INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN
AMERICA
REVOLUTIONS IN AMERICA
PlantationCreolesMestizosJoseph BonaparteCabildos
REVOLUTIONS IN AMERICA The United States Revolution paved the way for
many other revolutions Why did the revolutions happen?
Life in the 1700s Rigid social classes
Highest social class born in Europe Enjoyed social privileges and controlled most of the wealth Plantation owners
Plantation is a large farm Creoles born in the America
Parents born in Spain Rich and well educated, not trusted Jealous of the spaniards
Mestizos Part Indian Part Spanish
Crafts People and shop ownersFew were rich
THE LOWER CLASSES Indians
Made up the majority of the population Had little to do with society Personal servants and laborers Poor and had few Rights
Africans—slaves Property of their owners
The three lower classes made up the majority of the people living in Spanish AmericaPoorFew rightsLittle chance at an education
Class systems varied from colony to colony but the general situation was the same.
2%
18%
30%
45%
5%
Class System in Spanish America
Spaniards Creoles Mestizos Indians Slaves
WHAT EVENTS INSPIRED SPANISH AMERICA? Enlightenment
Locke and Voltaire American Revolution
Colonies win French Revolution
All of these events led the people in Spanish America to demand their own rights
FRENCH HELP 1799 a revolutionary leader came into power
Napoleon Bonaparte 1808 Invades Spain
Joseph Bonaparte is placed on the throne of Spain
This event allowed the Spanish colonies to declare independence with out being disloyal to the king Revolutions broke out in 1810 with local governments
Cabildos—small governments or city councils The time was right to declare independence from Spain
Caracas- Venezuela Buenos Aires-Capital of La Plata
Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay Bogata-New Grenada Quito-Ecuador Santiago-Chile
All of these revolutions began with Cabildos Mexico is the only exception
Started by a Creole Priest
BAUKMAN AND HAITI Hispaniola Mulattos Voodoo Maroons Baukman Machetes Night of Fire
HAITI PRIOR TO 1791 French Colony called St. Domingue
Western third of Hispaniola Richest colony in the Caribbean Taken over in the late 1600’s by the french 18th Century African Slaves were brought to
the colonies Sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo.
Indigo is a deep blue dye used in cotton
The French landowners became very wealthy Need for more land and slaves
700,000 slaves 35,000 French 40,000 mulattos
French fathers, slave mothers
THE BEGINNING OF REVOLUTION French to Slave Ratio
20-1 Why didn’t the slaves rebel?
The French controlled all the gunsThe slaves didn’t stand a chance
August 1791Maroons were hiding in the mountains practicing
Voodoo Maroons-escaped slaves
Drums beating celebrating a voodoo rite A revolution was being planned
A priest named Boukman led the ceremony Leaders of the slaves from across Plain du Nord
BAUKMAN A foreman who ran field crews, worked his way up
to a coachman Boukman was a huge man that commanded
respect He inspired his followers by telling them that if they
die during the rebellion they would wake up in Africa
One week later August 22 50,000 Slaves rose up armed with scythes and machetes
Machetes-a large heavy knife used to cut sugarcane and brush Killed and tortured plantation owners and their families Set fires to everything
The night became as bright as dayAll plantations in Plain du Nord were destroyedCalled the Night of Fire
THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES Boukman’s uprising surprised the French The French soldiers fought back even harder
Thousands of slaves were killed The rest were chased into hiding
St Domingue is divided into two parts Mountains-slaves Coastal towns- French soldiers and planters and
officials The uprising spread to the western part of the
island and was largely controlled Boukman was killed in “battle” (beheaded)
Head publicly displayed Boukman was replaced by Biassou and Jean
François
TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE IN HAITIToussaint L’OuvertureGuerilla ArmyNapoleon BonaparteGeneral LeclercDessalinesYellow Fever
TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE François Dominique Toussaint
Added l’Ouverture to the end of his last name Born 1743 on a plantation in Northern St.
