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AIZN]QHIBQ LF N]KGDQIKQY]I
VI]BNKY@N] N]KGDQIKQY]I -]IZL]Q LB EI]N@N N]KGDQIKQY]I
[YMHDQQIA QL? N]. ENON@ N][GD
Z]IZN]IA MT ? MGNBY EGNBBN (=>::7/=E>:)
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..Cla—s lwb klubtry..
Eirn`n
virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n
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;
NKEBLS@IACIHIBQ
D gnvi klhp`itia tgds riplrt flr sihistir DW ,mnkgi`lr aicrii lf
nrkgdtikturi wdtg tgi gi`p lf hy fnku`ty, hy tinkgirs, hy ainrist
frdiba nba fnhd`y hihmirs, wdtglut tgidr gi`p tgds wlre wns `dei tl
sinrkg wntir db tgi aisirt. Fdrst nba flrihlst D lffir hy sdbkirist
crntdtuai tl hy sumoikt db-kgnrci nba cudai, Hs. Enon` Nrsgd, wgl
gnvi cudaia hi nba supplrtia hi tgrlucglut hy risinrkg lvir
EI]N@N N]GDQIKQY]I.
D wlu`a `dei tl ixtiba hy crntdtuai tl tgi GLA lf Nrkgdtikturi
Aipnrthibt Nr. Mgupdbair Zn` [dbcg Aglt flr gds sgnrdbc gds
dhhibsi eblw`iaci nba Nr. ]nbodt Enur Olgn` flr gir vn`unm`i
succistdlb, prikdlus tdhi flr tgi adskussdlb lvir tgi tlpdk. D wlu`a
`dei tl tgnbe tgi stuaibts lf BDQ Kn`dkut wgl gi`pia hi db tgi
siklbanry antn kl``iktdlb.
D wlu`a `dei tl ixpriss hy crntdtuai tl hy frdibas nba hntis. Fdbn``y
D lffir hy sdbkirist crntdtuai tl hy pnribts nba fnhd`y flr tgidr `lvi
nba tgidr supplrt wgdkg gi`pia hi tl krlss n`` tgi gura`is klhdbc
db hy sukkissfu` iaukntdlb `dfi.
Hs. Mgnbu Egnbbn
M.N]KG DW sih
=>::7/=e>:
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virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n
NM[Q]NKQ
EI]N@N ds lftib bnhia ns ‗CLA—[ LSB KLYBQ]T— tgds ds blt lb`y
miknusi lf dts trnadtdlbs mut dts gdstlry cilcrnpgy nba hishirdzdbc
skibdk minuty hneis dt tgi p`nki bixt tl ginvib. Eirn`n ricdlbn``yrifirria tl ns Eirn`nh, ds n stnti db tgi slutg-wist ricdlb lf Dbadn lb
tgi Hn`nmnr klnst sipnrntia my wistirb cgnts frlh tlp nba sdai.
Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi ds n edba lf nrkgdtikturn` sty`i tgnt ds hlst`y fluba
db Dbadnb stnti lf Eirn`n nba n`` tgi nrkgdtikturn` wlbairs lf eirn`n
stnbas lut tl mi u`tdhnti tistdhlbdn`s flr tgi nbkdibt vdsgwnenrhn
stgnpntgds lf eirn`n. Qgi nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n gns miib dbf`uibkia my
Arnvdadnb nba Dbadnb Viadk nrkgdtikturn` skdibki (Vnstu [gnstrn) lvir
twl hd``ibbduh. Qgi Qnbtrnsnhukgnyn, Qgnkgu-[gnstrn,Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden nba [d`pnrntbn nri dhplrtnbt nrkgdtikturn`
skdibkis, wgdkg gnvi gna n strlbc dhpnkt db Eirn`n Nrkgdtikturi sty`i.
Qgi Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden, n wlre aivltia tl alhistdk nrkgdtikturi
ds lbi sukg skdibki wgdkg gns dts strlbc rllts db Eirn`n.
Qgi nrkgdtikturn` sty`i gns ivl`via frlh Eirn`n—s piku`dnr k`dhnti nba
`lbc gdstlry lf dbf`uibkis lf dts hnolr hnrdtdhi trnadbc pnrtbirs `dei
Kgdbisi, Nrnms nba Iurlpinbs. Qgi kgnrnktirdstdk ricdlbn` ixprissdlb lf
Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi risu`ts frlh tgi cilcrnpgdkn`, k`dhntdk nba gdstlrdkfnktlrs. Cilcrnpgdkn``y Eirn`n ds n bnrrlw strdp lf `nba `ydbc db mitwiib
wistirb sinmlnra lf pibdbsu`nr Dbadn nba klbfdbia mitwiib tgi
tlwirdbc Sistirb Cgnts lb dts inst nba tgi vnst Nrnmdnb sin lb dts wist.
N ricdlbn` kgnrnktir db klbstruktdlb dbklrplrntdbc tgi Arnvdadnb krnft
sed``s, ubdqui flrhs lf Muaagdst mud`adbcs, aisdcb klbkipts lf viadk
tdhis nba knblbdkn` tgilrdis lf Mrnghnbdkn` Ncnhdk prnktdkis db `lkn``y
nvnd`nm`i hntirdn`s nba sudtia tl tgi k`dhntdk klbadtdlbs wns fdbn``y
ivl`via db Eirn`n. Qgi k`dhntdk fnktlrs tgus hnai dts sdcbdfdknbtklbtrdmutdlbs db aivi`lpdbc tgi nrkgdtikturi sty`i, tl klubtir wittist
k`dhntdk klbadtdlbs klup`ia wdtg ginvy guhdadty nba gnrsg trlpdkn`
suhhirs. Qgi nrkgdtikturn` sty`i lf Eirn`n tihp`is gns nb dbgiribt
sdhp`dkdty. Eirn`n tihp`is gnvi n adstdbkt sty`i lf tgidr lwb my tgi `nvdsg
usi lf wlla, stlbi nba hitn`s.
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virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n
9
K L B Q I B Q [
> DBQ]LAYKQDLB - EI]I@N
= [QNQDKN@ ANQN
=.> K@DHNQI
=.= CILC]NZGT
=.; KY@QY]I
=.1 ]I@DCDLB
=.9 AIHLC]NZGT
=.9.> ZLZY@NQDLB
; N]KGDQIKQY]I
;.> GD[QL]T
;.>.> Z]IGD[QL]DK VI[QDCI[
;.= QIHZ@I N]KGDQIKQY]I
KN[I [QYAT?
ZI]YVNBNH [GDV QIHZ@I
;.; ALHI[QDK N]KGDQIKQY]I
;.;.> QGIL]T
;.;.= KLBKIZQ
;.;.; KN[I [QYAT LF QTZDKN@
1 KLB[Q]YKQDLB HNQI]DN@[
9 KN[I [QYAT
ZNANHNMGY]NB ZN@NKI
6 KLBK@Y[DLB
….>- =
=.9.= IKLBLHDK[
3 MDM@DLC]NZGT
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….;- >1
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….17- 91
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6
DBQ]LAYKQDLB
Qgi ku`turn` girdtnci lf nby klubtry ds siib mist
ixplsia db dts nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts. Qgi wnys db
wgdkg tgi mud`adbcs nri aisdcbia, klbstruktia nba
aiklrntia spine blt lb`y tgi tikgbdkn` nba nrtdstdk
knpnmd`dtdis lf tgi krnftshib, mut n`sl lf tgi nspdrntdlbsnba vdsdlbs lf tgi pirkiptlrs, flr wglh tgi
klbstruktdlb ds lb`y n hiaduh flr tgihntdk ixprissdlb.
Frlh tgi sdbc`i awi``dbcs tl tgi hncbdfdkibt iadfdkis,
nrkgdtikturi n`sl rif`ikts tgi guhnb ibainvlur
hiitdbc tgi ivir kgnbcdbc slkdn` biias. Eirn`n
nmlubas wdtg hnby sukg nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts-
prigdstlrdk hicn`dtgs, tlhms, knvis, tihp`is, hlsquis,
kgurkgis, tgintris, glusis, pn`nkis nba pum`dkmud`adbcs, mud`t nba riblvntia lvir kibturdis
riprisibtdbc n pnblrnhn lf nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt.
Blbi lf tgisi strukturis ds viry mdc5 tgi nistgitdk
nppin` lf tgisi mud`adbcs hndb`y nrdsi frlh tgi
sdhp`dkdty lf flrh nba fubktdlbn` pirfiktdlb.
Qgi kgnrnktirdstdk ricdlbn` ixprissdlb lf Eirn`n
nrkgdtikturi risu`ts frlh tgi cilcrnpgdkn`, k`dhntdk nbagdstlrdk fnktlrs. Cilcrnpgdkn``y Eirn`n ds n bnrrlw strdp
lf `nba `ydbc db mitwiib wistirb sinmlnra lf
pibdbsu`nr Dbadn nba klbfdbia mitwiib tgi tlwirdbc
Sistirb Cgnts nba tgi vnst Nrnmdnb sin. Fnvluria my
p`ibtdfu` rndbs nba mrdcgt subsgdbis, tgds `nba ds `usg
criib wdtg vicitntdlb nba rdkg db nbdhn` `dfi. Db tgi
ubivib tirrndb lf tgds ricdlb guhnb gnmdtntdlb ds
adstrdmutia tgdke`y db tgi firtd`i `lw-`nbas nba spnrsi`ytlwnras tgi glstd`i gdcg`nbas. K`ustiria glusis nri
rnri`y siib db vd``ncis. @nrci kdtdis nri n`sl nmsibt db
tgds `nbasknpi. Qgi nrkgdtikturi lf tgds ricdlb gns miib
lf n guhm`i skn`i, hircdbc wdtg bnturi. Qgi flrh lf tgi
mud`adbcs wdtg `lw wn``s, s`lpdbc rllf nba prloiktdbc
knvis wns hlst`y ivl`via frlh k`dhntdk klbsdairntdlbs -
flr prltiktdlb frlh ixkissdvi rndb nba dbtibsi sl`nr
rnadntdlb. Qgi sittdbc lf tgi mud`adbc db tgi lpibcnraib p`lt wns ncndb bikissdtntia my tgi riqudrihibt
lf wdba flr cdvdbc klhflrt db tgi guhda k`dhnti.
Fdc. >.>\ZL@DQDKN@ HNZ LF EI]I@N
Fdc. >.;\[QNQI [IN@ LF EI]I@N
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Eirn`n—s Fnhi
[tnti syhml`s lf Eirn`n
Nbdhn` Dbadnb i`ipgnbt
Mdra Crint Glrbmd``
Fdsg Zinr` [plt
F`lwir Cl`aib [glwir Qrii F`lwir
Qrii Klklbut trii
virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n
3
Fdc. >.;\QLY]D[Q AI[QDBNQDLB[/FNHLY[ QGDBC[ QL AL/[QNQI [THM@[ LF EI]I@N
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7
=.> K`dhnti lf Eirn`nNkklradbc tl Murinu lf Dbadnb [tnbanras, Dbadn gns miib advdaia dbtl fdvi adffiribt
ricdlbs wdtg adstdbkt k`dhntis db wgdkg Eirn`n klhis ubair tgi wnrh ‛ guhda ricdlb.
Qgi k`dhnti lf Eirn`n ds kgnrnktirdzia my ginvy rndbfn`` nba gdcg ri`ntdvi guhdadty, nba
ri`ntdvi`y hlairnti tihpirnturi. Db iffikt, Eirn`n gns lb`y twl prialhdbnbt sinslbs-rndby nba ary sinslbs. Qgi rndby sinslb `nsts flr nmlut gn`f lf tgi yinr, wgdkg gns
crint`y aitirhdbia tgi kgnrnktir lf mud`t flrh wdtg dts kgnrnktirdstdk s`lpdbc rllf.
[uhhir klhis ubair tgi ary sinslb wdtg glt nba guhda anys nba bdcgts nba dbtibsi
sl`nr rnadntdlb aurdbc tgi any tdhi.
Sdba spiia nba adriktdlb ds aitirhdbia my tgi sinslb nba tgi tihpirnturi adffiribkis
mitwiib `nba nba sin. Zrialhdbnbt wdba adriktdlb aurdbc hlbsllb pirdla, d.i., Oubi
tl [iptihmir ds wist tl [lutg wist nba tgi iffikt lf `nba mriizi ds blt alhdbnbt
aurdbc tgds pirdla. Aurdbc Lktlmir ‛ Blvihmir, wdba adriktdlb kgnbcis frlh [lutg -Sist tl Blrtg - Inst. Qglucg prialhdbnbt`y slutg wist, tgi wdba ds dbf`uibkia my tgi
prisibki lf ltgir tlplcrnpgdkn` finturis dbk`uadbc tgi prisibki lf `nrci wntir mladis.
Sdtg nrluba >=: ‛>1: rndby anys pir yinr, Eirn`n gns n wit nba hnrdtdhi trlpdkn`k`dhnti dbf`uibkia my tgi sinslbn` ginvy rndbs lf tgi slutgwist suhhir hlbsllb nba
blrtginst wdbtir hlbsllb. Nrluba 69% lf tgi rndbfn`` lkkurs frlh Oubi tl Nucust
klrrisplbadbc tl tgi slutgwist hlbsllb, nba tgi rist frlh [iptihmir tl Aikihmir
klrrisplbadbc tl blrtginst hlbsllb. [lutgwist hlbsllb5 Qgi hldsturi-`naib wdbas,
lb rinkgdbc tgi slutgirbhlst pldbt lf tgi Dbadnb Zibdbsu`n, miknusi lf dts tlplcrnpgy,
miklhi advdaia dbtl twl pnrts? tgi "Nrnmdnb [in Mrnbkg" nba tgi "Mny lf Mibcn`
Mrnbkg". Qgi "Nrnmdnb [in Mrnbkg" lf tgi [lutgwist Hlbsllb fdrst gdts tgi Sistirb
Cgnts db Eirn`n, tgus hnedbc tgi nrin tgi fdrst stnti db Dbadn tl rikidvi rndb frlh tgi[lutgwist Hlbsllb. Blrtginst hlbsllb? Qgi adstrdmutdlb lf prissuri pnttirbs ds
rivirsia aurdbc tgds sinslb nba tgi kl`a wdbas frlh Blrtg Dbadn pdke up hldsturi frlh
tgi Mny lf Mibcn` nba prikdpdtnti dt db tgi inst klnst lf pibdbsu`nr Dbadn. Db Eirn`n, tgi
dbf`uibki lf tgi blrtginst hlbsllb ds siib db slutgirb adstrdkts lb`y. Eirn`n's rndbfn``
nvirncis ;,>:3 hh (>== db) nbbun``y. [lhi lf Eirn`n's ardir `lw`nba ricdlbs nvirnci
lb`y >,=9: hh (14 db)5 tgi hlubtndbs lf instirb Daueed adstrdkt rikidvi hlri tgnb
9,::: hh (>43 db) lf lrlcrnpgdk prikdpdtntdlb? tgi gdcgist db tgi stnti. Db instirb
Eirn`n, n ardir trlpdkn` wit nba ary k`dhnti privnd`s. Aurdbc suhhir, tgi stnti ds prlbitl cn`i flrki wdbas, stlrh surcis, kyk`lbi-ri`ntia tlrribtdn` alwbplurs, lkknsdlbn`
arlucgts, nba rdsis db sin `ivi`. Qgi hinb and`y tihpirnturis rnbci frlh >4.7 ºK tl
;6.3 ºK. Hinb nbbun` tihpirnturis rnbci frlh =9.: ‛=3.9 ºK db tgi klnstn` `lw`nbas
tl =:.: ‛==.9 ºK db tgi instirb gdcg`nbas.
[QNQDKN@ ANQN
FDC? =.> ? NBBYN@ ]ND@FN@@ KGN]Q LF EI]I@N
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4
=.= Cilcrnpgy lf Eirn`n
Qgi stnti ds wiacia mitwiib tgi @nesgnawiip [in nba tgi Sistirb Cgnts. @ydbc
mitwiib blrtg `ntdtuais 7º>7' nba >=º17' nba inst `lbcdtuais 31º9=' nba
33º==', Eirn`n ixpirdibkis tgi guhda iquntlrdn` trlpdk k`dhnti. Qgi stnti gns n klnst
lf 94: eh (;3: hd) nba tgi wdatg lf tgi stnti vnrdis mitwiib >> nba >=> eh (== ‛39
hd`is). Cilcrnpgdkn``y, Eirn`n knb mi advdaia dbtl tgrii k`dhntdkn``y adstdbkt ricdlbs?
tgi instirb gdcg`nbas5 ruccia nba kll` hlubtndblus tirrndb, tgi kibtrn` hda-`nbas5
rl``dbc gd``s, nba tgi wistirb `lw`nbas5 klnstn` p`ndbs. Qgi stnti ds `lkntia nt tgi
ixtrihi slutgirb tdp lf tgi Dbadnb sumklbtdbibt nba `dis binr tgi kibtir lf
tgi Dbadnb tiktlbdk p`nti5 gibki, dt ds sumoikt tl klhpnrntdvi`y `lw sidshdk nba
vl`knbdk nktdvdty. Zri-Knhmrdnb nba Z`idstlkibi cil`lcdkn` flrhntdlbs klhplsi tgi
mu`e lf Eirn`n's tirrndb. N kntnstrlpgdk f`lla db Eirn`n db >;1> KI arnstdkn``y hladfdia
dts tirrndb nba klbsiquibt`y nffiktia dts gdstlry5 dt n`sl krintia n bnturn` gnrmlr flr
spdki trnbsplrt. Qgi instirb ricdlb lf Eirn`n klbsdsts lf gdcg hlubtndbs, clrcis nba
aiip-kut vn``iys dhhiadnti`y wist lf tgi Sistirb Cgnts' rndb sgnalw. Flrty-lbi lf
Eirn`n's wist-f`lwdbc rdvirs, nba tgrii lf dts inst-f`lwdbc lbis lrdcdbnti db tgds
ricdlb. Qgi Sistirb Cgnts flrh n wn`` lf hlubtndbs dbtirruptia lb`y binr Zn`neena5
gibki n`sl eblwb Zn`cgnt , wgiri tgi Zn`neena Cnp mrines tgrlucg tl prlvdai nkkiss
tl tgi rist lf Dbadn. Qgi Sistirb Cgnts rdsi lb nvirnci tl >,9:: h (14=: ft.) nmlvi
sin `ivi`, wgd`i tgi gdcgist pines rinkg nrluba =,9:: h (7=:: ft.). Nbnhuad, tgi
gdcgist pine db slutg Dbadn, ds nt nb i`ivntdlb lf =,649 hitirs (7,71= ft.). Qgi
i`ivntdlbs lf tgi instirb plrtdlbs lf tgi Bd`cdrd Gd``s nba Zn`bd Gd``s rnbci frlh =9:
nba >,::: h (7=: nba ;;:: ft.).
