INDO-PAKISTAN WAR1947-1979, 1965, 1971
Mrs. Williams
Background Causes
Britain control India between the 15th and 19th century
India fought for Independence from Britain throughout the 19th and 20th century
Two major religious groups: Hindu and Muslim
Indian National Congress (1885) predominately Hindu
Muslim League (1906) created to counteract the Hindu dominance
Map of India Pre-Partition
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/prepartitionmap.htm
Independence
India received independence from Britain in 1947
Two nationalism organizations were created Indian National Congress (1885)—Nationalist
ideals to establish democracy would reduce the Muslim population
The Muslim League (1906) Mohandas Gandhi supported both groups to get
peace between the two groups Mohammad Ali Jinnah (leader) of Muslim
League and became the leader of Pakistan (Governor General)
Britain and Partition
Britain sent Lord Louis Mountbatten to India as the viceroy to negotiate independence
Mountbatten acknowledged that a civil war was inevitable so he imposed a partition
He created a Hindu State, India and a Muslim State, Pakistan
Mountbatten’s Plan
http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/aug2007/partition_india.html
Results and Independence
Mountbatten’s Plan was a weak solution Britain continued to interfere in India
even after independence was achieved Partition created massive migration,
homelessness, integration into a new society
1947-1949 War
The division between Western and Eastern Pakistan and India were highlighted by differing economic and religious issues
Three princely states were given the opportunity to chose independence or confirm their allegiance to India or Pakistan
Kashmir, Mysore, and Hyderbad
Princely States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg
Kashmir
India and Pakistan valued this area Ruled by a Hindu but Kashmir was mostly
Muslim in Population Muslims rose up against the Hindu minority
and Pakistan sent men to overthrow the government in less than a month
The Maharajah appealed to India for military aid in October, in return for service Kashmir would be acquired by India
This ignited Pakistan to send an army in 1948
War
Both India and Pakistan’s armies were receiving guidance from the British military
Indian military (army) used aircraft and armored cars to transport troops to the capital of Kashmir
A stalemate was reached by 1948 and a ceasefire agreement was reached
Effects
1500 soldiers were killed Civilian causalities 1k Kashmir became part of India Pakistan army still occupied the northern
part of Kashmir