Domingue His father was an African chief captured
Legend Taught him that knowledge is power
Step-Father taught him how to get power Taught him how to read and write in French and Latin How to use herbs and plants for healing
Did not participate in the Night of Fire When the rebellion reached his plantation
Family first Family of the plantation manager
Joined the revolution
EARLY IN THE REVOLUTION Toussaint was a doctor
Then began giving military advise and medical care Toussaint urged leaders to teach the troops discipline
Stop destroying everything Use the things to help themselves
Toussaint is made a commanderTaught the soldiers disciplineTrained them like professional soldiers
TOUSSAINT LEADS THE REVOLUTION Biassou and Jean François were poor leaders
They were disloyal to the cause of freedom 1791 French looked to be putting down the revolt
Biassou and Jean François agreed to turn over the former slaves in exchange for their own freedom
Toussaint organized the slaves into a guerilla armyGuerilla army- a group of soldiers that are not
well trained They attacked the French when they least expected it Attack- and retreat into the mountains
Very fast and in unexpected directionsThe French could never relax
TOUSSAINT Memorable
figure as he rodeRode without a
saddleDressed in a
French uniformHandkerchief on
his headOdd shape under
his coat Hunchback
VICTORIES (TRIUMPHS) Won several victories over the French
Promised the townspeople that he would treat them well if they surrendered
The French refused to free the slaves Spain and Great Britain were at war with the
FrenchToussaint joined the Spanish forces in Santo
DomingoNamed a general an won battles for the Spanish
Still felt some loyalty to France
1794 France passed a law freeing all slavesToussaint joined the French and drove the
Spanish from the island 1795 most important man in St. Domingue
THE MOST IMPORTANT MAN Concerned about the economy of the island
Most of the plantations were destroyedAsked the former slaves to come back to work
and share in the profits Toussaint began to create a separate
governmentConstitution was written
Declared slavery ended foreverNegotiated treaties with Great Britain and the
United States Traded sugar for arms
1801 Ruler of Hispaniola
NAPOLEON Napoleon needed the wealth of St. Domingue to
fund his wars Economy could only be brought back through slavery
The invasion of St. Domingue Led by his brother-in-law General Victor Leclerc
43000 soldiers—largest invasion force in France history
Spies reported Napoleon’s plans to Toussaint “I have known they would come and that the reason
behind it would be that one and only goal: reinstatement of slavery. However, we will never again submit to that.”
Preparations for war Imported weapons from the US, reinforced forts Dug pits and trenches in the forest Drafted all men over 12
THE INVASION OF ST. DOMINGUE “The people are besides themselves with
fury. They never withdraw or give up. They sing as they are facing death and they still encourage each other while they are dying. They seem to not know pain…
…send reinforcements” Leclerc knew that he didn’t stand a chance
“Meeting” with one of his officers Toussaint and his family are captured and sent back to
France “In overthrowing me you have cut down in St.
Domingue only the trunk of the tree liberty. It will spring up again from the roots, for they are many and they are deep.”
Toussaint and his family are separated Sent to Switzerland
FRANCE LOSES ST. DOMINGUE The French were having new problem
The guerilla war continued Thousands of black people were killed The more that were killed the greater the resistance
Jacques DessalinesNo loyalty to FranceWanted to end slaveryMake St. Domingue independent
Burning of plantations continuedFrench had superior weaponsOnly a matter of time
YELLOW FEVER Deadly disease spread by mosquitoes
Thousands of French Soldiers died Unable to conquer the epidemic 8000 soldiers lived to sail back home Why didn’t the Slaves get Yellow fever?