FDC? =.6 ? ZNBN]LHDK VDIS LF ZI]DTN] ]DVI]
FDC? =.= ? VDIS LF NBNHYAD GD@@[
FDC? =.; ? HYBBN]- GD@@ [QNQDLB LF EI]N@N
FDC? =.1 ? ZN]YVN]- MNKESNQI][ & MINKGI[FDC? =.9 ? ZNAAT FDI@A DB EI]N@N
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Gd`` nba Vn``iys- Qgi bnrrlw
pdiki lf `nba lb tgi instirb
mlrair, k`lsi tl tgi Sistirb
Cgnts, ibklhpnssis
prikdpdtlus gd``s, aiip vn``iys
nba clrcis wgdkg nri klviria
wdtg tgdke wllas. N`hlst n``tgi rdvirs lf tgi stnti
lrdcdbnti giri.
Hda`nba Z`ndbs- Qgisi p`ndbs
wgdkg `di n`lbc kibtrn` Eirn`n,
nri `lkntia db tgi wist lf tgi
gd``s nba hlubtndbs.
Klnstn` Mi`t-Qgi bnrrlw mi`t
lf klnstn` `nba n`lbc tgi
Nrnmdnb [in ds kgnrnktirdzia
my pnaay fdi`as, rlws lf
klklbut triis nba siribi,nba mnkewntirs dbtirbn``y
`dbeia my rdvirs nba db`nba
wntirwnys.
Mnkewntirs nba ]dvirs-Qgi
Mnkewntirs klbsdsts lf `neis
nba db`its lf lkinbs wgdkgstrncc`i lut db tgi `nba. Qgi
`nrcist mnkewntir ds tgi
Vihmnbna @nei wgdkg
stritkgis lut dbtl tgi Nrnmdnb
[in nt Klkgdb Zlrt. Qgiri nri
14 rdvir/`neis f`lwdbc db tgi
stnti lf Eirn`n nhlbc tgih
16 f`lws tl tgi wist nba tgiltgir ; f`lw tl tgi inst. Qgiy
ivl`vi frlh Sistirb Cgnts
nba rusg tlwnras tgi wist
dbtl tgi Nrnmdnb [in.
Qgi tlplcrnpgy nba tgi cilcrnpgdkn` ri`dif
finturis nri hnreia my adstdbkt kgnbcis
frlh inst tl wist nba klbsdsts lf-Qgi
Sistirb Cgnts- Qgi hdcgty Sistirb Cgnts,
n siquibki lf ]lkey Hlubtndbs, iacis tgi
instirb mlubanry lf Eirn`n nba nskibas
rlucg`y uptl >,9:: h nmlvi sin `ivi` wdtgtgi `lfty pines rdsdbc uptl =,9:: h.
Eirn`n's wistirb klnstn` mi`t ds ri`ntdvi`y f`nt
tl tgi instirb ricdlb, nba ds krdsskrlssia my
n bitwlre lf dbtirklbbiktia mrnkedsg knbn`s,
`neis, istunrdis, nba rdvirs eblwb ns
tgi Eirn`n Mnkewntirs.
FDC? =.3? QLZLC]NZGDKN@ KGN]Q LF EI]N@N
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>>
F D C ? = . 7\
Q L Z L C ] N Z G D K N @ K G N ] Q L F D B A D N
F D C ? = . 4\
D H N C I ] T
L F Q L Z L C ] N Z C G T
L F E I ] N @ N [
G L S D B C
M N K E S N Q I ] [ N B A A
I @ Q N [ F L ] H I A S D Q G Q G I Q ] L Z D K N @
F L ] I [ Q [
F d c . = . > :\
Z G T [ D K N @ H N
Z L F E I ] I @ N
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>=
=.; Ku`turi lf Eirn`n
Eirn`n lffirs n ku`turn` en`idalsklpi db dt `dtirnturi, `nbcunci, husdk, anbki, tgintri nba
rdtun`s5 tgi p`urn`dst mnsds lf Eirn`n ku`turi & nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n 1 ku`turi hlsndk ds
rif`iktia db dts nrt flrhs. Qgi ku`turi lf Eirn`n ds adstdbkt wdtg nb nahdxturi lf
dbbuhirnm`i fnkits lf vnrdlus ku`turis. Qgi trnadtdlb lf k`nssdkn` nrts wgdkg gns miib
ixdstia db Eirn`n flr hlri tgnb n tglusnba yinrs Nri?
• Hlgdbdynttnh (tgi anbki lf ibkgnbtriss)? Dt ds lbi lf tgi crnkifu``y i`icnbtk`nssdkn` anbki flrhs wdtg `nsyn ns tgi prialhdbnbt i`ihibt.
• Entgnen`d? Qgi spiktnku`nr anbki arnhn lf Eirn`n dbticrntis anbki,husdk, plitry,
nba gdstrdlbdks.
• Elladynttnh? [nbserdt arnhn pirflrhia db Eirn`n-tgi l`aist ixdstdbc k`nssdkn`
tgintri flrh db tgi ibtdri wlr`a, gnvdbc lrdcdbntia hukg miflri Entgnen`d nba hlst
ltgir tgintrdkn` flrhs.
• Fl`e nrts nri? Qgiyynh, tgdrn, Huadyittu, enauvnen`d , Vi`nen`d, eneenrdssbntnen
eneenrdssbntnenh, Kgnvdttubntnenh, Mgnarnen`dpnttu, pu``uvnbpnttu nbaQgdruvntgdrnen`d nri slhi lf Eirn`n—s fl`e nrt flrhs.
• Hnrtdn` Nrts? En`nrdpnynttu ds nb nbkdibt trnadtdlb lf hnrtdn` trndbdbc nba Adskdp`dbi.
• Qgu``n`? Qgds nrt ds kgnrnktirdzia my sdhp`dkdty lf prisibtntdlb, wdt & guhlur.
• Zllrnhs ? Qihp`i fistdvn`s usun``y klbtdbui flr n buhmir lf anys. N klhhlb
kgnrnktirdstdk lf tgisi fistdvn`s ds tgi gldstdbc lf n gl`y f`nc wgdkg ds tgib mrlucgt
alwb lb`y lb tgi fdbn` any lf tgi fistdvn`. [lhi fistdvn`s dbk`uai Zllrnhs, tgi hlst
fnhlus lf tgisi midbc tgi Qgrdssur Zllrnh.
• Lbnh ? Dt ds n gnrvist fistdvn` ki`imrntia my tgi pilp`i lf Eirn`n, Dbadn. Dt ds n`sl tgistnti fistdvn` lf Eirn`n. Lbnh Fistdvn` fn``s aurdbc tgi Hn`nyn`nh hlbtg lf Kgdbcnh
(Nuc - [ip) nba hnres tgi klhhihlrntdlb lf Vnhnbn nvntnrn lf Vdsgbu . Dt ds lbi
lf tgi fistdvn`s ki`imrntia wdtg hlst buhmir lf ku`turn` i`ihibts. [lhi lf tgih
nri Vn``nh En`d, Zu`deen`d, Zlleen`nh, Lbnttgnppnb, Qguhmd Qgu``n`, Lbnvd``u,
Enzgkgneeu`n, Lbnplttnb, Nttgnkgnhnynh itk.
FDC. =.>>\@IFQ YZ ? QG]D[[Y] ZLL]YH / @IFQ AB HLGDBDTNQQNH / KIBQ]I FLLA J LBNH / ]DCGQ ENQGNEN@@D
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>;
Db klhpnrdslb wdtg tgi rist lf Dbadn, Eirn`n ixpirdibkis ri`ntdvi`y
`dtt`i siktnrdnbdsh. Nkklradbc tl =::> Kibsus lf Dbadn fdcuris, 96.=% lf Eirn`n's
risdaibts nri Gdbaus, =1.3% nri Hus`dhs, >4% nri Kgrdstdnbs, nba tgi rihndbdbc :.>%
fl``lws ltgir ri`dcdlbs. Qgi hnolr Gdbau knstis
nri An`dt, Izgnvn, Qgdyyn, Nrnynb, Bnanrs, Bndr nba Bnhmuadrd. Qgi rist lf tgi Gdbau
knstis, dbk`uadbc tglsi db tgi `dst lf Ltgir Mnkewnra K`nss (LMK), nri hdblrdtyklhhubdtdis.
=.1 ]i`dcdlb lf Eirn`n
FDC. =.>=\[QNQDKN@ ANQN [GLSDBC ADFFI]IBQ ]I@DCDLB[ FL@@LSIA DB EI]N@N
FDC. =.>;\C]NZGDKN@ ]IZ]I[IBQNQDLB LF 1 HNOL] ]I@DCDLB[ LF EI]N@N NBA QGID] YBDQT
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>1
=.9 Aihlcrnpgdks
=.9.> Zlpu`ntdlb
Eirn`n ds glhi tl =.36% lf Dbadn's plpu`ntdlb5 nt 794
pirslbs pir eh=, dts `nba ds binr`y tgrii tdhis ns
aibsi`y sitt`ia ns tgi rist lf Dbadn, wgdkg ds nt n
plpu`ntdlb aibsdty lf ;3: pirslbs pir eh=.
Qrdvnbaruh ds tgi `nrcist nba hlst plpu`lus kdty db
Eirn`n. Db tgi stnti, tgi rnti lf plpu`ntdlb crlwtg ds
Dbadn's `lwist, nba tgi aiknan` crlwtg lf 1.4% db =:>>
ds `iss tgnb lbi tgdra lf tgi n``-Dbadn nvirnci lf
>3.61%. Eirn`n's plpu`ntdlb hlri tgnb alum`ia
mitwiib >49> nba >44> my naadbc >9.6 hd``dlb pilp`i
tl rinkg =4.> hd``dlb risdaibts db >44>5 tgi plpu`ntdlb
stlla nt ;;.; hd``dlb my =:>>.X Eirn`n's klnstn` ricdlbs
nri tgi hlst aibsi`y sitt`ia wdtg plpu`ntdlb aibsdty
lf klnstn` adstrdkts midbc =:== pirslbs pir eh=, =.9
tdhis tgi lvirn`` plpu`ntdlb aibsdty lf tgi stnti, 794
pirslbs pir eh=, `invdbc tgi instirb gd``s nba
hlubtndbs klhpnrntdvi`y spnrsi`y plpu`ntia. Nrluba
;>.7 hd``dlb Eirn`dtis nri
prialhdbnbt`y Hn`nyn`d. [tnti's ;=>,::: dbadciblus
trdmn` >.>:% lf tgi plpu`ntdlb, nri klbkibtrntia db tgi
inst. Hn`nyn`nh, lbi lf tgi k`nssdkn` `nbcuncis db
Dbadn, ds Eirn`n's lffdkdn` `nbcunci.
Enbbnan, Qu`u, Gdbad, Mibcn`d, Hng` nba vnrdlus trdmn`
`nbcuncis nri n`sl spleib. Ns lf inr`y =:>;, tgiri nri
k`lsi tl =.9 hd``dlb (3.9% lf stnti plpu`ntdlb) hdcrnbt
wlreirs frlh ltgir stntis lf Dbadn db Eirn`n.
FDC. =.>1\C]NZGDKN@ ]IZ]I[IBQNQDLB LF
ZLZY@NQDLB AIB[DQT DB EI]N@N
FDC. =.>9\@D[Q LF ZL@YQNDLB AIB[DQT NBA ]NBE
SD[I AD[Q]DMYQDLB LF HNOL] KDQDI[ LF EI]N@N
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>9
Sdtg 94: eh lf klnstn` mi`t, 1::,::: giktnris lf db`nba wntir rislurkis nba nmlut
==:,::: nktdvi fdsgirhib, Eirn`n ds lbi lf tgi `inadbc prlaukirs lf fdsg db
Dbadn. Nkklradbc tl =::; ‛:1 riplrts, nmlut >.> hd``dlb pilp`i inrb tgidr `dvi`dglla
frlh fdsgdbc nba n``dia nktdvdtdis sukg ns arydbc, prlkissdbc, pnkencdbc, ixplrtdbc
nba trnbsplrtdbc fdsgirdis. Qgi nbbun` ydi`a lf tgi siktlr wns istdhntia ns 6:7,:::
tlbs db =::; ‛:1. Qgds klbtrdmutis tl nmlut ;% lf tgi tltn` iklblhy lf tgi stnti. Db
=::6, nmlut ==% lf tgi tltn` Dbadnb hnrdbi fdsgiry ydi`a wns frlh tgi stnti. Aurdbc
tgi slutgwist hlbsllb, n suspibaia hua mnbe wlu`a mi aivi`lpia n`lbc tgi
sglri, wgdkg db turb `inas tl kn`h lkinb wntir nba gibki pine lutput frlh tgi
fdsgiry dbaustry. Qgds pgiblhiblb ds `lkn``y kn``ia kgnenrn. Qgi fdsg `nbadbcs
klbsdst lf n `nrci vnrdity? pi`ncdk spikdis5 94%, aihirsn` spikdis5
=;%, krustnkinbs nba hl``uses.
=.9.= Iklblhdks
Eirn`n prlaukis 43% lf tgi bntdlbn` lutput lf m`nke pippir nba nkklubts flr 79%
lf tgi nrin ubair bnturn` rummir db tgi klubtry. Klklbut, tin, klffii, knsgiw,
nba spdkis‑dbk`uadbc knranhlh, vnbd``n, kdbbnhlb, nba buthic‑klhprdsi n
krdtdkn` ncrdku`turn` siktlr. Qgi eiy ncrdku`turn` stnp`i ds rdki, wdtg vnrditdis crlwb db
ixtibsdvi pnaay fdi`as. Glhi cnraibs klhprdsi n sdcbdfdknbt plrtdlb lf tgi
ncrdku`turn` siktlr. ]i`ntia nbdhn` gusmnbary ds n`sl dhplrtnbt, nba ds tlutia my
prlplbibts ns n hinbs lf n``ivdntdbc rurn` plvirty nba ubihp`lyhibt nhlbc
wlhib, tgi hnrcdbn`dzia, nba tgi `nba`iss. Qgi stnti clvirbhibt prlhltis tgisinktdvdty vdn iaukntdlbn` knhpndcbs nba tgi aivi`lphibt lf biw kntt`i mriias sukg
ns tgi [ubnbadbd.
FD[GI]DI[
NC]DKY@QY]I
Zrdhi iklblhy lf Eirn`n klbsdsts lf tgrii hnolr dbaustrdis ?
>. Fdsgirdis
=. Ncrdku`turi
;. Dbflrhntdlb Qikgbl`lcy
Qgi tirtdnry slurki n`sl klbsdsts lf tlurdsh aipnrthibt , trnbsplrt, stlrnci,
klhhubdkntdlbs, mnbedbc nba dbsurnbki nba rin` istnti.
FDC. =.>6\OYQI GNBA@LLH DBAY[Q]T/HN]EIQ
Z@NKI DB ELKGD/ZN@H Q]II[ NBA ZNAAT FID@A
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>6
N]KGDQIKQY]I
Qgi ku`turn` girdtnci lf nby klubtry ds siib mist ixplsia db dts nrkgdtikturn`
hlbuhibts. Qgi wnys db wgdkg tgi mud`adbcs nri aisdcbia, klbstruktia nba
aiklrntia spine blt lb`y tgi tikgbdkn` nba nrtdstdk knpnmd`dtdis lf tgi krnftshib, mut
n`sl lf tgi nspdrntdlbs nba vdsdlbs lf tgi prikiptlrs, flr wglh tgi klbstruktdlb ds
lb`y n hiaduh flr tgihntdk ixprissdlb. Frlh tgi sdbc`i awi``dbcs tl tgi hncbdfdkibtiadfdkis, nrkgdtikturi n`sl rif`ikts tgi guhnb ibainvlr hiitdbc tgi ivir kgnbcdbc
slkdn` biias. Eirn`n nmlubas wdtg hnby sukg nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts-prigdstlrdk
hicn`dtgs, tlhms, knvis, tihp`is, hlsquis, kgurkgis, tgintris, glusis, pn`nkis nba
pum`dk mud`adbcs, mud`t nba riblvntia lvir kibturdis riprisibtdbc n pnblrnhn lf
nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt. Blbi lf tgisi strukturis ds viry mdc5 tgi nistgitdk nppin`
lf tgisi mud`adbcs hndb`y nrdsi frlh tgi sdhp`dkdty lf flrh nba fubktdlbn` pirfiktdlb.
Qgi kgnrnktirdstdk ricdlbn` ixprissdlb lf Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi risu`ts frlh tgicilcrnpgdkn`, k`dhntdk nba gdstlrdk fnktlrs. Cilcrnpgdkn``y Eirn`n ds n bnrrlw strdp lf
`nba `ydbc db mitwiib wistirb sinmlnra lf pibdbsu`nr Dbadn nba klbfdbia mitwiib
tgi tlwirdbc Sistirb Cgnts nba tgi vnst Nrnmdnb sin. Fnvlria my p`ibtdfu` rndbs nba
mrdcgt subsgdbi's, tgds `nba ds `usg criib wdtg vicitntdlb nba rdkg db nbdhn` `dfi. Db tgi
ubivib tirrndb lf tgds ricdlb guhnb gnmdtntdlb ds adstrdmutia tgdke`y db tgi firtd`i
`lw-`nbas nba spnrsi`y tlwnras tgi glstd`i gdcg`nbas. K`ustiria glusis nri rnri`y
siib db vd``ncis. @nrci kdtdis nri n`sl nmsibt db tgds `nbasknpi. Qgi nrkgdtikturi lf tgds
ricdlb gns miib lf n guhm`i skn`i, hircdbc wdtg bnturi. Qgi flrh lf tgi mud`adbcswdtg `lw wn``s, s`lpdbc rllf nba prloiktdbc knvis wns hlst`y ivl`via frlh k`dhntdk
klbsdairntdlbs - flr prltiktdlb frlh ixkissdvi rndb nba dbtibsi sl`nr rnadntdlb. Qgi
sittdbc lf tgi mud`adbc db tgi lpib cnraib p`lt wns ncndb bikissdtntia my tgi
riqudrihibt lf wdba flr cdvdbc klhflrt db tgi guhda k`dhnti.
Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi ds n edba lf nrkgdtikturn` sty`i tgnt ds hlst`y fluba
db Dbadnb stnti lf Eirn`n nba n`` tgi nrkgdtikturn` wlbairs lf eirn`n stnbas lut tl mi
u`tdhnti tisthlbdn`s flr tgi nbkdibt vdsgwnenrhn stgnpntgds lf eirn`n. Eirn`n's sty`ilf nrkgdtikturi ds ubdqui db Dbadn, db dts strdedbc klbtrnst tl Arnvdadnb
nrkgdtikturi wgdkg ds blrhn``y prnktdkia db ltgir pnrts lf [lutg Dbadn. Qgi
nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n gns miib dbf`uibkia my Arnvdadnb nba Dbadnb Viadk
nrkgdtikturn` skdibki (Vnstu [gnstrn) lvir twl hd``ibbduh. Qgi Qnbtrnsnhukgnyn,
Qgnkgu-[gnstrn, Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden nba [d`pnrntbn nri dhplrtnbt nrkgdtikturn`
skdibkis, wgdkg gnvi gna n strlbc dhpnkt db Eirn`n Nrkgdtikturi sty`i. Qgi
Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden, n wlre aivltia tl alhistdk nrkgdtikturi ds lbi sukg
skdibki wgdkg gns dts strlbc rllts db Eirn`n.Qgi nrkgdtikturn` sty`i gns ivl`via frlh Eirn`n—s piku`dnr k`dhnti nba `lbc gdstlry lf
dbf`uibkis lf dts hnolr hnrdtdhi trnadbc pnrtbirs `dei Kgdbisi, Nrnms nba Iurlpinbs.
