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Intelligent Digital CCTV
By: Charlie R. Pierce
President
LeapFrog Training and ConsultingHttp:\\ltctrainingcntr.com
NAAA Show / Seminar Portland, Oregon 2003
Step 1: Avoid IntimidationStep 1: Avoid Intimidation
Ask Questions
Investigate simple
computer terminology
Compare technology
Think about your overall
security approach and plan
Look for positive
characteristics to enhance
your current security
position
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Step 2: Review SecurityStep 2: Review Security
StrategiesStrategies
Electronic Burglar / Fire Alarms
Access Control
All forms Locks / Barriers
Professional Response
Visual Confirmation:
CCTV
Immediate
After the fact
Evidence
Remember The Five Duties OfRemember The Five Duties Of
SecuritySecurity
PreventionPrevention Prevent the crime from happening in advancePrevent the crime from happening in advance
DeterrenceDeterrence Deter the crime to an area other than the one beingDeter the crime to an area other than the one being
protectedprotected Detection / AnnunciationDetection / Annunciation
Detect and annunciate change or differencesDetect and annunciate change or differences
ResponseResponse Physically respond to a situation according to the designPhysically respond to a situation according to the design
EvidenceEvidence Produce the necessary evidence to support the accusation
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Worldwide Applications AndWorldwide Applications And
Principles Of CCTVPrinciples Of CCTV
Interface the four
principals of Security
equal to the application
1. Electronic Security
Burglar / Fire
2. Access Control
All forms of locks and
barriers
3. CCTV
4. Professional Response
Defining &Defining &
Understanding AnalogUnderstanding Analog
& Digital Technologies& Digital Technologies
1
Analog Signals Are Frequency Based And Are Antiquated AndUndependable
Digital Signals Are Superior, Numeric Based Codes But Are GenerallyUnsupported In The CCTV Industry
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Defining Analog SignalsDefining Analog Signals
The majority of Current
video transmissions are
analog
Analog signals, are as
waves
Multiple waves make up
a single transmission
Multiple waves take up
band width or space
700 Nanometers
Red
Defining Analog SignalsDefining Analog Signals
In Analog, 700nm has
an infinite number of
possibilities for
reproduction between
699nm and 701nm Analog color cannot be
reproduced, to the
exact same
specifications, two
times in a row
700 Nanometers
Red
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Understanding AnalogUnderstanding Analog
TransmissionsTransmissions
Analog signals are frequency
based
Frequency equals resolution or
detail quality of the image
Multiple frequencies packaged
together equals bandwidth
High resolution images require
a broad bandwidth
Video transmits on a0 10 Meg Hz bandwidth
Understanding AnalogUnderstanding Analog
TransmissionsTransmissions
Because analog signals
are frequency based, they
are easily influenced by
outside interferences such
as: Radio Frequencies (RF)
Electro Magnetic Induction
(EMI)
Ground Loops / Faults
Weak Signals
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Defining DigitalDefining Digital
CommunicationsCommunications
Digital is defined in aform of electronic Morsecode using ones andzeros
Since the digitallanguage is defined,700nm Red is always700nm Red regardlessof the age or quality ofthe tape or machine it isreproduced on
Note: The digital code for the above light waves are fictitious
700 Nanometers
RedAnalog
Digital Code 6999nm = 0010
Digital Code 700nm = 0101
Digital Code 701nm = 1101
Defining DigitalDefining Digital
CommunicationsCommunications
Multiple groups ofcodes make up digitallanguage
Digital language takes
up space orbandwidth accordingto the amount ofinformation beingtransmitted
0011 1101 0101 1101 00110001 1101 0001 1110 10100100 0101 1011 0011 11010101 1101 0011 0001 11010001 1110 1010 0100 01010011 1101 0101 1101 00110001 1101 0001 1110 10100100 0101 0011 1101 01011101 0011 0001 1101 00011110 1010 0100 0101 00111101 0101 1101 0011 00011101 0001 1110 1010 01000101 0011 1101 0101 11010011 0001 1101 0001 11101010 0100 0101 0011 11010101 1101 0011 0001 11010001 1110 1010 0100 01010011 1101 0101 1101 0011
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Defining Digital CompressionDefining Digital Compression
Digital code sequencescan be compressed toincrease storagecapabilities
Compression isaccomplished throughvarious, differentalgorithms called engines
Each engine has a name: Jpeg / Mpeg / Wavelet
Each compression formathas its own set of rulesand strength and/or
weakness
0001 0101 0011 00011000 0011 1010 01010001 0101 0011 00011000 0011 1010 0101
When compressed becomes
0010 1100 0010 1100
The first two repeatingsequences are redefined
into a two sequenceformat
Digital Compression PitfallsDigital Compression Pitfalls
There are several
compression engines in
use in the CCTV industry
today
Wavelet, Jpeg, Mpeg,
H263, etcetera
Two major problems with
decompression of digital
signals:
Color distortion
Detail or resolution
losses
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Digital Compression PitfallsDigital Compression Pitfalls
No standards for compression engines in the
CCTV market
Incompatibility between formats
Number of images per second and quality of
images determine the amount of storage space
necessary to store visual information
Storage space is dictating the amount of information
being stored, not security or evidence needs
Advantages Of DigitalAdvantages Of Digital
TransmissionsTransmissions
1001001011101010101001000101011010111
1010100010101010100101010101011010010
0010101000101010100100101010101010011
1010101010101001010101010010101010101
1110101110100010101010101010101010101