January 1, 1804 St. Domingue declared independent
New name Haiti Indian name before Europeans settled there. Haiti is Rebuilt
Dessalines becomes dictator October 1806 he is murdered
Haiti has been ruled by dictators since and is now one of the poorest countries of the world
MEXICO’S FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE Hacienda Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla
Grito De Dolores José María Morelos Agustín de Iturbide
MEXICO’S FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE The Revolution for Independence began with a group of men
called the Literary and Social Club of Querétaro Not really a social club, they were plotting the revolution against
Spain The Indians were unhappy
Not enough land Forced to work on haciendas or farms
Little or no pay Owed money to the landowners Couldn’t leave until their debts were paid
The Mestizos were unhappy Poor and didn’t have good jobs Looked down upon Hoped that independence would bring more respect and power
The Creoles were unhappy Shut off from the power
Professionals and landowners (owned the haciendas) No Spaniards the creoles could control the government
PADRE MIGUEL HIDALGO Y CASTILLA The leading member of the Literary and Social Club of
Querétaro Priest in the village of Dolores Creole who lived on a hacienda until he was 12 Sent to school at 12 and studied for 12 years Became a priest and a teacher Eventually became the head of the Catholic college at
Valladolid He was a success, Paid well, well respected, did important
work He had become a trouble maker
Spent his time teaching about how to improve the government
Put the college in debt Forced to quit his job and became a priest in a very
small village
A GOOD PRIEST Spent 10 years in a small village before
moving on to a larger church in Delores There he helped the Otomí Indians plant
grape vines and mulberry treesWine and silk worms Illegal
He went to Querétaro to meet with his friends Juan Aldema,
Military officer opposed to Spanish rule Ignacio Allende
Captain and commander in a local army postTalked about the problems of the country
REVOLUTIONARY TIMES 1810 Mexico had been under Spanish control
for 300 years Spanish king is dethroned
Joseph BonaparteThe revolutionaries were now fighting against
France The members of the LSCQ began to plot the
revolutionWanted to improve people’s livesWanted more power for themselves
They were Creoles
The LSCQ had been plotting for a year and decided that October 2 was the date for the uprising to begin
SEPTEMBER 15TH The revolution begins Their plot had been discovered
What should be done? Hidalgo “In action everything is accomplished, we must
not lose time; you will see the oppressor’s yoke broken and beaten to the ground”
Hidalgo rang the church bell and the people gathered in front of the church Hidalgo told them now was the time to throw out the
Spaniards No more haciendas “Independence and Death to the Spaniards! Long live the
Virgin of Guadalupe” Called the Grito de Dolores
News spread quickly within a week 25000 people had joined the rebellion
PADRE MIGUEL HIDALGO Y CASTILLA 57 years old when
the revolution began
No military experience
Medium height, dark complexion, rounded shoulders
Green eyes Slow movements Head drooped over
his chest Nearly bald
THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION The army quickly captured several towns
Guanajauto Hundreds versus thousands 500-2000 The town was defenseless and the army looted
Hidalgo ordered them to stop but they ignored
Lack of discipline was a problem Hidalgo felt that soldiers should be allowed to loot as a reward
for helping the rebellion They continued to win battles
More people joined October—on to Mexico City
Few people along the way joined Hidalgo changes his mind
On to Guadalajara Time to plant crops The army dwindled
Down to 7000 soldiers
GUADALAJARA Hidalgo was greeted like a hero Time used to train the army, make cannons
and weapons Spain was also preparing The battle lasted 6 hours
A lucky shot The survivors fled to Saltillo
Led into an ambush and capturedLeaders were tried and sentenced to deathHidalgo is fired on July 31, 1811
Hidalgo failed to win the revolutionHe is still the main hero of Mexico’s struggle for
independence
JOSÉ MARÍA MORELOS After Hidalgo the army broke up but the revolution
continued Guerilla attacks
Lots of leaders
José María Morelos Friend of Hidalgo Didn’t think they could win by fighting the Spaniards in open
battle Guerilla tactics
Continued the guerilla war for 5 years Well disciplined and well equipped
He had a specific plan for the revolution Governments should treat everyone as equals Only people born in Mexico should be allowed to hold political office Take land away for hacienda owners
Captured on Nov 15 1815 Shot
THE LONG ROAD TO VICTORY The country had been at war for 5 years
Crops failed Landowners driven from land or run away Indians were fighting Bandits Poor business
The Spanish could not defeat the rebels, The rebels could not beat the Spanish
1821 Agustín de Iturbide joins the rebels Spanish army officer accused of misusing funds Brought his army unit into the war on the side of the
rebels The tide turned in favor of the rebels September 27, 1821 Mexico becomes a free and