Qgi N]KGDQIKQY]I lf Eirn`n ds advdaia dbtl = mnsdk knticlrdis ?
QIHZ@I N]KGDQIKQY]I & ALHI[QDK N]KGDQIKQY]I
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>3
;.> Zri-gdstlrdk Vistdcis
Qgi `lkntdlbn` finturi lf Eirn`n gns dbf`uibkia tgi slkdn` aivi`lphibt nba dbadrikt`y
tgi sty`i lf klbstruktdlb. Db tgi nbkdibt tdhis tgi sin nba tgi Cgnts flrhia
dhpibitrnm`i mnrrdirs gi`pdbc tgi ivl`utdlb lf nb dsl`ntia ku`turi lf Zrltl Arnvdadnbs,
klbtihplrnry tl tgi Gnrnppn kdvd`dzntdlb. Qgi inr`dist vistdcis lf klbstruktdlbs db Eirn`n
mi`lbcs tl tgds pirdla antia mitwiib ;::: M.K. tl ;:: M.K. Qgiy knb mi crlupia dbtltwl typis - tlhm ki``s nba hicn`dtgs. Qgi rlke kut tlhm ki``s nri cibirn``y `lkntia db
tgi `ntirdti zlbis lf kibtrn` Eirn`n, flr ixnhp`i nt Zlren`nh.
Qrdssur adstrdkt. Qgi tlhms nri rlucg`y lm`lbc db p`nb wdtg sdbc`i lr hu`tdp`i mia
kgnhmirs wdtg n riktnbcu`nr klurt db tgi inst frlh wgiri stips rdsi tl tgi crluba `ivi`.
Nbltgir typi lf murdn` kgnhmir ds hnai lf flur s`nms p`nkia lb iacis nba n fdftg lbi
klvirdbc tgih ns n knp stlbi. Lbi lr hlri sukg al`hibs nri hnreia my n stlbi kdrk`i.
Nhlbc tgi hicn`dtgs nri tgi uhmri``n stlbis, (euaneen` ) risihm`dbc gnba`iss pn`h
`inf uhmri``ns usia flr klvirdbc pdts ibk`lsdbc murdn` urbs. Qwl ltgir typis lfhicn`dtgs, gnt stlbis (tglppdeen` ) nba hibgdrs ( pu`nkgdeen` ) glwivir gnvi bl murdn`
nppibancis. Qgiy nppinr tl mi rntgir hihlrdn` stlbis.
Qgi hicn`dtgs nri blt lf hukg nrkgdtikturn` sdcbdfdknbki, mut tgiy spine lf tgi kustlh
lf tgi prdhdtdvi trdmis iriktdbc hihlrdn`s nt sdtis lf hlrtunry rdtis. Qgisi p`nkis `ntir
miknhi tgi nbbun` hiitdbc crlubas lf tgi trdmis nba cnvi rdsi tl lkku`t tihp`is lf
nbkistrn` wlrsgdp. Sgd`i tgi kustlh lf fntgir wlrsgdp knb mi siib db tgisi knsis, tgi
prltiktdbc aidtdis lf tgi vd``ncis wiri n`wnys db fihn`i flrh, wgl wiri wlrsgdpia db
lpib crlvis (envu). Qgisi gypnitgrn` tihp`is gna triis, stlbi syhml`s lf HltgirClaaissis lr ltgir bnturn`dstdk lr nbdhdstdk dhnci ns lmoikts lf wlrsgdp. Qgi klbtdbudty
lf tgds inr`y ku`turi ds siib db tgi fl`e nrts, ku`t rdtun`s, wlrsgdp lf triis, sirpibts nba
hltgir dhncis db envus.
Gdstlrdk fnktlrs ada blt n``lw tgi klbtdbunbki lf tgi
ku`turn` dsl`ntdlb lf Eirn`n frlh tgi rihndbdbc pnrts lf
Dbadn wgdkg wns tgi nribn lf ku`turn` dbvnsdlbs lf Nrynbs
nba ltgir rnkis. Nrynbs gna sprina tgidr ku`turi n`` lvir
blrtg Dbadn my nmlut >::: M.K. Eirn`n n`sl stnrtiaixpirdibkdbc n ku`turn` dbvnsdlb my tgi s`lw itgbdk
hdcrntdlb lf Nrynbs db tgi micdbbdbcs lf Kgrdstdnb irn. Db
tgi siklba rlke iadkt lf Nslen antia tgdra kibtury M.K.
Eirn`n ds rifirria ns lbi lf tgi mlrair edbcalhs lf tgi
Hnuryn ihpdri. Dt ds plssdm`i tgnt Muaagdsts nba Ondbs
wiri tgi fdrst blrtg Dbadnb crlups tl krlss tgi mlrairs lf
Eirn`n nba istnm`dsg tgidr hlbnstirdis. Qgisi ri`dcdlus
crlups wiri nm`i tl prnktdki tgidr fndtg nba rikidvipntrlbnci frlh tgi `lkn` edbcs tl mud`a sgrdbis
nba vdgnrns. Flr binr`y idcgt kibturdis Muaagdsh nba
Ondbdsh siih tl gnvi kl-ixdstia db Eirn`n ns nb
dhplrtnbt fndtg, klbtrdmutdbc db dts lwb wny tl tgi slkdn`
nba nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt lf tgi ricdlb.
FDC. ;.>\ DAL@ QL SL][GDZ DB FIHN@I FL]H
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>7
Dbf`uibki lf Muaagdsh Qgi bnturi wlrsgdp lf tgi inr`y dbgnmdtnbts lf Eirn`n gns dts pnrn``i` db Muaagdsh, db
tgi trii wlrsgdp lwdbc tl tgi nsslkdntdlb lf Muaagn's mdrtg, rivi`ntdlb nba prinkgdbc
ubair n trii. N`tglucg sku`pturn` ri`dks lf Muaagdst dhncis gnvi miib riklviria frlh n
fiw p`nkis lf slutgirb Eirn`n, tgiri nri, glwivir, bl ixtnbt Muaagdst hlbuhibts db
tgds ricdlb. Mut `dtirnry rifiribkis sukg ns Husgden vnhsn, n [nbserdt ipdk lf tgi
i`ivibtg kibtury succists tgi fnkt tgnt Eirn`n gna dhplrtnbt Muaagdst sgrdbis. Qgi
hlst riblwbia lf tgisi wns tgi [riihu`nvnsn vdgnrn wdtg n hncbdfdkibt dhnci
lf Mlagdsntwn @lenbntgn. Qgds sgrdbi ds mi`divia tl gnvi miib wnsgia nwny my
klnstn` irlsdlb. Db tgidr aisdcb finturis slhi lf tgi tihp`is sukg ns [dvn tihp`i nt
Qrdssur nba tgi Mgncnvntgd tihp`i nt Elaubcn``ur nri mi`divia tl mi
Muaagdst vdgnrns5 mut tgiri ds bl drrifutnm`i prllf flr sukg mi`difs. Qgi Ondb
hlbuhibts nri hlri buhirlus db Eirn`n. Qgiy dbk`uai rlke sgi`tirs nt Kgdtrn` binr
Bncirkld`, n rlke kut tihp`i nt Eng`d` binr Ziruhmnvllr, nba rihndbs lf strukturn`
tihp`is nt N`ntgllr binr Zn`neena nba nt [u`tnbmntgiry. [ku`pturia Ondb fdcuris lf
Hngnvdrn, Znrswnbntgn nba ltgir Qdrtgnbenrn's gnvi miib riklviria frlh tgisi sdtis.
[u`tnbmntgiry n`sl gns tgi rihndbs lf n Ondb mnstd , eblwb ns Cnbnpntd vnttnh, midbc
nb ixnhp`i lf n k`ldstiria tihp`i mud`t ibtdri`y lf crnbdti. Dbspdti lf tgi nmsibki lf
nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts tgiri ds klbk`usdvi prllf lf tgi dbf`uibki lf tgi Muaagdst
skgll` lb Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi lf `ntir pirdlas. Qgi kdrku`nr tihp`is mnsdkn``y fl``lw tgi
sgnpis lf tgi Muaagdst stupns, tgi alhi sgnpia hlubas. Qgi npsdan` tihp`is nri
hlai``ia db tgi pnttirb lf kgndtyn gn``s, tgi nssihm`y gn``s lf Muaagdst hlbes.
Qgi kgndtyn wdbalw siib ripintia db tgi aiklrntdvi hl`adbc lf tgi tglrnbn nrluba
tgi tihp`i sgrdbi ds k`inr`y n Muaagdst hltdf nalptia db Gdbau sty`i, nkklradbc tl Zirky
Mrlwb. Mnsdkn``y tglrnbn ds n cntiwny prlvdaia db tgi pn`dsnai siib db tgi virtdkn` nba
glrdzlbtn` hihmirs lf tgivd`neeuhnanh, wgdkg ds n finturi siib lb`y db Eirn`n
tihp`is lf tgi plst-Muaagdst pirdla. Db dts hlst prdhdtdvi flrh tgds klbstruktdlb ds
siib db tgi gypnitgrn` tihp`is ibsgrdbdbc triis nba `ntir lb tgi lutir wn``s lf tgi
sgrdbis prlpir. Sdtg tgi sty`dstdk aivi`lphibt lf tgi Gdbau tihp`i tgds flrh lf
pn`dsnai ds rihlvia frlh tgi sgrdbi strukturi (srdelvd` ) nba tneib ns n sipnrnti
iadfdki miylba tgi tihp`i k`ldstir (kguttnhmn`nh). Gdstlrdnbs nri n`sl lf lpdbdlb tgnt
hnby rdtun`s dbk`uadbc tgi i`ipgnbt prlkissdlb aurdbc fistdvn`s nri lf Muaagdst lrdcdb
nba nalptia db Eirn`n tihp`is.
FDC. ;.=\ MGNCNVNQGD QIHZ@I NQ ELAYBCN@@Y]
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>4
Viadk nba Mrnghnbdkn` Dbf`uibkis Muaagdsh wns kl-ixdstibt wdtg tgi dbadciblus ri`dcdlus nba slkdn` prnktdkis lf Eirn`n
ns wi`` ns tgi viadk ri`dcdlb lf tgi inr`y Nrynb ihdcrnbts. Qgi inr`y
Qnhd` [nbcnh `dtirnturi sglws tgnt my tgi Fdrst kibtury N.A. tgi Kirns ru`ia tgi
kibtrn` ricdlbs lf Eirn`n nba tgi Elbcu `nbas (prisibt [n`ih nba Kldhmntlri ricdlb).
Dts knpdtn` wns Vnbkgd, daibtdfdia wdtg tgi Qgdruvnbkgdeu`nh binr Elaubcn``ur. Nt tgds
tdhi tgi slutgirb pnrt lf Eirn`n wns ru`ia my tgi Ny kgdiftndbs nba tgi blrtgirb pnrtsmy tgi Bnbbnbs lf Izgd`hn`nd. Qgi inr`y pirdla lf Kgrdstdnb irn - fdrst tl tgdra kibtury -
ds n`sl hnreia my tgi klbtnkt wdtg Nrynbs nba tgidr viadk ri`dcdlb rlltia db tgi fdri
snkrdfdkis. Mitwiib flurtg nba sivibtg kibturdis N.A. Mrnghnbns nppinria tl gnvi
sitt`ia db Eirn`n nba istnm`dsgia tgidr ri`dcdlb. Qgi nhn`cnhntdlb lf adffiribt ku`turis
nba ri`dcdlus pgd`lslpgdis gi`pia tl ivl`vi tgi nrkgdtikturn` sty`is lf Eirn`n tihp`is.
Qgi inr`y Nrynb ri`dcdlb db Eirn`n nba Mrnghnbdkn` prnktdkis sglwia n tibaibky tl
nalpt nba nanpt tgi bntdvi rdtun`s nba gibki ixgdmdt n aun` bnturi. Lb tgi lbi gnba
tgiri wns ihpgnsds lb tgi puri Nrynb prnktdki lf fdri snkrdfdki lr yncns5 lb tgi
ltgir gnba tgiri wns n`sl n prnktdki lf dbstn``dbc aidtdis db tihp`is nba wlrsgdpdbc
tgih my f`lwirs. Qrnadtdlbn``y lb`y viadk Clas wiri dbvleia db fdri snkrdfdkis nba n``
advdbdtdis nalptia frlh tgi bntdvi ri`dcdlb wiri wlrsgdppia db tihp`iskn``ia elttnh, elvd` itk. Qgi hlst dhplrtnbt lf tgisi advdbdtdis wiri Hurucn,
Mgncnvntgd nba [nstgn. Sdtg tgi mgnetd hlvihibt lf tgi sdxtg-sivibtg kibtury, twl
hndb strinhs lf Mrnghnbdkn` ri`dcdlbs \ sndvdsh nba vndsgbnvdsh \ iu`lcdsia my
tgi bnynbnrs nba n`wnrs rispiktdvi`y miknhi tgi prialhdbnbt ri`dcdlbs pntrlbdzia
my tgi edbcs. [dvn nba Vdsgbu tgus miknhi tgi hlst dhplrtnbt aidtdis lf wlrsgdp. Qgi
twl strinhs, glwivir, wiri dbtirwlvib my [nbenrn db ubdfdia pgd`lslpgdkn` tglucgt,
nba n ku`t sybtgisds. Db rdtun`dstdk wlrsgdp tgds ds hnbdfistia db lffirdbc lf snban` pnsti
ns wi`` ns vd`vn nba tgu`nsd tl tgi aivltiis lf mltg [dvn nba Vdsgbu tihp`is. Ixnhp`islf tihp`is wdtg twl hndb sgrdbis lbi flr [dvn nba nbltgir flr Vdsgbu db tgi klhhlb
ibk`lsuri nri n`sl tgi risu`t lf tgds ku`t sybtgisds. Qgi mgnetd hlvihibt nba tgi
wlre lf [nbenrn gi`pia tl fdrh`y istnm`dsg tgi Gdbau ri`dcdlb nba klhp`iti`y adsp`nki
Ondbdsh nba Muaagdsh frlh Eirn`n my nmlut idcgtg-tibtg kibtury.
F D C . ; . ;\
H N Z L F A I K K N B [ G L S D B C I N ] @ T
A T B N [ Q
D I [ Z F D B A D N ‛
K G I ] N / K I ] N D B E I ] N @ N
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Ybair tgi ru`i lf tgi siklba Kirn Ziruhn`s (idcgtg-i`ivibtg kibtury) hlst lf Eirn`n
ixkipt tgi ixtrihi blrtg nba slutg clt ubdfdia. Qgds wns gdcg`y klbaukdvi lf
nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt nba riblvntdlb lf n `nrci buhmir lf tihp`is. Nftir tgi
aik`dbi lf tgi Kirns sivirn` shn`` prdbkdpn`dtdis aivi`lpia n`` lvir Eirn`n. My fdftiibtg
kibtury, Eirn`n wns mrlna`y klviria my tgi suzirndbty lf flur prdbkdpn` kgdiftndbs -
Vibna ru`irs db tgi slutg, Elkgd Hngnrnons db tgi kibtri, snhutdrds lf Elzgdelai db tgi
blrtg nba El`ntgdrd ]nons db tgi ixtrihi blrtg. Qgiy wiri ru`irs wgl pntrlbdzianrkgdtikturn` nktdvdtdis. N ricdlbn` kgnrnktir db klbstruktdlb dbklrplrntdbc tgi Arnvdadnb
krnft sed``s, ubdqui flrhs lf Muaagdst mud`adbcs, aisdcb klbkipts lf viadk tdhis nba
knbblbdkn` tgilrdis lf Mrnghnbdkn` Ncnhdk prnktdkis db `lkn``y nvnd`nm`i hntirdn`s nba
sudtia tl tgi k`dhntdk klbadtdlbs wns fdbn``y ivl`via db Eirn`n. Qgi tgilry nba prnktdki lf
nrkgdtikturn` klbstruktdlb wiri n`sl klhpd`ia aurdbc tgds pirdla.
F D C . ; . 1\
H N Z L F D B A D N [ G L S D B C N ] T N B [ N B A A ] N V D A D N B K Y @ Q Y ] I D B D B
A D N
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FDC. ;.9\ MN[DK @NTLYQ LF QIHZ@I[ DB EI]N@N
Qgi vnrdity lf tihp`is, buhmirdbc hlri tgnb =::: alttdbc tgi Eirn`n stnti gns bl
hntkg wdtg nby ltgir ricdlbs lf Dbadn. Db dts sty`dstdk aivi`lphibt, tgi tihp`i
nrkgdtikturi knb mi advdaia dbtl tgrii pgnsis. Qgi fdrst pgnsi ds tgnt lf rlke-kut
tihp`is. Qgds inr`dist flrh ds klbtihplrnry tl Muaagdst knvi tihp`is. ]lke-kut
tihp`is nri hndb`y `lkntia db slutgirb Eirn`n - nt Vdzgdbonh nba Nydrurpnrn binr
Qgdruvnbnbtgnpurnh, Elttuen` binr El``nh nba Envdyllr binr N`nppuzgn. Lf tgisi tgi
lbi nt Envdyllr ds tgi mist ixnhp`i. Qgi Envdyllr knvi tihp`i aiadkntia
tl [dvn klhprdsis lf n sgrdbi rllh nba n spnkdlus nragnhnbanpn nrrnbcia nxdn``y
fnkdbc tgi wist. Lb tgi pd``nria fnknai ns wi`` ns lb tgi wn``s dbsdai
tgi nragnhnbanpn nri sku`pturia ri`difs lf tgi alblr, n minria rdsgd , n sintia flur
nrhia Cnbisg nba awnrnpn`ns. Qgi ltgir knvi tihp`is n`sl gnvi tgds cibirn` pnttirb
lf n sgrdbi nba nb nbti-rllh nba tgiy nri nsslkdntia wdtg [dvn wlrsgdp. Db tgi blrtg
sdhd`nr rlke-kut tihp`is lf sndvn ku`t nri siib nt Qrdeeur nba Drubd`nhelai db Qrdssur
adstrdkt. Gdstlrdkn``y tgi knvi nrkgdtikturi db Dbadn micdbs wdtg Muaagdsh nba tgi
tikgbdqui lf rlke-kut nrkgdtikturi db Eirn`n siihs tl mi n klbtdbuntdlb lf sdhd`nr
wlres db Qnhd` Bnau ubair tgi Znbayn. Qgi rlke-kut tihp`is nri n`` antia prdlr tl tgi
idcgtg kibtury N.A. Qgi strukturn` tihp`is nppinr db tgi siklba pgnsi spnbbdbc tgi
idcgtg tl tibtg kibturdis, nba pntrlbdzia my tgi Kirn, Ny nba Husgden kgdiftndbs. Qgi
inr`dist tihp`is gna n ubdtnry sgrdbi lr n srdelvd` . Db rnri knsis n plrkg
lr nragnhnbanpn ds siib nttnkgia tl tgi sgrdbi. N aitnkgia bnhnsenrn hnbanpn ds
cibirn``y mud`t db frlbt lf tgi srdelvd` . N qunarnbcu`nr mud`adbc \ bn`nhmn`nh \
ibk`lsis tgi srdelvd` nba tgi bnhnsenrn hnbanpn. Nt tgi ibtrnbki tl
tgi bn`nhmn`nh ds `lkntia tgi n`tnr stlbi \ mn`deen` . Qgds mnsdk p`nb klhplsdtdlb lf tgi
Eirn`n tihp`i ds siib ihircdbc db tgds pgnsi.