1010101010111010100010101000101010111
1111001010101010101010101000010101010
0010101110001010010100101000010101011
Because Digital is a numericbase, it is less susceptible tooutside interference from RF,EMI, and/or Ground loops
Because Digital is a numericbase, it is more easily pulledback from weak signals
Digital transmissions still requirebandwidth or space fortransmissions according to theamount of information beingsent
Compression engines assistin decreasing the amount ofbandwidth needed totransmit
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Current Equipment InCurrent Equipment In
The Digital CCTVThe Digital CCTVMarketMarket
Wives Tales And The General Misunderstandings
Of Digital Capabilities
Current Problems Holding Digital At Bay 2
Digital Cameras In The
Industrial CCTV Market 2003
Current cameras in the CCTV industry are either:
Digitally enhanced (95% of all cameras)
Fully digital with analog & digital output capabilities (less than 5%) **Referred to as Network or IP Network Cameras
Digital enhancements include:
Enhanced sensitivity
Back-lighting enhancement
Color Enhancements
Auto Lens Balance / adjustments
Character generation
Video motion detection
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Digitally Enhanced Cameras InDigitally Enhanced Cameras In
The CCTV MarketThe CCTV Market
Image starts in the
analog format
Translated into digital
language inside camera
Enhancements are
added
Digital image is
translated into analog
format for transmission
00101011101010010100010101110
11011101010100101011101010010
10101010010000101111011010101
00101010101010101010001010101
01001010100001010111011010101
01110101010101000010101010101
01010101010101010101001010100
10101010010101010010101010100
Digital
Analog
Current Problems
TIME LAPSE
VIDEOCASSETTERECORDER
EJECTPOWER
computar
QS-MX Quad Display
mode
V C R S E Q H O M E
d i sp lay
Each product that digitizes
the video signal can cost
the system resolution
Resolution defines the
quality of the image
Resolution defines the
detail of the image
3
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Recorders And Recording
Techniques
Recorders come in five different industrial formats:
Time-lapse
Event
24 hr High Density 72 hr High Density
DAT / Digital Hard Drive / Digital Floppy
Digital recording techniques give a good quality digital
recorder the ability to mimic any/all of the accepted
recording formats of the industry
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Time-lapse Recording
Time-Lapse recordingtechniques are used to takeindividual images with timelapsing between
With VHS, time-lapserecorders could make a twohour cassettes last for up-tonine hundred, plus hours
Digital Time-lapse is onlyrestricted by storage space
Use to record long periodsof time in low activity areas
Time loss factors applyaccording to the application
Event Recording
Designed to record
specific events as
triggered by an action of
some sort
Event storage space is
determined by a
combination of:
Average duration of event
Total number of events in
a given period of time
Quality of image required
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24 & 72 Hour Recording
Originally designed to increase the number of
frames able to be recorded on a VHS tape in the
24 or 72 hour mode for work with Multiplexers
More or less obsolete due to digital versatility
Digital systems can be programmed to record
according to several combinations of options
Frames per second and/or
Total recording time over any period and/or
Quality of image
Video Storage Systems
Magnetic Tape
VHS
Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
Hard Drive
Digital Disc - Floppy / CD / DVD
Digital Management Systems
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Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
Resolution according to
preset programming
Advanced digital search
and marking capability
Smaller tapes for storage
More than 20,000 uses
before destruction
Less overall recording
time per tape or discrestricting uses
VHS Video Tape
VHS CassetteVHS Cassette
DAT CassetteDAT Cassette
DAT Tape
Digital Disk Machine
Resolution according to preset programming
and storage parameters
CD / DVD / Hard Drive Formats
Quick, accurate, digital search modes Limited storage space according to:
Quality or resolution of recorded images
Number of images per second and
Total recording time
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The Process Of Going Digital
1. Learn some basic language of computers
2. Review the existing system components and
applications
3. Learn the major differences within the digital
management systems for best desired results
4. Verify compatibility of existing system
components with available technology
5. Verify compatibility of new system with future
plans6. Lay out the proposed system on paper 4
Step 1: Learn The Language
Know the basic language of computer
systems and the affect on your decisions
for CCTV digital management
Server Network
Ethernet
IP Address
LAN / WAN
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Local Area Network (LAN)
IBM Compatible
HubIBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
Local Area Network
Allows for multiple users on a
single server through a
central hub
Master data base available to
all users
Users able to manipulate
data within individual
program(s) at a time
Wide Area NetworkWide Area Network -- (WAN)(WAN)
World wide system
communication between like
or attached systems via:
Modem / Internet
Satellite / Wireless Multiple user capability
Two way communication
Speed of communication
dependant upon method of
connection
CityCity
City
IBMCompatible
Wide Area Networ k
(WAN)
LAN
LAN
LAN
IBMCompatible
IBMCompatible Laptopcomputer
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EthernetEthernet
Ethernet
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