independent nation
SIMON BOLIVAR THE LIBERATOR Simon Bolivar Liberator Conspirator Royalist
QUIZ 51. Who was the 1st person
that tried to gain independence for South America
2. Who was the most successful liberator in South America
3. A person who works to free others is called a ______
4. A person who meets in secret to organize a rebellion is called a _____
5. What is your lucky number?
1. Miranda
2. Simon Bolivar
3. Liberator
4. Conspirator
REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH
ViceroySantiago de LiniersLa PlataJose de San Martin
TROUBLE IN BUENOS AIRES One morning in 1806
10 large British warships anchored in the bay The people waited to see what the viceroy
would doViceroy- a rule of a colony or territory
Packed up his bags and fled
British defeated the Spanish army easilyStole all of the money from the treasury and sent
it back to Great Britain The people organized a militia to resist the
invasionLed by Santiago de Liniers
Commander of the Spanish fleet that was away during the invasion
THE MILITIA Made up mostly of Creoles
8000 + 1000 Spanish from Montevideo Drove off the British and their fleet The Cabildo refused to let the old viceroy back
Santiago de Liniers was elected as the new Viceroy Revolutionary Act
Great Britain sends a larger fleet 12000 men were defeated Everyone helped in the defeat
Why do we need the Spanish Government? Santiago de Liniers is appointed as the temporary
viceroy Allowed British ships to come in and trade Replacement came and began to enforce the old trade
rules People began to make less money
INDEPENDENCE IN LA PLATA Joseph Bonaparte The people of Buenos Aires were unhappy Mariano Moreno becomes the leader of the
cabildoConvinces the city council to exile the viceroyWanted La Plata to be independent
Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and BoliviaThe people knew they could run their own affairsDied in 1811
People in La Plata refused to accept the rule of Buenos AiresUpper Peru was still under Spanish rule
JOSE DE SAN MARTIN RETURNS Born in La Plata—returned to Spain at 6 Officer in the Spanish Navy that fought in
many wars 1811 Retired and met with Miranda in London 1812 returned to La Plata The leaders in Buenos Aires wanted to go
through Upper Peru to get to LimaMartin said that it would be easier to liberate
Chile First and then attack Lima by sea.
INDEPENDENCE COME TO CHILE San Martin was a tricky man
Pretended to be sick as an excuse to be governor in the province of Cuyo On the border of Chile Spent two getting troops ready
Sent spies to Chile to find out where the Spanish camps were, how many soldiers, to spread rumors, and try to gain support
Invited the Pehuenche Indians to a meeting Gave them gifts and asked for permission to cross their
territory into ChileHe would cross the Andes over the highest pass
and attack from the east
ATTACK January 18 1817
4000 soldiers, 1000 men, 10600 Mules, 1600 horses, 700 cattle One of the greatest military accomplishments in history
Crossed the Andes in the shadow of Mt. Aconcagua 4300 mules, 511 horses Had enough supplies to press the attack
The Spanish leaders knew that the attack was coming The didn’t know where though Divided their armies to cover different routes Surprise! Chacabuco
600 men and supplies captured Easy road to Santiago Chile Declares independence on February 12, 1818
FAILURE IN PERU Peru was where Spain had its strongest forces
4000 vs 23000 San Martin Hoped the Peruvians would rise up and
revolt Peru declares independence July 28, 1821
Bolivar and San Martin Get together San Martin returns to Lima disappointed Resigns and returns to Chile Bolivar completes Peru’s independence
Returned home to find his wife dead Took his young daughter back to Europe Dies in 1850
He and Bolivar both hoped to unite all of Spain’s South American provinces; neither realized achieved dream
QUIZ 61. Who was the
Viceroy that was elected by the people?