;.= QIHZ@I N]KGDQIKQY]I
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Qgi srdelvd` hny mi mud`t db adffiribt p`nb sgnpis - squnri, riktnbcu`nr, kdrku`nr lr
npsdan`. Lf tgisi tgi squnri p`nb sglws nb ivib adstrdmutdlb tgrlucglut Eirn`n stnti.
Qgi squnri sgnpi ds mnsdkn``y tgi flrh lf tgi viadk fdri n`tnr nba strlbc`y succist
tgi viadk hllrdbc. Dt ds knticlrdzia ns tgi bncnrn sty`i lf tihp`i db tgi nrkgdtikuturn`
tixts. Qgi riktnbcu`nr p`nb ds fnvlria flr tgi Nbnbtgnsnd Vdsgbu nba tgi [nptn
hntrdens. Qgi kdrku`nr p`nb nba tgi npsdan` p`nb nri rnri db ltgir pnrts lf Dbadn nba
ubeblwb ivib db tgi kdvd` nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n, mut tgiy klbstdtuti nb dhplrtnbt crlup
lf tihp`is. Qgi kdrku`nr p`nb sglws n crintir priplbairnbki db tgi slutgirb pnrt lf
Eirn`n, db ricdlbs lbki ubair tgi dbf`uibki lf Muaagdsh. Qgi npsdan` p`nb ds n
klhmdbntdlb lf tgi sihd-kdrk`i nba tgi squnri nba dt ds siib adstrdmutia splrnadkn``y n``
lvir tgi klnstn` ricdlb. Qgi kdrku`nr tihp`is mi`lbc tl tgi vnsnrn knticlry. N vnrdntdlb
lf kdrk`i-i`dpsi ds n`sl siib ns nb ixkiptdlb db tgi [dvnsgrdbi nt Vndeelh. Zl`yclbn`
sgnpis mi`lbcdbc tl tgi Arnvdan knticlry nri n`sl nalptia rnri`y db tihp`i p`nbs mut
tgiy fdba usi ns n finturi lf sgdegnrn. N tihp`i gnvdbc n`` tgisi i`ihibts ds rifirria ns
n Hngnesgitrn (crint tihp`i) lr Ziruhtgrueelvd` (`dei Vndelh Ziruhtgrueelvd`
Hngnaivn Qihp`i db Elttnynh).
FDC. ;.3\QIHZ@I @NTLYQ
F D C . ; . 6\
A D F F . Q
T Z I L F Z @ N B [ L F Q I H Z @ I [
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Qgi sgnpi lf tgi rllf ds db nkklranbki wdtg tgi p`nb lf tgi snbktuh mi`lw. Sdtg n
kdrku`nr p`nb, lbi siis n klbdkn` rllf, wgd`i wdtg n squnri p`nb tgi rllf ds pyrnhdan`.
Qgi rllf ds klbstruktia wdtg wlla nba ds klviria wdtg klppir p`ntis. Hlst lf tgi
tihp`is siib db Eirn`n tlany, gnvi ubairclbi sivirn` pgnsis lf riblvntdlb, cdvib tgi
pirdsgnm`i bnturi lf tgi klbstruktdlb hntirdn`s.
Qgi kibtrn` snbktuh lf n Eirn`dti tihp`i ds rifirria tl ns tgi [rdElvd`. Dt ds surrlubaia
my n k`ldstiria prnenrn, pdirkia nt lbi lr hlri knradbn` pldbts wdtg n clpurnawnrn.Qgi k`ldstiria prnenrnh gns n bnhnsenrn hnbanpnh `lkntia adrikt`y db frlbt lf tgi
snbktuh. Qgds prnenrnh n`sl glusis sumsdadnry sgrdbis. N edtkgib ds `lkntia db tgi
slutg instirb klrbir lf tgs k`ldstiria prnenrnh. Qgi huegn hnbanpnh ds
dbticrntia wdtg tgi clpurn ibtrnbki. Qgi f`ncstnff lr awnon stnhmgnh ds `lkntia
lutsdai lf tgi awnonstnhmgnh. Qgi mn`dpdtgnh hny mi `lkntia db tgi
huegnhnbanpnh lr db tgi lutir klurtynra. Qgi lutir prnenrnh lr klurtynra glusis
ltgir sumsgrdbis, nba lptdlbn``y n tihp`i tnbe.
Qgi Euttnhmn`nh lr tgi tgintir gn`` lf tgi Eirn`dti tihp`i ds `lkntia idtgir ns n pnrtlf tgi dbbir prnenrn, lb tgi slutg inst klrbir fnkdbc blrtg, lr ns n sipnrnti gn``
lutsdai tgi dbbirhlst prnenrnh, idtgir fnkdbc dbtl tgi tihp`i lr fnkdbc blrtg. Qgds
gns n stnci, rndsia frlh tgi rist lf tgi f`llr, nba n mnkestnci nrin. Qgds ds tgi sdti lf
tgi pirflrhnbki lf Entgnen`d lr Kgneedynr elltgu rikdtn`s. Qgus tgi euttnhmn`nh
p`nys n rl`i db iaukntdbc vdsdtlrs lb tgi rdkg `icibas lf tgi Dbadnb ku`turn` fnmrdk.
Qgi hnolr pnrts lf n typdkn` Eirn`n tihp`i
• Aivn Zrntgdsgtn lr Dal`
Aivn Zrntgdsgtn lr dal` lf tgi Cla lr Claaiss ds tgi hlst dhplrtnbt
pnrt lf n Gdbau tihp`i. Dal`s hnai lf Crnbdti, Znbkgn`lgn, lr Slla ds
usun``y dbstn``ia dbsdai tgi Cnrmgncrdgnh lr [riielvd`. Dal`s nri hnai
nkklradbc tl tgi Agynbn [`lenhs. Npnrt frlh tgi blrhn` and`y
wlrsgdp rdtun`s flr prlpdtdntdbc tgi aidtdis, tgiri nri hnby Qgnnbtgrde
rdtun`s ndhdbc nt dbkrinsdbc tgi c`lry nba plwir lf tgi aidtdis nba
slhitdhis flr ntlbihibt flr nby fnadbc lf sukg plwir. Dhnci sglwstgi dal` lf Entgynynbd Aivd db Euhnrnbn``llr Aivd Qihp`i.
• [riielvd` lr [nbktuh [nbktlruh?
[riielvd` hny mi db squnri, riktnbcu`nr, i``dptdkn` lr kdrku`nr sgnpi nba
hny gnvi lbi twl lr ivib tgrii stlrdis klviria wdtg klppir lr cl`a.
Qgi dhnci sglwb nri tgi cl`a klviria riktnbcu`nr sriielvd` lf
Curuvnyllr tihp`i, Cnon prdsgtn sriielvd` lf Hnagur tihp`i nbaklppir klviria kdrku`nr sriielvd` lf Qgrdeeladtgnbnh tihp`i. Qgi
pnrt lf tgi tihp`i wgiri tgi dal` lf tgi Cla lr Claaiss ds sdtuntia
ds rifirria tl ns tgi [riielvd`. Zlsdtdlb lf [riielvd` db tgi tihp`i ds
iqudvn`ibt tl tgi plsdtdlb lf [ngnsrnrn Znahnh db n guhnb mlay.
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• [lpnbnh?
Qgi gl`y stips db frlbt lf tgi snbktuh snbktlruh ds kn``ia
[lpnbnh. Db hnby tihp`is tgi slpnbnh gns stlbi dal`s lf
cunras lf tgi Cla kn``ia ns Awnrnpn`nens. Ysun``y slpnbnh ds
klviria wdtg Cl`a lr Mrlbzi. Dhnci sglws tgi cl`a klviria
[lpnbnh nba Awnrnpn`nens lf [nmnrdhn`n Qihp`i. Lb`y
tihp`i prdists nri n``lwia tl ibtir tgrlucg tgds gl`y stips.
• Zrnanesgdbnvnttnh lr Nentgi mn`dvnttnh?
Dt ds `lkntia oust lutsdai tgi snbktuh. Qgi Nsgtn-Ade-pnn`nens
(Dbarn, Ncbd, Tnhn, Bruryntgd, Vnrubn, Vnnyu, [lhn nba Dsnnbn),
[nptgn Hntgrueen` (Mrnghnbd, Hngiswnrd, Enuhnrd, Vndsgbnvd,
Vnrngd, Dbarnbd nba Kgnhubad) , Viirnmgnarn, Cnbnpntgy,
[nstgn, Nbnbtgn, Aurcn, [umrnghnbyn, Eumirn, Bdrhn`ynagnrdnba Mrnghn tgi cunras lf tgi hndb aidty nri riprisibtia giri
my usdbc stlbis lf adffiribt sgnpis nba nri cibirn``y kn``ia
Mn`deen``u. Ysun``y tgisi mn`deen``us nri klviria wdtg mrlbzi
sgiits. dhnci sglw tgi Zrnanesgdbnvnttnh lf enzgneuttlh
hngnaivn Qihp`i nba Mn`deen``u riprisibtdbc Tnhn lf
Nbnbanvn``iiswnrnh Qihp`i El``nh.
• Hntgrusn`n?
Hntgrusn`n ds `lkntia db tgi [lutg sdai lf [riielvd`. Dt ds nb
ixtibaia plrtdlb lf Bn`nhmn`nh tlwnras [riielvd` tl klvir
tgi [nptgn Hntgru mn`deen`. Gibki tgi bnhi Hntgrusn`n.
Ysun``y tgi Ytsnvnmn`d rdtun` ds pirflrhia db tgi Hntgrusn`n.
Qgi dhnci sglws tgi Hntgrusn`n lf Kgibcnhnbnttu Hngnaivn
Qihp`i binr N`uvn db Irbneu`nh adstrdkt.
•
Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh?Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh ds `lkntia db frlbt lf tgi slpnbnh fnkdbc
tgi snbktuh. Dt ds usia my tgi prdists flr [nsgtnbcn Bnhnsenrn
nftir pllons `dei Ysgn pllon, Znbtgiirnad pllon nba Ykgn
pllon. Gibki tgi bnhi Bnhnsern hnbnanpnh. Dt ds cibirn``y
squnri db sgnpi nba gns n rllf gubc my flur pd``nrs nba usun``y
gns n Qnzgdeneeuanh hnai lf cl`a lr klppir. Ysun``y Vian
Onpnh nba En`nsn Zllon ds albi nt tgi Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh
nba sl dt ds n`sl kn``ia En`nsn Hnbanpnh. Db [gdvn tihp`is dt dskn``ia Bnbad Hnbanpnh miknusi lf tgi prisibki lf Bnbadeisn
nba db Vdsgbu tihp`is dt ds kn``ia Cnruan Hnbanpnh miknusi
lf tgi prisibki lf Cnruan. Dhnci sglws tgi Bnhnsenrn
hnbanpnh lf Euhnrnbn``llr Aivd Qihp`i binr Elttnynh.
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• Bn`nhmn`nh nba Vn`dnhmn`nh ?
Bn`nhmn`nh ds n`sl kn``ia kguttnhmn`nh. Qgidr fubktdlb ds tl
prltikt tgi tihp`i ns tgiy klvir tgi tihp`i lb n`` sdais. Qgiy
nri `iss mrlna lb tgi surrlubadbc tgrii sdais nba nri kn``ia
kguttnhmn`nh. Qgi lbi fnkdbc tgi snbktuh ds viry mrlna nba ds
kn``ia vn`dnhmn`nh. Mitwiib tgi twl vn`dnhmn`nhs tgiri ds npnssnci flr aivltiis tl ibtir nba ixdt.
• Qgdanppn``y ?
Qgdanppn``y ds tgi edtkgib lf n tihp`i. Qgdanppn``y ds
klbstruktia tl tgi `ift sdai lf tgi Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh ns nb
ibk`lsuri db tgi slutg instirb klrbir lf tgi Bn`nhmn`nh.
Bdviaynhs tl mi lffiria tl tgi aidty ds pripnria db tgi
Qgdanppn``y.
• Si`` ?
N wi`` ds n hust db n tihp`i. Dts plsdtdlb ds nt tgi Blrtg-Inst, lf
tgi Bn`nhmn`nh. Dts wntir gns tl mi ixk`usdvi`y usia flr
nmgdsgien lr pripnrntdlb lf bdviayn. Dhnci sglws tgi wi`` lf
Bnvnydeeu`nh [gnbenrnbnrnynbn Qihp`i binr En``nhmn`nh db
Qgdruvnbnbtgnpurnh adstrdkt.
• Vd`neeuhnnanh?
Nbltgir adstdktdvi finturi lf Eirn`dti tihp`is ds tgi usi lf
Vd`neeu hnnanh, lr tgi hu`td-tdiria mrnss `nhps db frlbt lf
tihp`is. @nesgnaiipnh ds n spiktnku`nr ki`imrntdlb lf
trnadtdlbn` `dcgtdbc wgiri tdirs lf shn`` ld` `nhps `dbdbc tgi lutir
wn``s lf tgi dbbir prnenrnh nri `dt. Dt ds `lkntia lutsdai tgi
Bn`nhmn`nh. Db mitwiib tgi Bn`nhmn`nh nba Vd`neeuhnnanh
tgiri hny mi nb lpib nrinDhnci sglws tgi Qihp`i lf tgi Edbc
(Klmrn) ‛ [rd Zirn`nssiry [umrnghnbyn Qihp`i
• Mn`deen`purn?
Dt fnkis tgi snbktuh nba ds tgi ixtibaia plrtdlb lf tgi pnssnci
db mitwiib tgi vn`dynhmn`nhs. Qgi rllf lf tgi Mn`deen`purn hny
gnvi tgi wllaib sku`pturis lf Nsgtnadepn`nen n`sl db tihp`is`dei Ellan`hnbdeynh tgiri ds bl Mn`deen`purn flr Vn`dyn
Mn`deen``u. dhnci sglw tgi Mn`deen`ppurn lf El``nh
Nbnbanvn``iiswnrnh Qihp`i nba Vn`dyn Mn`deen``u lf
Drdbon`neeuan Ellan`hnbdeyn Qihp`i
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• Awnon lr Eladhnrnh?
Qgds tn`` pd``nr ds vdsdm`i frlh n adstnbki. Dt minrs lb tgi tlp tgi
aidty—s vngnbn ns ihm`ih nba lbi knb daibtdfy tgi aidty lf n
tihp`i my siidbc dt. Flr ix ? [gdvn tihp`i gns Bnbad, Vdsgbu
tihp`i gns Cnruan, Aurcn tihp`i gns @dlb, En`d tihp`i gns
Vitgn`n, [nstgn tihp`i gns Glrsi, itk. Nsgtnadepn`nen dal`s wiri
p`nkia nt tgi mlttlh pnrt lf tgi awnon. Eladhnrnh ds usia flrgldstdbc elad lr f`nc aurdbc fistdvn`s. Dt ds `lkntia lutsdai tgi
mn`deen`purn nba ds usun``y hnai lf wlla nba klviria wdtg
klppir, pnbkgn`lgn, sd`vir, mrlbzi lr cl`a.
• Nbneelttd`?
Nbnelttd` fnkdbc mn`deen`purn ds `lkntia db frlbt lf tgi Awnon . Dt ds
tgi p`nki wgiri i`ipgnbts stnba aurdbc fistdvn`s. Dt ds n`sl usia
flr fubktdlbs `dei hnrrdnci, kglrllbu, pnrnyiauppu, tgu`nmgnrnh
nba mgnonbs.
• [giivi`dppurn nba Zrnanesgdbn Vnzgd ?
[giivi`dppurn lr [griimn`dppurn ds blt sl klhhlb db Eirn`n
Qihp`is. Qgds ds tgi p`nki usia flr Enzkgn [riimn`d. Znahnbnmgn
[wnhd Qihp`i nba Curuvnyllr Qihp`i gnvi minutdfu`
[giivi`dppurns.
• Llttupurn?
Lltupurn ds tgi adbdbc gn`` lf n tihp`i. Db tgi pnst lb`y Mrnghdbs
wiri n``lwia tl tnei flla frlh Lltupurn. Blw n anys tgiy nri
usia flr Nbbnanbnh nba Vnrnsnayn. Dt wd`` gnvi n `nrci edtkgib.
Db slhi tihp`is `dei Vndelh nba Nhmn`nppuzgn tgi Lltupurn ds
ns snkria ns tgi tihp`i [riielvd`. Dhnci sglws tgi Llttupurn lf
Vndelh Hngnaivn Qihp`i.
• Elltgnhmn`nh?
Qgi Elltgnhmn`nh lr tgi tgintir gn`` lf tgi Eirn`dti tihp`i ds
`lkntia lb tgi slutg inst klrbir lf Bn`nhmn`nh. Qgds ds tgi sdti
wgiri tgi pirflrhnbki lf Kgneedynrelltgu nba Elladynttlh nrt
flrhs ds gi`a. Elltgnhmn`nhs nri usun``y db riktnbcu`nr sgnpi
nba gns tgrii pnrts. ]nhcnpiianh lr stnci rndsia frlh tgi rist
lf tgi f`llr,mnkestnci nrin Bipnagynh lr criib rllh nba nZriesgnen crugnh flr vdiwirs. Elltgnhmn`nhs nri lftib
aiklrntia wdtg `nrci buhmir lf wlla sku`pturis. Qgus tgi
elltgnhmn`nh p`nys n rl`i db iaukntdbc vdsdtlrs lb tgi rdkg
`icibas lf tgi Dbadnb ku`turn` fnmrdk.
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• Clpurnh ?