Workstation
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
Hardware highway forinformation communication
within the computer system
Faster than standard BUS
systems
Allows for break in
communication from server
without loosing individual
communications between
stations
Juke Box
Based upon the sameprincipals of a record juke box
Automatically routesinformation to DAT / CD / DVDin recording slots for archiving
of video information accordingto predetermined programming
Can be located at individualpoints throughout system or asmaster archive at server point
Can be set in tandem multiplesfor larger systems
DAT
Juke Box
DAT Tape
DAT Tape
DAT Tape
DAT Tape
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Step 2: Existing SystemStep 2: Existing System
ReviewReview
D
LAG ER 0 3 . 60
WINE 01 . 20
TO TAL 0 4 . 80
CASH 10 . 00
C HA NG E 0 5 . 20
13 05 96 TILL 0005/A1
SETUP
LINE
FAULT
PORT0
PORT1
MODSYN
VIDSYNC
POWER
TIMELAPSE
Cameras / transmission
systems must be compatible
with existing digital
management technology
provided composite video
format
Controller will remain with
system for pan/tilt - zoom
functions
Multiplexer(s) / Switcher(s) /
Recorders(s) probably replaced
by digital management system
Review Equipment Within TheReview Equipment Within The
SystemSystem
Verify the all existing equipment
within your current system by:
Manufacturer
Model
Type Camera
Recorder
Multiplexer
Monitor
TIMELAPSE
VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDER
EJECT POWER
Digital Video Motion
Detector
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Review The Applications OfReview The Applications Of
The SystemThe System
Redefine the purpose of each
camera within the system
Group each into a category
according to visual information
needs
Personal ID
Action ID
Evidence
Use multiple applications where
necessary
Digital Recorders
Resolution according to preset programming and storageparameters
CD / DVD / Hard Drive Formats
Quick, accurate, digital search modes
Limited storage space according to:
Quality or resolution of recorded images
Number of images per second and
Total recording time
Each machine has its own Protocol, algorithm, and compressionformat
Video information is not able to be shared between machine
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Digital Management Systems
These systems
redefine the
entire process of
CCTV design
from the
multiplexer down
5
Digital Management SystemDigital Management System
SpecificationsSpecifications
System management,
techniques, and capabilities
differ greatly between existing
digital systems
Layout, control, user access,and final information
reproduction differs greatly
between existing digital
systems
Look for key factors that best
suit your needs
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Digital Layout Options
# 1: Simple LAN
IBMCompatible
Hub
IBMCompatible IBMCompatible
IBMCompatible
No local DAT archiving
Limited local archiving
according to unit storage
capability
If server, hub, or any other
portion of main system fails,
entire system archiving fails
Usually requires very large Juke
box or large tandem arrays to
properly monitor entire system
Digital Layout Options # 1:
Advanced LAN
If server fails, system continues
to operate on local network
local archiving may be available
on DAT as an option
Juke box archiving available atlocal level and/or server
IBM Compatible
TIME LAPSE
TIME LAPSE
TIMELAPSE
Hub
IBM Compatible
IBM Compatible
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Digital Management System
Advantages
Able to recall information at
any time based upon:
Day / Date
Hour / Minute / Second
Video Frame
Alarm number
Camera # or Name
Guard Comments
Complete system
integration available due
to PC base programming
and functions
100 percent system
monitoring at all times
without need of visual
image
Pitfalls Of Digital ManagementPitfalls Of Digital Management
SystemsSystems
Tend to be expensive at
startup, but buy back
through versatility fairly
quick
Potential resolution loss
due to analog / digital /
analog conversions
No set standards for
storage formats
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Digital ManagementDigital Management
ApplicationsApplications
Systems requiring immediate video verification of
incidents such as Casinos
Systems with large numbers of cameras requiring
individual programming such as Hotels
Systems with multiple, simultaneous recording
needs (i.e.: 24 hour, time-lapse, event) such as
banks, airports, schools and/or multiple branch
companies
Buyer Beware!Buyer Beware!
Work with Professionals withProven Technologies!
7
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Verify Through Demonstration /Verify Through Demonstration /
TestingTesting
Upgrades to, and/or new design
of a digital management system
is a major investment
Ask for either on-site or off-site
demonstration, prior to final
decision of which system you
choose
Learn the language and what it
means to you
Compare completely and look
for the loop holes
Buyer Beware!Buyer Beware!
There are no set standards on digital format for storage of
video images. Consequently the system that you
purchase today, may end up obsolete within the first three
to five years of operation
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Buyer Beware!Buyer Beware!
If your digital storage system crashes and you do not
have adequate backup systems in place, you lose control
and data.
Evidence for court will have to be produced in original
format therefore:
Insure that your system will dump the original data, in digital
format, with all alogarythms in place
Buyer Beware!Buyer Beware!
Proper encryption or watermarks should be part
of your general digital recording format to insure
Originality of recorded information
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