2. Who liberated La Plata and Chile?
3. What 4 countries are in La Plata?
4. What mountain range did #2 Cross?
1. Santiago de Leniers
2. San Martin
3. Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia
4. The Andes or Aconcagua
BRAZIL FINDS ANOTHER WAY
JoãoExportsImportsPedro
BRAZIL FINDS ANOTHER WAY Napoleon had begun to conquer Europe.
Marching through Spain tells Portugal to break ties with Great Britain Told to close their ports to British ships Take all property from British citizens Arrest all British citizens
João didn’t like taking orders from NapoleonJoão was the king of PortugalClosed the ports but did nothing more
Napoleon invades PortugalWhen he reaches Lisbon, João boards a British
ship and goes to South America
THE JOURNEY 36 ships All of the royal treasures
Jewels, papers, books, paintings and statues 10,000 people
Members of the court Terrible voyage
Ships filled with fleas, rats, and lice Quarters were cramped and smelly
Some of the ships carried 3 times their capacity
Sailing took 2 months Storm
Some of the ships are separated Kings first stop was Salvador da Bahai The people were surprised
IN BAHAI No paved streets No hotels or places fit for a king
The king had to stay in the homes of citizensCarlota Lost her hair
Visit by the governor of BahaiAsked him to open Brazil’s ports to international
trade João could see that restricting trade was bad for
the economy He immediately opened the ports
Exports increased by 15% Exports—goods that leave a country
Imports increased by 50% Imports—goods that come into a country
RIO BECOMES AN IMPERIAL CITY João travels on to Rio de Janeiro.
Made the capital of the Portuguese Empire All Portuguese colonies were ruled from Rio All taxes came to Rio
People came to Rio to be near the court and to do business Population of Rio doubles in 10 years
João ordered that buildings be built to hold the treasures that he had brought with him Naval and military academy Medical school Fine arts Primary and Secondary schools Printing presses
João encouraged the people to develop industry and agriculture
OTHER CHANGES FOR BRAZIL Government offices were located in Rio
They became familiar with government structure They found that it was easier to get the
government to listen to them and hear what they needed
They were also under close observation Many people in João’s court thought that this
was a temporary situationThought they would return as soon as Europe as
soon as Napoleon was goneNapoleon withdraws in 1808
João loved Rio and had no intentions of leaving1815 Napoleon suffers defeat at _______
João continued to rule from Rio
BRAZIL BECOMES AN EMPIRE João could have stayed in Rio forever
Portugal was undergoing a revolution Wanted to write a new constitution and limit the power of the monarch Demanded the return of João
João takes his court and returns leaving Pedro to rule in his place
Meanwhile the Brazilians were well aware of the other revolutions taking place in Spanish America Some of the leaders wanted to make Brazil free
João knew this and told his son “If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself, and put the crown on your own head.”
Portugal’s Revolutionary leaders worried that Pedro might make Brazil independent and wanted him to return as well Pedro tore the Portuguese flag off of his uniform and declared
“Independence or Death!” Some Portuguese tried to defend Brazil for Portugal and they
were quickly defeated Brazil was independent in a nearly bloodless revolution.
QUIZ 71. Who was the king of
Portugal that traveled to Brazil
2. Who declared Brazil’s independence
3. Goods made in a country and sent to other countries are called _____
4. Goods made in other countries and are brought into a country are called _______
5. How many people died in Brazil’s revolution? (tell me what you think)
1. João
2. Pedro
3. Exports
4. Imports
5. Very few it was a nearly bloodless revolution
MEXICO AFTER INDEPENDENCE Caudillo Antonio López de Santa Anna Benito Juárez Cinco de Mayo Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata
MEXICO AFTER INDEPENDENCE Independence didn’t solve all of the problems
facing the people in Latin America It was also easier to achieve than stabilityThe countries had trouble establishing stable,
trustworthy governments to replace the Spanish governments
Many of the countries had strongmen in power called caudillosCaudillo-a military dictator in Latin American countriesThey would fight among themselves until a clear victor
emerged Each Caudillo would rule until another caudillo replaced him.