Hnolr tihp`is wd`` gnvi flur Clpurnhs db Inst, Sist, [lutg
nba Blrtg. Qgdruvnbntgnpurnh [rii Znahnbnmgn [wnhd
Qihp`i ds tgi lb`y tihp`i db Eirn`n gnvdbc n guci Clpurnh
wdtg stlbi wlres. Qgi flur Clpurnhs lf Nrnbhu`n
Znrtgnsnrntgy Qihp`i nba Qgrdssur [rii Vnaneeuhbntgn
Qihp`i nri ixnhp`is lf typdkn` Eirn`n sty`i. Qgi flurClpurnhs nri klbbiktia tl tgi lutir klhpluba wn`` lf tgi
tihp`i. Qgiri ds tgi typdkn` Eirn`n sty`i lf nrkgdtikturi lf
tihp`i tlwirs nba dt vnrdis frlh sdbc`i tl hu`tdstlrdia.
• Hntgd` lr Lutir wn``s?
Qgisi nri tgi lutirhlst prltiktdvi klvirdbcs lf tgi tihp`i.
Hnolr tihp`is nri wi`` prltiktia wdtg guci klhpluba wn``s
db Nbnppn``n Hntgd` sty`i df tgi tihp`i klhpluba ds hlritgnb 1 nkris. Qgi dhnci sglws tgi Nbnppn``n sty`i klhpluba
wn`` lf Qgdruvicnppurn Qihp`i db Zn`neena adstrdkt.
• Qgiirtgneeu`nh?
Binr`y iviry tihp`i gns n snkria plba lr Qgiirtgneeu`nh
nba eu`nppurn lutsdai tgi tihp`i wn`` df tgiri ds bl rdvir
binrmy. Blrhn`y tgi tihp`i plba ds `lkntia lb tgi Blrtg -
Inst klrbir lf tgi tihp`i. Qgi wntir lf tgi tihp`i plba ds
usia flr wnsgdbc lbi—s gnbas nba fiit miflri cldbc dbtl tgi
tihp`i, mntgdbc, nba slhitdhis flr tgi Nrnttu kirdhlbdis.
Qgi dhnci sglws tgi Qgiirtgneeu`nh lf [rii [umrnghnbyn
[wnhd Qihp`i Gnrdppna db N`nppuzgn adstrdkt.
FDC. ;.7\EY]YHMN MGNCNVNQD QIHZ@I ,ELAYBCN@@LL], Q]D[LL] AD[Q.
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• Qgi Enrn`dti tihp`i ds nb nhn`cnh lf stlbiwlre, wlla wlre, stukkl wlre nba
pndbtdbc - gnrhlbdlus`y m`ibaia dbtl n strukturi vdmrnbt wdtg trnadtdlbs lf tgi ricdlb.
Qgi wlla wlre giri ds lf crint dhplrtnbki, nba dt cdvis tgi issibtdn` virvi nba
kgnrnktir tl tgi Eirn`n tihp`i sd`gluitti. Qgi dbbir sei`itn` frnhiwlre lf tgi
tihp`i ds lf wlla, n`tglucg tgi mnsi nba tgi strukturi nmlvi nri lf crnbdti nba
`ntirdti rispiktdvi`y. Qgi rllf prloikts lut nt sivirn` `ivi`s, db lrair tl prltikt tgi
dbbir sei`itn` frnhiwlre frlh tgi vdclrlus hlbsllbs tgnt dbubanti tgi ricdlb.
• Qgi Eirn`n tihp`i wn``s nri lf klursia `ntirdti stlbi hnslbry p`nstiria db hua nba
`dhi. Hurn`s nri siib lb sivirn` lf tgisi tihp`i wn``s.
• Enrn`dti tihp`is ds tgi usi lf vd`neeu hnnanh, lr tgi hu`td-tdiria mrnss `nhps db frlbt
lf tihp`is. @nesgnaiipnh ds n spiktnku`nr ki`imrntdlb lf trnadtdlbn` `dcgtdbc wgiri
tdirs lf shn`` ld` `nhps `dbdbc tgi lutir wn``s lf tgi dbbir prnenrnh nri `dt.
• Qgi bnturn` mud`adbc hntirdn`s nvnd`nm`i flr klbstruktdlb db Eirn`n nri stlbis, tdhmir,k`ny nba pn`h `invis. Crnbdti ds n strlbc nba aurnm`i mud`adbc stlbi5 glwivir dts
nvnd`nmd`dty ds ristrdktia hlst`y tl tgi gdcg`nbas nba lb`y hnrcdbn``y tl ltgir zlbis.
Lwdbc tl tgds, tgi sed`` db qunrrydbc, arissdbc nba sku`pturdbc lf stlbi ds sknrki db
Eirn`n.
• @ntirdti lb tgi ltgir gnba ds tgi hlst nmubanbt stlbi fluba ns lutkrlps db hlst
zlbis. [lft `ntirdti nvnd`nm`i nt sgn``lw aiptg knb mi insd`y kut, arissia nba usia ns
mud`adbc m`lkes. Dt ds n rnri `lkn` stlbi wgdkg cits strlbcir nba aurnm`i wdtg ixplsuri
nt nthlspgirdk ndr. @ntirdti m`lkes hny mi mlbaia db hlrtnrs lf sgi`` `dhi, wgdkg gnvimiib tgi k`nssdk mdbadbc hntirdn` usia db trnadtdlbn` mud`adbcs. @dhi hlrtnr knb mi
dhprlvia db stribctg nba pirflrhnbki my nahdxturis lf vicitnm`i oudkis. [ukg
ibrdkgia hlrtnrs wiri usia flr p`nstirdbc lr flr sirvdbc ns tgi mnsi flr hurn` pndbtdbc
nba `lw ri`dif wlre.
FDC. ;.7\ ADFF. QTZI LF Z@NB[ LF QIHZ@I[
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• Qdhmir ds tgi prdhi strukturn` hntirdn` nmubanbt`y nvnd`nm`i db hnby vnrditdis db
Eirn`n ‛ frlh mnhmll tl tine. Zirgnps tgi sed``fu` kgldki lf tdhmir, nkkurnti oldbiry,
nrtfu` nssihm`y nba ai`dknti knrvdbc lf wlla wlre flr kl`uhbs, wn``s nba rllfsfrnhis nri tgi ubdqui kgnrnktirdstdks lf Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi.
• K`ny wns usia db hnby flrhs ‛ flr wn``dbc, db fd``dbc tgi tdhmir f`llrs nba hnedbc
mrdkes nba td`is nftir puccdbc nba tihpirdbc wdtg nahdxturis. Zn`h `invis wiri usia
iffiktdvi`y flr tgntkgdbc tgi rllfs nba flr hnedbc pnrtdtdlb wn``s.
• Frlh tgi `dhdtntdlbs lf tgi hntirdn`s, n hdxia hlai lf klbstruktdlb wns ivl`via db
Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi. Qgi stlbi wlre wns ristrdktia tl tgi p`dbtg ivib db dhplrtnbt
mud`adbcs sukg ns tihp`is. @ntirdti wns usia flr wn``s. Qgi rllf strukturi db tdhmir
wns klviria wdtg pn`h `inf tgntkgdbc flr hlst mud`adbcs nba rnri`y wdtg td`is flrpn`nkis lr tihp`is. Qgi ixtirdlr lf tgi `ntirdti wn``s wiri idtgir `ift ns sukg lr
p`nstiria wdtg ̀ dhi hlrtnr tl sirvi ns tgi mnsi flr hurn` pndbtdbc.
• Qgi sku`pturdbc lf tgi stlbi wns hndb`y hl`adbc db glrdzlbtn` mnbas db tgi p`dbtg
plrtdlb (nagdstnbs) wgirins tgi knrvdbc lf tdhmir klviria n`` i`ihibts \ pd``nrs,
minhs, kid`dbc, rnftirs nba tgi supplrtdbc mrnkeits. Qgi Eirn`n hurn`s nri pndbtdbcs
wdtg vicitnm`i ayis lb wit wn``s db sumauia sgnais lf mrlwb. Qgi dbadciblus
nalptdlb lf tgi nvnd`nm`i rnw hntirdn`s nba tgidr trnbsflrhntdlb ns ibaurdbc hiadn
flr nrkgdtikturn` ixprissdlb tgus miknhi tgi alhdbnbt finturi lf tgi Eirn`n sty`i
FDC. ;.>;/;.>1\SLLAIB AIQND@DBC FLYBA DB EI]NDQI QIHZ@I
FDC. ;.>9/;.>6\[QLBI Z@DBQG DB EI]NDQI QIHZ@I/ ZN@H Q]II[
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Qgi Ziruvnbnh tihp`i ds nt Kgirpu klhprdsia db Llrnenh vd``nci lf Qgrdssur tn`ue db
Qgrdssur Adstrdkt. Dt ds `lkntia nmlut >:eh slutg lf Qgrdssur tlwb lb tgi Qgrprnynr
rluti, binr Qgnynheu`nbcnrn mus stlp, nt n adstnbki lf >:: hitirs slutg.
KN[I [QYAT ? ZI]YVNBNH QIHZ@I
;.=.> Z]LFD@I
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Qgi tihp`i stnbas lb n sprnw`dbc 3 nkri crluba surrlubaia my n tn`` nba gifty
klhpluba wn``. Qgi hntgd`nenh (tgi mlubadbc ibk`lsuri) ds viry ixtibsdvi nba gns
twl avnrnsn`ns, nt wist nba inst, tgi `nttir db rudbs. [lhi >:->9 Nswntgn triis
pubktunti tgi tihp`i crlubas wdtg tgidr wdai sprinadbc knblpdis.
FDC. ;.>3\QGI [GDVN QIHZ@I NQ ZI]YVNBNH, [DBKI >=QG KIBQY]T. LB@T QGI QLZ LKQNCLBN@ ]LLF ([GDEN]N) D[ KLVI]IA SDQG
KLZZI] NBA QGI LQGI][ N]I QD@IA. N QIHZ@I Z]IKDBKQ (Y[YN@@T ]IKQNBCY@N]) D[ IBK@L[IA SDQG SN@@[ KN@@IA BN@NHMN@NH.
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Ns lbi ibtirs tgi wistirb avnrnsn`n, tgi hnei-sgdft
Elltgnhmn`nh lb nb l`a flubantdlb ds siib db frlbt
lf tgi Bnn`nhmn`nh. Qgiri nri twl Mn`deen`s (lf =
ht gidcgt) db frlbt lf tgi bnn`nhmn`nh kldbkdadbc
wdtg tgi nxds lf tgi twl sgrdelvd`s, tgnt lf
Irntttnynppnb lb tgi blrtg nba tgnt lf
Hnnantgd`nppnb lb tgi slutg. Lf tgisi tgi
Irnttnynppnb sgrdbi ds rndsia lb n kdrku`nr mnsi
(>1.;; ht adnhitir). Dt ds nb ientn`n vdhnbn mud`t lb
n crnbdti nagdsgtnbn .
Qgiri nri twl avnrnpn`nens lb idtgir
sdai lf tgi [grdelvd` ibtry, stnbadbc lb
tgi kld`s lf n sbnei. Lbi lf tgi `ics
ibtwdbis tgi k`um nba tgi ltgir rists
lb tgi glla lf tgi sbnei. Qgi kld` lf
tgi sbnei db turb ds p`nkia lb n `ltus
sint. Qgi cnrmgn-crgn ds squnri dbsgnpi ibk`lsia my tgi kdrku`nr
sgrdelvd`. Qwl rlws lf pd``nrs - tgi
dbbir rlw gnvdbc twi`vi nba tgi lutir
rlw sdxtiib - gnvi miib nrrnbcia
nrluba tgi squnri snbktuh.
FDC. ;.=:/=>\KD]KY@N] []DELVD@ NBA ASN]ZN@N LB [BNEI HLQDF
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Qgi supirstrukturi (mgdtgd) ds hnai lf `ntirdti m`lkes, au`y p`nstiria nba aiklrntia wdtg
Euayn stnhmgns, bdkgis itk. N rikissia huegnhnbanpn ixdsts, nt tgi tlp lf tgi f`dcgt
lf stips db tgi [lpnbn, wdtg n frii-stnbadbc pd``nr fnknai nba sgrdbi allr prlpir nt tgi
rinr wn``. Qgi dal` klbsdsts lf twl `dbcns, klbtrdmutdbc tl tgi klbkipt lf Irnttnynppnb,
tgi `lra db tgi alum`i, sdcbdfydbc Nragnbnriiswnrn tl slhi nba [gnbenrnbnrnynbn tl
ltgirs. Qgi [lpnbn ds gnvdbc `ntirn` stips hiitdbc nt n klhhlb `nbadbc, skriibia my n
knrvia pgn`nen db frlbt lf tgi wistirb ibtrnbki tl tgi [grdelvd`.
FDC. ;.==\KN]VDBC[ LB @NQI]DQI [QLBI NQ ZI]YVNBNH
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Qgiri nri tgrii fubktdlbn` lpibdbcs nba n cgnbnavnrn (auhhy allr) db tgi kdrku`nr
crluba p`nb. Npnrt frlh tgi [grdelvd` ibtry lb tgi wist, tglsi db tgi slutg nba inst
nkklhhlanti Anesgdbnhllrtgy nba Znrvntgy rispiktdvi`y. Qgi cgnbnavnrn ds lb tgi
blrtg, oust nmlvi tgi prnbn`n, wgdkg ds supplrtia lb n mgutn-cnbn fdcuri db tgi plsi lf
ardbedbc `ustrn wntir frlh n mlw`.
Qgiri ds n spnkdlus bnhnsenrn hnbanpn db frlbt lf tgi kdrku`nr [grdelvd`, mud`t lb n
squnri p`nb. Ns db n`` trnadtdlbn` swnstden hnbanpns, tgiri nri twi`vi pd``nrs n`lbc tgi
pirdpgiry wdtg flur buhmirs `nrcir lrbnhibtia pd``nrs dbsdai tgi hnbanpn. Dts
pyrnhdan` rllf, `dei tgi klbdkn` rllf lf tgi hndb sgrdbi, ds klviria wdtg klppir sgiits.
Minutdfu` wlla knrvdbcs nalrb tgi hnbanpn kid`dbc ns wi`` ns tgi pd``nrs.
Qgi slutgirb sdai lf tgi sgrdelvd` gns Edrntgnh entgn ibcrnvia db wlla, stnrtdbc frlh
Znrvntgd's sgrdbi. Nbltgir wllawlre wgdkg ds wlrtg hibtdlbdbc ds tgnt lf Cnruan
swn``lwdbc Oiihlltgnvngnbn nba tgnt lf Anesgdbnhllrtgy.
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Ql tgi slutg lf tgi Irnttnynppnb sgrdbi ds tgi
Hnnantgd`nppnb sgrdbi, fnkdbc wist. Dt ds n trd-
tn`n-vdhnbn (lbi lf tgi inr`dist db Eirn`n, tgi
ltgirs midbc tgi rudbia lbi nt Y`dynbbur nba
tgi lbi nt Znrnhmu Qn`d) mud`t lb n gdcg
pladuh nba npprlnkgia my `lbc f`dcgt lf
stips. Qwl `ntirn` f`dcgts lf bdbi stips (lbi
inkg db tgi blrtg nba slutg adriktdlb) hiit nt
n klhhlb hda `nbadbc frlh wgiri nskibas
tgi hdaa`i f`dcgt lf fdftiib stips db nb instir`y
adriktdlb tlwnras tgi sgrdelvd`. Qgi crluba
tn`n (f`llr) klbstdtutis tgi p`dbtg wdtg tgi
sgrdbi lb tgi uppir tn`n (fdrst f`llr). Qgi
crluba ns wi`` ns tgi uppir tn`n nri p`nstiria
lvir wdtg pd`nstirs nba pnbonrns. Sn``
aiklrntdlbs dbk`uai cgnbnavnrns db tgi kibtri,
euaynstnhmgns (lrbnhibtn` pd`nstirs) nba
fn`si bdkgis wdtg pnbonrns. Zd`nstirs nri
titrnclbn` db tgi `lwir gn`f nba lktlclbn` db
tgi uppir wdtg pltdens lr mivi``ia prloiktdlbs
lb tlp. Qgi prnbn`n nt tgi fdrst f`llr `ivi` ds n
p`ndb lbi wdtglut nby lrbnhibtntdlb nba
dssuis lut lb tgi blrtgirb sdai.
Nxdn``y, tgi p`nb lf tgi fdrst tn`n klbsdsts lf n squnri sgrdbi dbticrntia wdtg n bnrrlw,
pd``nria huegnhnbanpn db frlbt. Qgi cnrmgn-crgn, wgdkg ds kdrku`nr dbsdai gns n alhdkn`
rllf. Nmlvi tgi fdrst stlry lf tgi sgrdelvd`, rdsi db sukkissdlb tgi avdtn`n nba trd-tn`n pnrts
lf tgi vdhnbn. Mut flr tgi lktnclbn` sgdegnrn wdtg klppir rllfdbc, n`` tgi f`llrs nri
hnai lf td`is5 db tgi uppir tn`ns, wlla gns miib usia prlfusi`y wdtg sguenbnsn
prloiktdlbs. Qgiri ds bl bnhnsenrn hnbanpn db frlbt lf tgi hnnantgd`nppnb sgrdbi. N
shn`` Bnbad ds siib p`nkia lb tgi hda`nbadbc.
FDC. ;.=3\VDIS LF Q]D-QN@N-VDHNBN ‛ ; F@LL] [G]DBI
F D C . ; . = 7\
A I Q N
D @ L F Q ] D - Q N @ N V D H N B N
> [ Q Q
D I ] ? Q N
@ N / H Y E G H N B A Z Z N
= B A Q
D I ] ? A V D
Q N @ N / [ ^ Y N ] I [ G ] D B
I
; ] A Q
D I ] ? Q ] D Q N @ N / K D ] K Y @ N ] [ G ] D B
I
N B
A V D H N B N
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;.; ALHI[QDK N]KGDQIKQY]I
;.;.> QGIL]TM]IDF
My tibtg kibtury, tgi tgilry nba prnktdki lf alhistdk nrkgdtikturi wiri kladfdia db
mlles sukg ns Hnbusgyn`nyn Kgnbarden nba Vnstu vdayn. Qgds nttihpt stnbanradzia tgi
glusi klbstruktdlb sudtia tl adffiribt slkdl-iklblhdk crlups nba stribctgibs tgi
klbstruktdlb trnadtdlb nhlbc tgi krnftshib. Qgi trnadtdlbn` krnftshnb, spikdn``y
knrpibtirs, prisirvia tgi eblw`iaci my rdcda`y fl``lwdbc tgi knblbdkn` ru`is lf
prlplrtdlbs lf adffiribt i`ihibts ns wi`` ns tgi klbstruktdlb aitnd`s tl tgds any.
