana, 95 West Nile Bank Front (Uganda), 117 WNBF see West Nile Bank Front
(Uganda) Women Against Violence Network
(Nicaragua), 275 Women's Health Network
(Nicaragua), 275-80
318 lllllex
Women's Secretariat of the Confederation of the Nicaraguan Professionals, Heros and Martyrs, 267
World Bank, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 45, 92, 101, 105, 109, 116-17, 118, 130, 133, 157, 160, 198, 205,213,225,286,287,288, 300
World Council of Churches (Kenya), 100
Yakoma, 41 Yaradua, Shehu, 148 Yoruba, 131, 139, 150
Zakat, 169, 207, 209 Zapatista Army of National
Liberalization (Mexico), 235 Zarqa Chamber of Commerce
(Jordan), 189 Zedillo, Ernesto, 220-1, 231-3, 234,
238