Class issues also persistedThe Creoles refused to treat the Mestizos and Indians
as equals
MEXICO’S VIOLENT HISTORY Iturbide
Became the emperor of Mexico and spent all of Mexico’s money
Overthrown Told if he ever returned he would be shot 1824 he returns
The Creoles take over the governmentThe Spanish were gone but the class system still
existedThe Indians and Mestizos felt like the revolution
was only half complete They wanted equality
GENERAL SANTA ANNA The Creoles were vulnerable to attacks by Caudillos One of the most famous was General Santa Anna
President and ruler of Mexico 11 different times in 30 years.
Santa Anna was a proud man Statues of himself “your most serene highness.” Dishonest and unprincipled
American settlers in Texas demanded independence in 1836 Remember the Alamo
At war with the United States Mexican-Indian War 1846-2848
Lost California, New Mexico and Arizona Weakens Santa Anna and he is overthrown for the last time
BENITO JUÁREZ Indian Lawyer from southeast Mexico
Very honest, and had sympathy for the poorStrong belief in democracy and freedom of
speech Helped to create Mexico’s constitution of
1857 Became President
Began to work toward reformForced to leave, returns laterMexico is in serious financial difficultiesMexico stopped paying their debts in 1862 to
France, Great Britain, and Spain France and Britain left Napolean III ordered his troops to conquer Mexico
CINCO DE MAYO French Troops marched onto Mexico City.
May 5 1862 a small Mexican force won a glorious victory over the much larger French Army near the city of Puebla
One of Mexico’s festive holidays France still occupied Mexico City
Juarez fled to the north Napoleon III left Maximilian as the emperor of
Mexico for three yearsPulled the troops outMaximilian is captured, convicted of treason and
executedConstitutional government is restored
Juárez is restored as president
Juárez worked hard to rebuild the countryBuilt schools and roadsDid what he could for the poor
Juárez is remembered as a great lawmaker and patriot and as the man who saved Mexico’s independence
Porfirio Diaz 1876-1911Modernized MexicoForeigners and wealthy Mexicans benefited from it. Indians sank back into poverty
In the 1910s more revolutions swept through MexicoRevolutionaries wanted to complete the revolutionPancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
PANCHO VILLA Violent and Brave Helped to topple Diaz from power
Lost faith in the new government Believed that it betrayed the cause of the poor
Became an outlaw and waged war on the new government
Villa’s success is attributed to his amazing knowledge of the land and his use of guerilla tactics He and his men would stage lightning raids and
disappear into the hills Staged a raid across the border and killed 16
Americans Woodrow Wilson sent out a search expedition Villa was able to disappear into the night
EMILIANO ZAPATA Guerilla leader from the South of Mexico Mestizo that joined the revolution against Diaz Gave land from the rich and gave it to the poor
indians Zapata was an amazing guerilla leader Fought for the revolution and then fought against it
when it didn’t do what it was suppose to do Supported by Pancho Villa Both of them agreed to fight together until their plan
was established They were successful because the fought for the
causes of the poor Land freedom and justice
Zapata was tricked into a meeting with enemies Ambushed and killed
TOWARD EQUALITY 1920 a new government established law and
order2 million Mexicans died in fighting
Deadliest revolution in the Americas
Convinced Pancho Villa to retireHis enemies shot him to death
Mexico settled down in the middle of the 20th century
Most Latin American Countries continue to experience the cycle of caudillos, revolution, civil war, and violence