Mnsdkn``y tgi alhistdk nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n fl``lws tgi sty`i lf aitnkgia mud`adbc5
rlw glusis siib db ltgir pnrts lf Dbadn nri bidtgir hibtdlbia db Eirn`n tixts blr put
up db prnktdki ixkipt db sitt`ihibts (snbeitnh) lkkupdia my Qnhd` lr Elbedbd
Mrnghnbs. Db dts hlst aivi`lpia flrh tgi typdkn` Eirn`n glusi ds n klurtynra typi ‛
BN@YEIQQY. Qgi kibtrn` klurtynra ds nb lutallr `dvdbc spnki wgdkg hny glusi slhi
lmoikt lf ku`t wlrsgdp sukg ns n rndsia mia flr tu`ssd lr onshdbi (hu``ntgnrn). Qgi flur
gn``s ibk`lsdbc tgi klurtynra, daibtdkn` tl tgi bn`nhmn`nh lf tgi tihp`i, hny mi
advdaia dbtl sivirn` rllhs flr adffiribt nktdvdtdis sukg ns klledbc, adbdbc, s`iipdbc,
stuaydbc, stlrnci lf crndbs itk. Aipibadbc lb tgi sdzi nba dhplrtnbki lf tgi
glusigl`a tgi mud`adbc hny gnvi lbi lr twl uppir stlriys (hn`den) lr furtgir
ibk`lsia klurtynra my ripitdtdlb lf tgi bn`ueittu tl flrh IQQYEIQQY (idcgt gn``ia
mud`adbc) lr n k`ustir lf sukg klurtynras.
ZGD@L[ZGT
'[n`n' db Qgntkgusnstrn. (Qgiy fnki tlwnras tgi Inst, tgi Blrtg, tgi Sist lr tgi [lutg)
tgi iacis lf tgi glusi fnkdbc wist sukg n klbstruktdlb ds kn``ia [lutg). 'Agwnhsynh‗
• Qgi glusi tgnt fnkis tgi Inst, hny gnvi ixtibsdlbs frlh tgi blrtgirb Agwnhsynh .
]isdaibts db 'agwnhs' wd`` suffir frlh `lss lf slbs, tlrturi frlh nba slutgirb iacis, dt
miklhis n glusi wdtg tgrii pnrts. Qgds ds kn``ia "[uesgitrn'. ibihdis, nba
lmstruktdlbs flr ivirytgdbc sukg ltgir rudbs.
• Zrlspirdty wd`` f`lurdsg df lbi `dvis db sukg n glusi. Df n glusi ds klbstruktia fnkdbctgi slutg nba ixtibsdlbs nri tneib frlh tgi hnai dt ds kn``ia 'Gdrnbynbnmgd'.
• @dvdbc db sukg glusi mrdbc db prlspirdty nba win`tg tl tgi instirb nba wistirb
iacis, dt miklhis n glusi wdtg tgrii pnrts. Qgds ds kn``ia 'Kgu``d' ns pir Qgntkgusnstrn.
dbhntis. Cla`dbiss wd`` privnd` n`wnys db sukg glusis. ]isdaibts lf sukg n glusi wd``
suffir frlh `lss lf win`tg, `lss lf kgd`arib, adsinsis flr edas dbkrinsdbc ibihdis itk
edas, itk.
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• Qgi klri ubdt lf iensn`n klbsdsts lf cibirn``y tgrii rllhs klbbiktia tl n frlbt
pnssnci. Qgi kibtrn` rllh ds usia ns prnyir rllh nba crndb stlri nba tgi twl sdai
rllhs nri usia ns `dvdbc rllhs. Qgi klri ubdt hny mi rndsia tl nb uppir stlriy wdtg
n stiip stndr `lkntia db tgi frlbt pnssnci. Qgi mud`adbc hny n`sl mi ixtibaia
glrdzlbtn``y lb n`` tgi flur sdais naadbc n`dbanhs lr sdai rllhs flr nktdvdtdis sukg
ns klledbc, adbdbc, naadtdlbn` s`iipdbc rllhs, frlbt gn`` flr rikidvdbc cuists itk. Dfbiiaia iensn`n hny n`sl mi prlvdaia wdtg nbkd``nry mud`adbcs flr kntt`i eiipdbc,
mnrb, mntgdbc rllhs binr tnbes, lutglusi flr cuists, cnti glusi itk. My sukg
ixtibsdlb tgi mud`adbc hny miklhi hukg `nrcir tgnb n bn`ueittu db spnki, mut dt ds
std`` knticlrdzia ns iensn`n wdtg rifiribki tl dts klri ubdt.
• My tibtg kibtury, tgi tgilry nba prnktdki lf alhistdk nrkgdtikturi wiri kladfdia db
mlles sukg ns Hnbusgyn`nyn Kgnbarden nba Vnstu vdayn. Qgds nttihpt
stnbanradzia tgi glusi klbstruktdlb sudtia tl adffiribt slkdl-iklblhdk crlups nba
stribctgib tgi klbstruktdlb trnadtdlb nhlbc tgi krnftshib. Qgi trnadtdlbn`
krnftshnb, knrpibtirs, prisirvia tgi eblw`iaci my rdcda`y fl``lwdbc tgi ru`is lf
prlplrtdlbs lf adffiribt i`ihibts ns wi`` ns tgi klbstruktdlb aitnd`s tl tgds any.
• Mnsdkn``y tgi alhistdk nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n fl``lws tgi sty`i lf aitnkgia mud`adbc5
Db dts hlst aivi`lpia flrh tgi typdkn` eirn`n glusi ds n klurtynra typi -
BN@YEIQQY . Qgi kibtrn` klurtynra ds nb lutallr `dvdbc spnki wgdkg hny glusi
slhi lmoikt lf ku`t wlrsgdp sukg ns n rndsia mia flr tu`ssd lr onshdbi (hu``ntgnrn).
Qgi flur gn``s ibk`lsdbc tgi klurtynra, daibtdkn` tl tgi bn`nhmn`nh lf tgi tihp`i,
hny mi advdaia dbtl sivirn` rllhs flr adffiribt nktdvdtdis sukg ns klledbc, adbbdbc,
s`iipdbc, stuaydbc, stlrnci lf crndbs itk. Aipibadbc lb tgi sdzi nba dhplrtnbki lf
tgi glusigl`a tgi mud`adbc hny gnvi lbi lr twl uppir stlriys (hn`den) lr furtgir
ibk`lsia klurtynra my ripitdtdlb lf tgi bn`ueittu tl flrh ittueittu (idcgt gn``ia
mud`adbc) lr n k`ustir lf sukg klurtynras.
• Qgi bn`ueittu ds tgi prdbkdpn` strukturi lf n cnraib klhpluba. Qgi cnraib hny
klbtndb kntt`i sgias, mntgdbc tnbes, wi``s, fnrh mud`adbcs, crndb stlris itk., ns
nbkd``nry strukturis, tgi wgl`i midbc prltiktia wdtg n klhpluba wn`` lr
fibki. wgiridb tgi sdti (vnstu) wns advdaia dbtl n buhmir lf crdas ( pnanh)
lkkupdia my adffiribt aidtdis (aivntgn) nba npprlprdnti crdas wiri kglsib tl glusi
tgi suspdkdlus strukturis. Qgi sdti p`nbbdbc nba mud`adbc aisdcb wns albi my
`inrbia stnpntgds (hnstir mud`airs) wgl sybtgisdzia tgi tikgbdkn` hnttirs wdtgnstrl`lcdkn` nba hystdkn` skdibkis.
• Bn`ueittu typi mud`adbcs nri n`sl siib db hnby vd``ncis nba tlwbs, lkkupdia my
prlhdbibt pilp`i. Qgi guhm`ir mud`adbcs lf tgi plpu`ntdlb nri glwivir shn``ir
nba sdhp`ir db flrh mut mnsdkn``y airdvia frlh tgi bn`ueittu. Bn`ueittu ds n
klhmdbntdlb lf flur gn``s n`lbc flur knradbn` adriktdlbs, kibtiria nrluba tgi
klurtynra lrnbcnbnh lbi hny mud`a nby lbi lf tgi flur gn``s (iensn`n), n
klhmdbntdlb lf twl (awdsn`n) lr n klhp`ix lf tgrii (tgrdsn`n) aipibadbc lb tgi
biias. Qgi hlst klhhlb`y fluba typi db Eirn`n ds tgi iensn`n fnkdbc inst lr blrtg.Midbc `lkntia lb tgi wistirb nba slutgirb sdais lf tgi nbcnbnh tgiy nri rifirria
ns wistirb gn`` ( pnadbonttdbd ) nba slutgirb gn`` (tgieedbd ) rispiktdvi`y
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Qgiri nri buhirlus mud`adbcs lf tgi bn`ueittu typi db adffiribt pnrts lf Eirn`n, tglucg
hnby lf tgih nri db n pllr stnti lf hndbtibnbki. Kgnbcdbc slkdl-iklblhdk klbadtdlbs
gnvi sp`dt up tgi oldbt-fnhd`y systih kibtiria nrluba tgi `nrci bn`ueittu. Qgi End`nsn
hnbadrnh nt Elttneen` mi`lbcdbc tl tgi Nryn Vndaynsn`n ds n stnbadbc ixnhp`i lf n
tgrii stlriyia bn`ueittu klhp`ix. Lf tgi mist prisirvia ixnhp`is lf tgds typi nri
Hnttnbkgirry pn`nki nt Elkgd nba tgi tndelttnrnh lf tgi Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki
binr Enbyneuhnrd.
Qgi Hnttnbkgirry pn`nki stnbadbc db tgi pnblrnhn lf mnkewntirs lb tgi inst wns mud`t
db >993 flr tgi usi lf Elkgd Hngnrnons, lrdcdbn``y ns n cdft frlh Zlrtucuisi. @ntir dt gns
ubairclbi ixtibsdvi ripndr my tgi Autkg. Qgi alum`i stlriyia mud`adbc fl``lws
tgi bn`ueittu p`nb wdtg n klurtynra db tgi kibtri glusdbc n Mgncnvntgd tihp`i. Qgi
adffiribt wdbcs lf tgi pn`nki db tgi uppir stlriy klbtndb tgi klrlbntdlb gn``, klubkd` gn``s
nba mia kgnhmirs lf edbcs nba `nadis. Qgi `lwir stlriy gns hnby shn`` rllhs npnrt
frlh tgi edtkgib nba tgi adbdbc gn``. Nb dhplrtnbt finturi lf tgi pn`nki ds tgi ixqudsdtiwlla wlre lf tgi kid`dbc nba fdbi hurn`s lb tgi wn``s. Qgi kid`dbc wlre dbk`uai n crda lf
wllaib oldbts wi`` prlplrtdlbia nba prikdsdlb hlu`aia wdtg minutdfu``y knrvia pnbi`s.
Qgi hurn`s db sumauia mrlwbdsg tdbts wiri ixikutia lb wit wn`` p`nstir aipdktdbc
tgihis frlh ]nhnynbn, Mgncnvntgnh nba Euhnrnsnhmgnvnh lf En`dansn.
Qgi Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki klbsdsts lf n klhp`ix lf mud`adbcs dbk`uadbc tgi ibtrnbki
gn``, klubkd` kgnhmirs, tihp`i nba anbki gn``s albi db vnrdlus pirdlas. Mut tgi inr`dist
strukturi lf tgds crlup ds tgi tndelttnrnh \ wgdkg ds n fdbi ixnhp`i lf tgi
l`a bn`ueittu. Midbc lf nb inr`dir pirdla, tgds sglws tgi klbkipt lf tgi klurtynra
mud`adbc db dts purist trnadtdlbn` flrh.
F D C . ; . = 4\
H L A I @ L F N Q T Z D K N @ L F B N @ N E I Q Q Y
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BN@NEIQQY
BĎ`ueittu ds tgi trnadtdlbn` glhistina lf Qgnrnvnau wgiri hnby cibirntdlbs lf n
hntrd`dbin` fnhd`y `dvia. Qgisi typis lf mud`adbcs nri typdkn``y fluba db tgi Dbadnb stnti
lf Eirn`n. Qgi trnadtdlbn` nrkgdtikturi ds typdkn``y n riktnbcu`nr strukturi wgiri flur
m`lkes nri oldbia tlcitgir wdtg n kibtrn` klurtynra lpib tl tgi sey. Qgi flur gn``s lb
tgi sdais nri bnhia Vnaneedbd (blrtgirb m`lke), Znadbonttdbd (wistirb m`lke),
Edzgneedbd (instirb m`lke) nba Qgieedbd (slutgirb m`lke). Qgi nrkgdtikturi wnsispikdn``y kntiria tl `nrci fnhd`dis lf tgi trnadtdlbn` tgnrnvnau, tl `dvi ubair lbi rllf
nba iboly tgi klhhlb`y lwbia fnkd`dtdis lf tgi hnruhneentgnynh glhistina.
Df n`` tgi flur strukturis nmlvi nri oldbia ns lbi glusi dt ds kn``ia n 'Bn`ueittu ‗.
Nhlbc tgih nt tgi hdaa`i lf tgi pnabdontdbd, tgiri wd`` mi tgi pllon hurd(p`nki lf
wlrsgdp) nba 'bi``nrn' (rllh flr eiipdbc pnaay).
Lb mltg tgi sdais tgiri wd`` mi twl mia rllhs Qgieedbd nba edzgneedbd nri hinbt
rikidvdbc Qgi cuists.
Vnaneedbd ds flr klledbc nba adbbdbc. (Edtkgib nba adbdbc rllh)
Db tgi hdaa`i lf tgi strukturi tgiri wd`` mi tgi kibtrn` ynra wgdkg wd` mi db n
riktnbcu`nr sgnpi. 'Bnauhuttnh' (kibtrn` ynra) wd`` mi usifu`` flr cittdbc `dcgt nba
ndr dbtl tgi glusi.
Hlrilvir tgiri wd`` mi nb ubaircrluba knvi flr f`lwdbc kut tgi rndb wntir tgnt fn``s
db tgi 'Bnauhuttnh'.
Nb 'Ittueittu' ds tgnt wgdkg ds oldbia my twl 'bn`ueittu's. Nb 'Ittueitu' wd`` gnvi twl
bnauhuttnh‗s.
F D C . ; . = 4\
Z @ N B N B A I @ I V N Q D L B L F B N @ N E I Q Q Y
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•Qgi Vnnstu sgnsgtrn ds tgi nbkdibt Dbadnb trintdsi tgnt sits flrtg prdbkdp`is lb glw
tgi `nws lf bnturi dhpnkt guhnb sitt`ihibts.
•Qgi hnban`n wns ricnraia ns tgi riprisibtntdlb lf tgi klshls nba tgi glusi wns
n`sl klbsdairia snkria. Df dts p`nbbdbc wns db sybk wdtg tgi flrkis lf bnturi dt wlu`arisu`t db lvirn`` gnrhlby nba prlspirdty.
•Qgi hnban`n ds tgi crnpgdkn` adncrnh lb tgi mnsds lf wgdkg tgi glusis nba ivib
kdtdis wiri p`nbbia.
•Qgi Vnnstu Zurusgn Hnban`n Dt riprisibts tgi hitnpgysdkn` p`nb lf n mud`adbc5 dt
dbklrplrntis tgi supirbnturn` flrkis. Qgi kibtrn` spnki ds n`wnys nb lpib tl sey
klurtynra prlvdadbc tgi klbbikt tl lutir spnki. Vnrdlus aidtdis/9 i`ihibts (ndr,
wntir, inrtg itk.) clvirb adffiribt squnris lf tgi hnban`n nba dhpnrt tgidr
kgnrnktirdstdks tl tgisi spnkis.
;.;.= KLBKIZQ
Hitnpgysdkn` nspikts? Vnnstu sgnsgtrn
FDC. ;.;:\VN[QY ZY]Y[GN HNBAN@N
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1:
FDC. ;.;:\VN[QY ZY]Y[GN HNBAN@N
Z`nbbdbc kdtdis usdbc tgi hnban`n?
•Qgi dain lf p`nbbdbc mnsia lb tgihnban`n wns ivib ixtibaia tl kdty
p`nbbdbc. Qgi kdty lf Ondpur ds n`sl
mnsia uplb n 4 squnris hnban`n.
•Dt wns p`nbbia db tgi >3::s
•Glwivir dt ibklhpnssia tgi bnturn`
finturis, tlplcrnpgy ns wi`` ns ltgir
fubktdlbn` nspikts `dei hd`dtnry biias,
ixdstdbc dbfrnstrukturi itk. nbahladfdia tgi crda tl risplba tl tgi
tlplcrnpgy.
Qgntkgu [gnstgrn, lr tgi [kdibki lf Knrpibtry nba trnadtdlbn` Vnstgu, wns tgi
clvirbdbc skdibki db tgds nrkgdtikturn` flrh. Qgds mrnbkg lf eblw`iaci wns wi``
aivi`lpia db tgi trnadtdlbn` nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n nba gns krintia dts lwb mrnbkg lf
`dtirnturi eblwb ubair tgi bnhis lf Qnbtrnsnhukgnyn, Vnstuvdayn, Hnbusgyn`nyn -
Kgnbarden, nba [d`pnrntbn.
Hnban`n zlbis?
•Fubktdlbs nri nssdcbia tl adffiribt spnkis?•Klrbirs? Blrtginst flr tgi glhi sgrdbi,
slutginst flr tgi edtkgib, slutgwist flr tgi
hnstir miarllh nba blrtgwist flr tgi
klwsgia, crndb stlrnci.
•Qgi spnkis `ydbc mitwiib tgi klrbirs nri
flr hu`td purplsi usi.
Vnstu sgnstrn ds nb nbkdibt klbkipt & tgi `nws lf bnturi tl nffikt guhnb awi``dbcs.
• Qgi aisdcbs nri mnsia lb adriktdlbn` n`dcbhibts. Dt ds prdhnrd`y npp`dia db Gdbau
nrkgdtikturi, ispikdn``y flr Gdbau tihp`is.
• Qgi flubantdlb lf Vnstu ds trnadtdlbn``y nskrdmia tl tgi hytgdkn` snci Hnhubd Hnynb
db [lutg nba Vdsgvnenrhnb db Blrtg Dbadn.
• Sgd`i Vnstu gna `lbc miib issibtdn``y ristrdktia tl tihp`i nrkgdtikturi, tgiri gns
miib n rivdvn` lf dt db Dbadn, db rikibt aiknais, bltnm`y ubair tgi dbf`uibki lf `nti V.
Cnbnpntd [tgnpntd, wgl gns miib knhpndcbdbc flr n ristlrntdlb lf tgi trnadtdlb db
hlairb Dbadnb slkdity sdbki tgi >46:s.
• Sgd`i tgi fdi`as nri ri`ntia, [gd`pn [gnstrn ixp`dkdt`y ain` wdtg sku`pturi ‛ flrhs,
stntuis, dklbs, stlbi hurn`s itk.
• Qgi alktrdbi lf Vnstu [gnstrn ds klbkirbia prdhnrd`y wdtg nrkgdtikturi ‛ mud`adbc
glusis flrts tihp`is npnrthibts nba ltgir glusis, flrts, tihp`is, mud`adbcs.
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1>FDC. ;.;>\ZN]Q[ LF HNBAN@N NBA QGID] I@IHIBQ[
VNN[QY [GN[Q]N ds nb nbkdibt skdibki wgdkg gi`ps tl cit tgi bnturn` mibifdts frii`y
lffiria my tgi fdvi mnsdk i`ihibts lf tgi ubdvirsi.
Qgisi mnsdk i`ihibts nri Nensg ([ET), Zrdtgvd (IN]QG), Znnbd (SNQI]), Ncbd (FD]I),
nba Vnyu (SDBA). Vnstu [gnstrn knb mi npp`dia my eiipdbc db gnrhlby wdtg tgisi mnsdk
fdvi i`ihibts lf bnturi..Vnstu rifirs tl 'nmlai' lr hnbsdlb nba [gnstrn lr Vdayn
hinbs skdibki lr eblw`iaci. Vnstu Vdayn ds tgi snkria gl`dstdk skdibki pirtndbdbc tl
aisdcbdbc nba mud`adbc lf glusis.Qgi prdbkdp`is lf vnstu gnvi miib airdvia frlh[tgnpntgyn Vian- lbi lf tgi nbkdibt snkria mlles db Gdbaudsh.
VN[QY [GN[Q]N tixts priskrdmi tgi adhibsdlbs lf adffiribt glusi typis sudtnm`i flr
adffiribt k`nssis. Qgiy n`sl cdvi tgi prlplrtdlbn` systih lf hinsurihibts flr
adffiribt pnrts lf tgi mud`adbc n`` mnsia lb tgi pirdhitir (kguttu) lf tgi klri ubdt. Qgi
skdibtdfdk mnsds lf tgds adhibsdlbn` systih ds yit tl mi ibqudria my hlairb stuadis5
glwivir tgi systih nppinrs tl mi wi`` flubaia lb trnadtdlbn` klhputntdlbn` hitglas
nba rdcda`y nagiria tl n`` sdzis lf mud`adbcs. N`` lvir Eirn`n nba spikdn``y db vd``nciswgiri tgi mud`adbc nktdvdty ds std`` knrrdia lut ubair tgi klbtrl` lf trnadtdlbn` stnpntgds,
tgi systih ds std`` n `dvdbc prnktdki, tglucg dt gns stnrtia adsnppinrdbc ubair tgi dhpnkt
lf 'hlairb nrkgdtikturi'.
Qgi nbkdibt ri`dks sny tgnt Vnnstu ds mnsia lb twl flrkis "plsdtdvi‐ nba "bicntdvi"
wgdkg nri klbstnbt`y dbtirnktdbc wdtg inkg ltgir lb tgi surfnki lf tgi `nba. Qgisi
flrkis wlu`a cit adsturmia wgibivir nby strukturi ds iriktia lb n vnknbt `nba, tl
hndbtndb n mn`nbki. Df tgiri nri hlri plsdtdvi ibircdis (flrkis) tgnb tgi bicntdviibircdis, tgi risu`t lf sukg n klbstruktdlb wlu`a ydi`a hlri mibifdts tl tgi dbhntis
`inadbc tl n hlri sukkissfu`, gin`tgy, win`tgy nba pinkifu` `dfi, klbtrnry tl tgds df tgi
bicntdvi ibircdis alhdbnti tgi prihdsis tgi iffikts klu`a mi bicntdvi.
Ns pir ‗Qgntkgusnstrn— tgi Inrtg ds kn``ia ‗Vnstgu—.
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;.;.; KN[I [QYAT LF QTZDKN@ EI]N@DQI GLY[I
[I@IKQDLB LF Z@NKI FL] KLB[Q]YKQDLB LF GLY[I
Z`nki wgiri tgi glusi gns tl mi mud`t ds fdrst si`iktia. Db n `nrcir p`lt, Z`lt gns tl mi
advdaia dbtl flur iqun` pnrts nba tgi Blrtg instirb pnrt lf tgi advdaia pnrts ds tneib
flr klbstruktdlb lf tgi glusi
Glusi ds prifirnm`y mud`t fnkdbc Inst nba ltgir lptdlbs nri klbsdairia lb`y df tgiri ds
bl rlna lr nkkiss tl tgi p`lt frlh tgi inst. Ltgir lptdlbs lf frlbt lf tgi glusi nri
Blrtg, Sist nba [lutg db tgnt lrair.
ZNADZZY]N
• pnrt lf Klhpluba wn`` flr tgi glusi wdtg n td`ia rllf lb tlp.
• Dt ds tgi flrhn` ibtry tl tgi klhpluba wdtg tgi glusi.
Q]NADQDL@ ZNADZZY]N
ZLLHYEGNH
•
Dt ds tgi prdhi plrtdkl sllb nftir stips tl tgi glusi. Qrnadtdlbn``y dt gns n s`lpitd`ia rllf wdtg pd``nrs supplrtdbc rllf. [dais nri lpib.
• Db tgi inr`dir anys, tgi Gina lf tgi fnhd`y kn``ia Enrnbnvnr usia tl sdt giri db n
rik`dbdbc kgndr wdtg tguppn` el`nhmd ([pdttllb) my tgi sdai lf kgndr.
ZLLHYEGNH
KGYQQY VI]NBANG
• idtgir sdai db frlbt lf tgi glusi tgrlucg lpib pnssnci kn``ia Kguttu Virnbang.
• Dt gns gnbcdbc `dcgts db iqun` adstnbki gnbcdbc frlh dts s`lpi rllf.
KGN]YZNAT
• My tgi sdai lf Kguttu virnbang nba Zllhuegnh, wllaib mibkgis wdtg knrvia
aiklrntdvi ristdbc wllaib pdikis flr ristdbc tgi mnke nri prlvdaia.
• Qgds ds kn``ia Kgnrupnay. Qrnadtdlbn``y tgi fnhd`y hihmirs lr vdsdtlrs usia tl sdt
lb tgisi Kgnrupnay tl tn`e.
KGYQQY VI]NBANG
KGN]YZNAT
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NHMN@ EY@NH (ZLBA)
• Nt tgi iba lf Kguttu virnbang tgiri usia tl mi n shn`` plba mud`t wdtg rumm`i lb
sdais wgiri wntir `dvdbc p`nbt kn``ia Qgnhnrn (`ltus) lr Nhmn` usia tl mi p`nbtia .
MNQGDBC QNBE[(EY@NH)
• N`hlst iviry glusi gns dts lwb Mntgdbc Qnbe (Eu`nh) nba gn`` nt tgi ibtrnbki lf tnbe
ZLLONHY]D BNAYENQQD@N• Qgi mist splt flr 'pllonhurd' ds db tgi inst klbir.
• usun``y tgi plsdtdlb flr pllonhurd ds fdxia db tgi nrnpurrn (kibtrn` stlri glusi flr
pnaay nba ltgir rdkgis) lr Inst hust n`sl fnki tgi Inst. k`lsir tl tgi nrnppurn
tlwnras tgi kibtri.
• Qgi rllh flr wlrsgdp sglu`a blt m`lnkntia ubair nby stndrknsi ns dt ds n mna lhib
& n kn`` flr hdsflrtubi
BNAYENQQD@N
• Qgi splt flr tgi kibtrn` allr frnhi (Bnauenttd`n) flr n glusi fnkdbc tgi inst.
• Nzgdynenh (tgi rllh wdtg wllaib vibtd`ntlr) naas tl tgi fubktdlbn` nba
nrkgdtikturn` vn`ui
BNAYHYQQLH
• Qrnadtdlbn``y Bnauhuttlh lr kibtrn` lpib klurtynra ds tgi prdhi kibtir
• Bnauhuttlh wd`` mi blrhn``y lpib tl sey, n``lwdbc subsgdbi nba rndbs tgi
Bn`ueittu.
• Qgiri ds nb lpib nrin usun``y squnri sgnpia db tgi ixnkt hdaa`i lf tgi glusi tl
plur db.
• Qgds ds tl n``lw bnturn` ibircdis tl kdrku`nti wdtgdb tgi glusi nba n``lw advdadbc tgi
glusi db dts flur sdais.
• Aui tl tgds flur sdai advdsdlb lf tgi glusi my gnvdbc n Bnauhuttlh Glusis plsdtdvi
vdmrnbki wdtgdb.
• N tgu`sd lr trii wd`` mi blrhn``y Bnauhuttlh, p`nbtia db kibtir lf Bnauhuttlh,
wgdkg ds usia tl wlrsgdp.
• Nrkgdtikturn``y tgi `lcdk ds n``lw trii tl nkt ns n bnturn` ndr purdfdir.
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• [dhd`nr`y tgiri wns Ittu eittu nba Zntgdbnru eittu wgdkg nri qudti rnri wdtg twl
nba flur Bnauhuttlh n glusi wdtg lbi Bnauhuttlh usia tl mi kn``ia ns
Bn`ueittu glusi.
• Qgi lutir virnbangs n`lbc tgi flur sdais lf tgi Bn`ueittu nri ibk`lsia adffiribt`y.
• Sgd`i mltg tgi wistirb nba instirb virnbangs nri `ift lpib, tgi blrtgirb nba
slutgirb virnbangs nri ibk`lsia lr sihd-ibk`lsia.
• Qgi klurtynra krintia nt tgi kibtri my tgisi flur gn``s ds nuspdkdlus nba ds kn``ia
BNAYHYQQLH/NBNENBNH.
• Ns tgi Nbenbnh ds usun``y sube dt ds n`sl kn``ia Euzgd(pdt)-Nbenbnh
• Qgi dbbir virnbang nrluba tgi Nbenbnh ds lpib.
• Qgi prltruadbc rllfs lf tgi flur gn``s flrhia sgnay virnbans nba prltiktia tgi
rllhs frlh adrikt sub`dcgt, eiipdbc tgih kll` ivib lb tgi glttist lf anys.
[BNEI-HLYBA ZNNHMYHZYQQY) DB BNAYHYQQNH
BNAYHYQQNH SDQG QY@[D
Z@NBQ DB KIBQ]I
ON[HDBI Z@NQFL]H
(HY@@NQGN]N), NB DBQIC]N@
ZN]Q LF BNAYHYQQNH
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FDC. ;.;=\Z@NB LF EI]N@DQI ]I[DAIBKI
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Ysun` dtihs lf usi db l`a Eirn`n glusis
n) Nnttu Enttd`-Dt ds n swdbcdbc pdiki lf wlla, wdai nba `lbc iblucg flr twl lr tgrii
pirslbs tl sdt. Flur klrbirs lf tgds wllaib pdiki wd`` mi fdrh`y fdxia wdtg tgdke kldr
tl tgi rllf. Lbi lr twl pilp`i wd`` sdt nba slhimlay wd`` pusg dt flr swdbcdbc. Dt ds
usia tl mi fdxia db `nrci `dvdbc rllhs db l`a glusis Db prisibt any glusis n`sl,
pilp`i wgl `dei tgds finturi fdx dt hlst`y db fnhd`y `dvdbc nrin wgiri fnhd`y
hihmirs knb sdt nba swdbc db tgds ns pnrt lf ri`nxntdlb
m) Edbay-Dt ds n mrnss utibsd` fd``ia wdtg wntir usia tl mi eipt nt tgi stips lf
Zllhuegnh flr k`inbdbc fiit lf tglsi wgl ibtir tgi glusi. Dt gns n sdai lpibdbc oust
`dei n tnp sl tgnt n pirslb knb insd`y usi dt tl k`inb gds fiit miflri ibtirdbc tgi glusi
Db prisibt any glusis, prlmnm`y ylu knb sii tgds ns nb nbtdqui dtih adsp`nyia nba
bltgdbc hlri tgnb tgnt
k) Hlbtgn-Dt ds sdhd`nr tl Edbay hnai lf mrnss. Lb`y adffiribki ds tgnt dt gns n wdai
lpibdbc nt tlp nba sdai tnp `dei nrrnbcihibt flr plurdbc wntir ds blt tgiri. Dt ds blt
eipt nt tgi ibtry. Dt ds eipt dbsdai tgi glusi flr stlrnci lf ardbedbc wntir5 hd`e itk.
Sgd`i hd`edbc tgi klw my tgi glusi wdfi Hlbtgn wns usia tl kl``ikt hd`e prissia lut
lf tgi hnhhnry lf tgi klw
a) Yru`y-Dt ds n `nrcir vissi` tl klle flla flr `nrci cntgirdbcs nba tl eiip klleia flla
stlria. Ysun``y hnai lf mrnss.
i) Nrnen``u-Crdbadbc stlbis-Dt ds twl pndr lf stlbis, lbi `nrci wdtg n `ivi` tlp nba tbi
ltgir rluba db krlss siktdlb wdtg `ibctg `iss tgnb wdatg lf tgi mnsi stlbi. Dt ds usia flr
hnbun` crdbadbc lf spdkis nba klklbut flr pripnrdbc kurrdis wdtg tgi hndb hin`, rdki
f) Yrn`-Qgds ds n crnbdti pdiki n`hlst ky`dbardkn` db sgnpi wdtg nb lpibdbc nt tlp wgdkg
gns n kibtrn` plrtdlb wdtg s`dcgt aiptg tl eiip crnbu`is tl mi krusgia wdtg n `lbc pdiki
lf wlla blrhn``y tgnt lf klklbut wlla wdtg twl ibas fdxia wdtg hitn``dk krusgdbc
i`ihibts. Qgds `lbc pdiki lf wlla usia tl krusg crnbu`is tl plwair my ripintia
krusgdbc tgrlucg flrkdbc my gnba up nba alwb my wlhib aldbc glusi gl`a wlre db
l`aib anys Eirn`n, ds kn``ia Y`neen.Dt wns n fnhd`dnr sdcgt db Eirn`n glusis wgiri hnby
wlhib usia tl kgdt kgnt nba krusg crnbu`is tl plwair db tgidr rispiktdvi Yrn`s usdbc
Y`neen
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• virbnku`nr klbstruktdlb db Eirn`n nri hua, ̀ ntirdti nba crnbdti stlbi m`lkes, ̀ dhi
hlrtnr, wlla, mnhmll, k`ny rllfdbc td`i nba klklbut pn`h `invis.
• Qglucg crnbdti stlbi ds n strlbc nba aurnm`i mud`adbc hntirdn`, aui tl dts `dhdtia
Nvnd`nmd`dty hlst`y tl tgi gdcg`nbas, tgi usi lf crnbdti ds `dhdtia tl tgi flubantdlb lf
mud`adbcs.
• K`ny wns usia db hnby flrhs - flr wn``dbc, db fd``dbc tgi tdhmir f`llrs nba hnedbc
mrdkes nba td`is.
• Zn`h `invis wiri usia iffiktdvi`y flr tgntkgdbc tgi rllfs nba flr hnedbc pnrtdtdlb
wn``s.
• @ntirdti stlbis nba tdhmir nri tgi hlst klhhlb hntirdn`.
@NQI]DQI
• [lft `ntirdti stlbis nri nvnd`nm`i db hlst pnrts lf tgi stnti, nt ri`ntdvi`y `lw aiptgs.
Qgisi nri qunrrdia nba arissia flr mud`adbc tgi wn``s.
• @ntirdti stlbis, kn``ia 'Vittuen``u' db `lkn` `nbcunci, ds nmubanbt db tgi hda`nbas lf
Eirn`n. Qgisi nri ri`ntdvi`y slft stlbis tgnt klu`a mi arissia nba kut wdtg insi.
• @ntirdti stlbis dhprlvi db stribctg ns tgiy nri ixplsia tl sub nba hldsturi. Qgds
ubdqui qun`dty hneis `ntirdti n hntirdn` lf kgldki flr klbstruktdlb.
Qdhmir
• dt ds fluba sl nmubanbt db tgi stnti, ds tgi ltgir hlst dhplrtnbt strukturn` i`ihibt
usia db eirn`n.
• @nrci buhmir lf rdvirs nba wntir mladis hnai dt insy tl trnbsplrt guci triis frlh
tgi gd``y ricdlbs lf tgi stnti tl tgi p`ndbs.
• Qgi i`ihibts nri arissia nba nkkurnti`y kut lb tgi crluba nba oldbia tl flrh tgi
• wllaib rllf frnhi, lb wgdkg tgib tgi td`is nri sprina.
• Qgi `lkn` nrtdsnbs usi i`nmlrnti systihs tl ibsuri nmsl`uti nkkurnky db wllawlre
wdtglut wgdkg frnhdbc tgi rllf strukturi wlu`a mi dhplssdm`i.
• Qdhmir ds tgi prdhi strukturn` hntirdn` nmubanbt`y nvnd`nm`i db hnby vnrditdis db
Eirn`n ‛ frlh mnhmll tl tine.
• Zirgnps tgi sed`fu` kgldki lf tdhmir, nkkurnti oldbiry, nrtfu` nssihm`y nba ai`dknti
knrvdbc lf wlla wlre flr kl`uhbs, wn``s nba rllfs frnhis nri tgi ubdqui
kgnrnktirdstdks lf Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi.
1.: KLHHLB MYD@ADBC HNQI]DN@[
FDC. 1.>\KLB[Q]YKQDLB HNQI]DN@[ Y[IA KLHHLB@T DB EI]N@N
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Ivib tlany tgds wlla wlre nba knrvdbc wlre ds usia
db gdcg klst glusis midbc mud`t db Eirn`n wdtg n`` tgi
minuty nba sp`ibalr lf yistir yinrs. [lhi lf tgi
wlla wlre blw midbc usia knb mi k`nssdfdia dbtlfl``lwdbc typis?
• Kgnrupnay flr sdt lut nba mn`klby.
• Slla pnbi`dbc lf wn`` lb idtgir sdai lf hndb
allr wgdkg knb mi lpibia ns twl pnrts tl idtgir
sdai wdtg knrvdbc wlre nba plssdm`y wdtg pdktlrdn`
`lke `dei hnbdkgdtrntgnzgu.
• Slla pnbi`dbc flr rluba pd``nrs dbsdai tgi glusi
• Sllaib f`llrdbc• Slla pnbi`dbc wdtg tlp knrvdbc wlre
• [tndr knsi plsts wdtg knrvdbc
• Slla knrvia Huegnppu nmlvi td`ia s`lpirllf
• Slla knrvia Qgllhnbnh
• Nnttu Enttd`
FDC. 1.=- KL@L] FY@ HY]N@[ / Y[I[ LF QDHMI]/HIQN@/K@NT DB EI]N@DQI ]I[DAIBKI
Frlh tgi `dhdtntdlbs lf tgi hntirdn`s, n hdxia hlai lf klbstruktdlb wns ivl`via db
Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi. Qgi stlbi wlre wns ristrdktia tl tgi p`dbtg ivib db dhplrtnbt
mud`adbcs sukg ns tihp`is. @ntirdti wns usia flr wn``s. Qgi rllf strukturi db tdhmir wns
klviria wdtg pn`h `inf tgntkgdbc flr hlst mud`adbcs nba rnri`y wdtg td`is flr pn`nkis lr
tihp`is. Qgi ixtirdlr lf tgi `ntirdti wn``s wiri idtgir `ift ns sukg lr p`nstiria wdtg `dhi
hlrtnr tl sirvi ns tgi mnsi flr hurn` pndbtdbc. Qgi sku`pturdbc lf tgi stlbi wns hndb`y
hl`adbc db glrdzlbtn` mnbas db tgi p`dbtg plrtdlb (nagdstnbs) wgirins tgi knrvdbc lftdhmir klviria n`` i`ihibts \ pd``nrs, minhs, kid`dbc, rnftirs nba tgi supplrtdbc mrnkeits.
Qgi Eirn`n hurn`s nri pndbtdbcs wdtg vicitnm`i ayis lb wit wn``s db sumauia sgnais lf
mrlwb. Qgi dbadciblus nalptdlb lf tgi nvnd`nm`i rnw hntirdn`s nba tgidr trnbsflrhntdlb
ns ibaurdbc hiadn flr nrkgdtikturn` ixprissdlb tgus miknhi tgi alhdbnbt finturi lf tgi
Eirn`n sty`i.
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14
ZNAHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI
Qgi qudti issibtdn` ixnhp`i lf tgi virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n ds tgi
Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki klhp`ix, `lkntia db Qguken`ny lf Qnhd`bnau, viry naonkibt
tl tgi Eirn`n mlrair. Flubaia my tgi rlyn` fnhd`y lf Qrnvnbklri, tgi dbdtdn` strukturislf tgi klhp`ix anti frlh >1::s, wdtg ltgir mud`adbcs naaia dbkrihibtn``y lvir tdhi.
Dt ds lbi lf tgi mist ixnhp`is lf wllaib nrkgdtikturi tgnt gns klhi tl syhml`dsi tgi
virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n. Qgi pn`nki klhp`ix ds n hnstirpdiki - nb dbtrdcudbc
p`ny lf vl`uhis, skn`i, spntdn` p`nbbdbc & klurtynras, n`` lf wgdkg gnvi n strlbc
ubair`ydbc klgisdvibiss. Qgi spnkis hlvi frlh tgi pum`dk spnkis lb tgi pirdpgiry tl
tgi hlri prdvnti spnkis ns lbi hlvis tlwnras tgi klri, rif`iktia tgrlucg vnrdntdlbs
db skn`i & prlplrtdlb, prlaukdbc viry dbtiristdbc spnkis
9.: KN[I [QYAT
Qgi ibtrnbki tl tgi klhp`ix ds frlh tgi wist, tgrlucg n flrhn` virsdlb lf tgi
‗Znadpurn— lr tgi ibtrnbki cnti, wgdkg ds klhhlb db n`` tgi trnadtdlbn` awi``dbcs lfEirn`n. Qgi kibtrn` `lkus lf tgi ibtdri klhplsdtdlb ds tgi Hltgir—s pn`nki lr tgi ‗Qgnd
Elttnrnh—, nrluba wgdkg n`` tgi ltgir spnkis nri lrcnbdsia. Qgiri nri sipnrnti gn``s
flr nuadibkis & cntgirdbcs, n `nrci anbki gn``, fiiadbc gn``s lf vnrdlus sdzis, edtkgib,
risdaibkis flr tgi edbc & ltgir adcbdtnrdis, winplbs stlri, mntg glusis, lffdkis nba
ivib n tihp`i. Qgiri ds n`sl n 1 stlriyia ‗Ypprden Hn`den— db tgi klhp`ix, klbstruktia
db tgi >31:s, wgdkg ds n tistnhibt tl tgi tikgbl`lcdkn` prlcriss nt tgnt tdhi. N ;::
yinr l`a k`lke tlwir db tgi pn`nki stnbas wdtbiss tl tgi hnrkg lf tdhi nba ds std`` blw
db clla wlredbc klbadtdlb. Qglucg tgiri ds bl flrhn` syhhitrdkn` spntdn` `nylut tl mifluba ns sukg, tgiri `dis n strlbc lrcnbdsntdlb prdbkdp`i, wgdkg krintis n viry klgiribt
& ubdfydbc wgl`i. Qgi vnrdlus mud`t spnkis nri dbtir`dbeia & nkkissia tgrlucg n sirdis
lf klurtynras & lpib spnkis wgdkg vnry vl`uhitrdkn``y & db skn`i aipibadbc uplb tgi
`ivi` lf prdvnky riqudria, hlst lftib, midbc viry dbtdhnti db bnturi.
FDC. 9.>/9.=\VDIS LF ZNANHBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI / ZNADZY]NH LF ZN@NKI
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9:
Qgi rllf flrhs nri tgi hlst alhdbntdbc i`ihibt db tgi wgl`i klhp`ix, wgdkg tgrlucg
tgidr wlbairfu` ouxtnplsdtdlb krintis nb dhprissdvi vdsun` klhplsdtdlb ‛ nb ivir
kgnbcdbc p`ny lf `dcgt, sgnalw & hnss. Qgi kl`uhbs nri hndb`y db wlla & stlbi nba
supplrt tgi wllaib rllf strukturi, wgdkg gns miib aisdcbia viry krintdvi`y tl mi
fubktdlbn` ns wi`` ns nistgitdk. Qgiri nri strdkt ru`is & knblbs `nda alwb db tgi nbkdibt
mud`adbc skdibki lf Vnstu [gnstrn, ricnradbc tgi usi lf wlla, tikgbdquis lf oldbts,
nbc`is lf rllf flrhs itk, wgdkg gnvi miib ri`dcdlus`y fl``lwia lvir tgi vnrdlus pirdlas
aurdbc wgdkg tgi klhp`ix wns mud`t. Qgi lvirn`` iffikt lf tgds midbc tgnt tgiri ixdst
klgisdvibiss tgrlucglut tgi strukturis, ribairdbc tgih tdhi`iss.
Qgi wn``s nri usun``y hnai db `ntirdti lr mrdke & p`nstiria lvir wdtg `dhi. Qgiri nri
blb-strukturn` wllaib skriibs kn``ia onn`ds, wgdkg gnvi tgi fubktdlb lf n``lwdbc db
`dcgt & vibtd`ntdlb wgd`i ibsurdbc tgi prdvnky lf tgi pirslb dbsdai. Qgi fd`tiria `dcgt
krintis n arnhntdk p`ny lf `dcgt & sgnalw db tgi dbtirdlrs nba ibsuris n viry kll` &klhflrtnm`i nhmdibki dbsdai, nwny frlh tgi m`nzdbc sub. Qgi sgnaia dbtirdlrs nri
kll`, wgdkg ds n adrikt airdvntdvi lf tgi k`dhntl`lcdkn` biia tl klubtir tgi wnrh
guhda trlpdkn` k`dhnti.
FDC. 9.;\ VDIS LF QD@IA ]LLF F]LH DB[DAI SDQG SLLAIB ]NFQI][ NBA ONN@D[ NBA LYQ[DAI SDQG K@NT QD@I[
7/21/2019 Indigenous Architecture of Kerala | Vernacular Architecture Study
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Dbaiia, lbi lf tgi hlst sdcbdfdknbt nspikts lf tgi aisdcb ds tgi sibsdtdvi gnba`dbc lf
tgi `dcgt & sgnalws tl krinti n wgl`islhi klhflrtnm`i nhmdibki dbsdai, lbi tgnt
flkusis dbsdai, kn`hdbc, slltgdbc & klbtihp`ntdbc Qgi f`llrdbc ds ubdqui nba ds m`nke
db kl`lur, ritndbdbc n hdrrlr `dei pl`dsg ivib blw nftir sl hnby kibturdis. Dt ds snda tgnt
tgi f`llrdbc wns albi usdbc n hdxturi lf adffiribt strukturis `dei murbt klklbut sgi``s,
icc wgdtis, p`nbt oudkis itk.
Qgi wn``s nri usun``y hnai db `ntirdti lr mrdke & p`nstiria lvir wdtg `dhi. Qgiri nri
blb-strukturn` wllaib skriibs kn``ia onn`ds, wgdkg gnvi tgi fubktdlb lf n``lwdbc db
`dcgt & vibtd`ntdlb wgd`i ibsurdbc tgi prdvnky lf tgi pirslb dbsdai. Qgi fd`tiria `dcgt
krintis n arnhntdk p`ny lf `dcgt & sgnalw db tgi dbtirdlrs nba ibsuris n viry kll` &
klhflrtnm`i nhmdibki dbsdai, nwny frlh tgi m`nzdbc sub. Qgi sgnaia dbtirdlrs nrikll`, wgdkg ds n adrikt airdvntdvi lf tgi k`dhntl`lcdkn` biia tl klubtir tgi wnrh guhda
trlpdkn` k`dhnti. Dbaiia, lbi lf tgi hlst sdcbdfdknbt nspikts lf tgi aisdcb ds tgi
sibsdtdvi gnba`dbc lf tgi `dcgt & sgnalws tl krinti n wgl`islhi klhflrtnm`i
nhmdibki dbsdai, lbi tgnt flkusis dbsdai, kn`hdbc, slltgdbc & klbtihp`ntdbc.
FDC. 9.1\ VDIS LF M@NKE HD]]L] @DEI F@LL], SLLAIB ON@@D[ NBA BNQNE[GN@N L] BNV]NQ]D HNBANZZNH
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Dhplrtnbt mud`adbcs db tgi pn`nki dbk`uai?
HNBQ]N[N@N ‛ Edbc—s Klubkd` Kgnhmir
QGND ELQQN]NH ‛ Hltgir Zn`nki (n`sl eblwb ns Anrmgn Eu`nbcnrn Elttnrnh)
BNQNE[N@N ‛ Qgi Gn`` lf Zirflrhnbki, lr lf Zirflrhdbc Nrts.
YZZN]DEN HN@DEN ‛ Qgi Edbc—s ^unrtirs ‑ n flur-stlry mud`adbc nt tgi kibtir lf tgi
Qgi Qgnd Elttnrnh ds tgi l`aist pnrt lf tgi pn`nki.Dt wns mud`t
aurdbc tgi ridcb lf ]nvd Vnrhn Eu`nsiegnrn piruhn`, >94= ‛ >6=:
KI.N sikrit tubbi` lvir lbi ed`lhitir `lbc frlh tgds mud`adbc
prlvdaia tgi rlyn` fnhd`y wdtg nb isknpi rluti db tdhis lf wnr.
QGIEI ELQQN]NH ‛ Qgi [lutgirb Zn`nki, N kirihlbdn` finstdbc gn``, wgdkg knb glst
pn`nki klhp`ix klbtndbdbc tgi Edbc—s Qrinsury, s`iipdbc qunrtirs,
ristdbc nba stuay rllhs, nba tgi tlp f`llr sirvdbc ns tgi wlrsgdp
kgnhmir lf tgi rlyn` glusigl`a. Hnrtnban Virhn mud`t tgi Edbc—s
^unrtirs db >311 N.A.
nrluba >::: cuists.
FDC. 9.1\ DBQ]DKNQI SLLAIB KN]VDBC[ LB
KID@DBC NBA KL@YHB[ / EDBC—[ ZN@ED
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9;
• ZNANHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI ]iprisibts
tgi hlst k`nssdk Eirn`n alhistdk
nrkgdtikturi.
• Dt ds n`sl tgi wlr`a's ̀ nrcist wllaib pn`nki
hnai lb s`lpdbc rllfs, crnbdti nba
rlsiwlla tine wlla wlre klhmdbntdlbs.
FDC. 9.6\ >.VDIS LF YZHN@DEN[/=.VDIS LF HNBQ]D[GN@N/;. VDIS LF IENBQN
HNBANZNH/1. DBQI]DL] LF YZHN@DEN-QGI [HN@@ @NQQDKI SDBALS[/ 9. BNQNE[GN@N/
6. BNV]NQ]N HNBANZNH / 3. KI]IHLBDN@ ADBDBC GN@@- LLQNZY]N / 3. SLLAIB
L]BNHIBQNQDLB LB [Q]YKQY]N@ SLLA ? QINE , [NBAN@ NBA ]L[I SLLA.
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91
Dbaiia, tgi Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki, wdtg dts nhnzdbc vlknmu`nry lf s`lpia td`ia
rllfs, dbtrdknti onn`d wlres, hystirdlus klrrdalrs, dbtdhnti klurtynras, nhnzdbc
wllawlre, p`ny lf `dcgt nba sgnalw, klhflrtnm`i dbtirdlr spnkis itk, ds n tdhi`iss
nrkgdtikturn` hnrvi` nba ds n stnre rihdbair tl us lf lur rdkg trnadtdlb lf
dbblvntdvibiss, rispikt tl bnturi nba sinrkg flr pirfiktdlb. Qgi crnkifu` sdhp`dkdty lf
tgi klhp`ix stnbas ns n adcbdfdia minklb, n rihdbair lf wgnt wi sglu`a strdvi flr db
tgisi tdhis lf hdba`iss nrkgdtikturn` cdhhdkes.
FDC. 9.3\AIQND@IA Z@NB LF ZNANHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI/ [DQI [IKQDLB/ [DQI Z@NB/ QI]]NKI Z@NB [GSDBC [@LZDBC ]LLF[
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99
FDC. 9.7\NWLBLHIQ]DK LF ZNANHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI
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• Qgi ivl`utdlb lf alhistdk nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n fl``lwia k`lsi`y tgi triba lf
aivi`lphibt db tihp`i nrkgdtikturi. Qgi prdhdtdvi hlai`s wiri guts hnai lf
mnhmll frnhi tgntkgia wdtg `invis db kdrku`nr, squnri lr riktnbcu`nr p`ndb sgnpis.
• Qgi riktnbcu`nr sgnpi wdtg n gdppia rllf nppinrs tl gnvi miib fdbn``y ivl`via frlh
fubktdlbn` klbsdairntdlb.
• [trukturn``y tgi rllf frnhi wns supplrtia lb tgi pd``nrs lb wn``s iriktia lb n p`dbtg
rndsia frlh tgi crluba flr prltiktdlb ncndbst anhpbiss nba dbsikts db tgi trlpdkn`
k`dhnti.
• Lftib tgi wn``s wiri n`sl lf tdhmirs nmubanbt`y nvnd`nm`i db tgi `nba. Qgi rllf
frnhi klbsdstia lf tgi Missihir lr wn`` p`nti wgdkg supplrtia `lwir ibas lf tgi
rnftirs, tgi uppir ibas midbc klbbiktia tl tgi rdaci. Qgi widcgt lf tgi rnftirs nba
tgi rllf klvirdbc krintia n snci db tgi rdaci wgib tgi rdaci pdiki wns hnai lf
f`ixdm`i hntirdn`s `dei mnhmll. Qgds snci glwivir rihndbia ns tgi gn``-hnre lf rllf
klbstruktdlb ivib wgib strlbc tdhmir wns usia flr tgi rllf frnhi.
• Furtgir cnm`i wdbalws wiri ivl`via nt tgi twl ibas tl prlvdai nttdk vibtd`ntdlb
wgib kid`dbc wns dbklrplrntia flr tgi rllh spnkis. Qgds ibsuria ndr kdrku`ntdlb nba
tgirhn` klbtrl` flr tgi rllf.
• Qgi `lwir ibas lf tgi rnftirs prloiktia hukg miylba tgi wn``s tl sgnai tgi wn``s
frlh tgi sub nba ardvdbc rndb. Qgds cdvis nb dbtibsi fii` tl glusi midbc sglrtir db gt.
nba k`lsi tl inrtg lr vnnstu /sdti. Qgi k`lsia flrh lf tgi Eirn`n glusis wns tgus
crnaun``y ivl`via frlh tikgbdkn` klbsdairntdlbs. Lbi knb sii tgi strdedbc sdhd`nrdty
lf tgds flrh wdtg tgi tihp`i strukturi.
• Qgi p`dbtg, tgi `lwir hlst pnrt ds std`` kn``ia nadstgnbn, tglucg dt ds p`ndb lr `iss
lrbnti. Qgi stgnhmns lr pd``nrs nba mgdtgds lr wn``s nri ncndb lf sdhp`i sgnpi wdtg
bl prloiktdlb lr rikissis. Qgi hndb allr fnkis lb`y db lbi knradbn` adriktdlb nba
tgi wdbalws nri shn`` nba nri hnai `dei pdirkia skriibs lf wlla.
• Qgi riktnbcu`nr p`nb ds usun``y advdaia dbtl twl lr tgrii nktdvdty rllhs wdtg nkkiss
frlh n frlbt pnssnci. Qgds pnssnci lpibs tl n gdcg`y lrbnhibtia lpibdbc kn``ia ns
ZLLHYEGNH wgdkg knb mi ri`ntia tl clpurnhs lf tihp`i nrkgdtikturi-tgi hndb
ibtrnbki tl glusi.
• Qgi prloiktdbc knvis klvir n virnbang n`` rluba. [dbki pilp`i gna `nrcir fnhd`dis db
l`air tdhis sl tgiy p`nbbia nba dbflrhn` sintdbc flr pilp`i tl cntgir nba ki`imrnti
tdhis tlcitgir db tgi lutir virnbang ns KGYQQYZNAT.
• Nb ibtrnbki strukturi ZNADZZY]N hny n`sl mi klbstruktia `dei tgi clpurnh lf n
tihp`i. Qgds hny klbtndb lbi lr twl rllhs flr cuists lr lkknsdlbn` vdsdtlrs wgl nri
blt ibtirtndbia db tgi hndb glusi. Qgi plsdtdlb nba sdzis lf vnrdlus mud`adbcs,
dbk`uadbc tgi `lkntdlb lf triis nba pntgs wdtgdb tgi klhpluba wn`` wiri tl mi
aikdaia frlh tgi nbn`ysds lf tgi sdti nkklradbc tl tgi priskrdptdlbs db tgi k`nssdk
tixts. Qgds nbn`ysds dbvl`via tgi klbkipt lf vnstupurusgn hnban`n.
6.: KLBK@Y[DLB
[lkdl-ku`turn` nspikts lf Eirn`n wdtg ds dhpnkt lf k`dhnti nba cilcrnpgy aivi`lpia dts
nrkgdtikturi. Qgi nrt wgdkg ds k`lsi tl dts trnadtdlb. CLA—[ LSB KLYBQ]T!!....
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www.EI]N@N/Nrkgdtikturi.gth
www.Nrkgdtikturi/Eirn`n/Sdedpiadn/ibkyk`lpiadn.gth
www.virbnku`nr/Eirn`nSdedpiadn.ibkyk`lpiadn.gth
www.virbnku`nr/NrkgdtikturiEirn`nQihp`is.gthwww.virbnku`nr/ZrnanesgdbnZiruvnbnh.gth
www.virbnku`nr/EI][email protected]
ZAF-=61 Dbtirbntdlbn` Olurbn` lf Inrtg [kdibkis nba Ibcdbiirdbc D[[B :431-94:1, Vl`.
:=, Bl. :;, Ou`y =::4, pp. =61-=3>
3.: MDM@DLC]NZGT