Interlinking Between Montreal Protocol
and Energy Efficiency
Walid Chakroun, PhD
Fellow ASHRAE, ME Dept. Kuwait University
3rd HVAC Contracting Conference “ Evolution of HVAC Industry””
Qatar November 25-26, 2018
Outline
• Montreal’s Protocol
• Kigali’s Amendment
• HFCs Phase-down
• Emissions and GWP classification
• Energy Efficiency
• MEPS
• Phase down strategies
Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
• Adopted on 16 September 1987 in Montreal.
• The Montreal Protocol is the international treaty to protect the
stratospheric ozone layer.
• The Protocol was designed so that the phase out schedules could
be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological
assessments.
• It has so far succeeded in phasing out 98% of the chemicals
responsible for causing damage .
Phase-out Schedule of ODS as per Montreal
ProtocolFreeze 20% 50% 75% 85% 100%
Article 5 countries
CFCs 1999 2005 2007 2010
Halons 2002 2005 2010
HCFCs 2013 2015-10% 2020-35% 2025-67.5% 2030-97.5%
MeBr 2002 2005 2040
Non-Article 5 countries
CFCs 1990 1994 1996
Halons 1992 1994
HCFCs 1996 2004-35% 2010 2015-90% 2020-99.5%
MeBr 1995 1999* 2001 2003 2005
* 25 %
Kigali’s Amendment
• HFCs may not be ODS, however they are greenhouse gases (GHG)
with high global warming potentials (GWPs)
• Kigali’s Amendment to Montreal Protocol was introduced to phase
down the use of HFCs
• Phase down for high GWP HFC will be enforced, with emphasis on
increasing the energy efficiency in HVAC&R systems
Implementation of HFC Phasedown
• Kigali’s Amendment will enter into force on the 1st of January
2019
• Developing countries will freeze HFC consumption in 2024
• Developed countries will start HFC phase down in 2019
• Additional 4 year delay for developing countries with high
ambient temperature conditions.
• Import and export licensing systems for HFCs must be in place
by 1 January 2019
• Trade ban for parties that have not endorsed the Kigali’s
Amendment from 1 January 2033.
Article 5 (A5) countries are the developing countries
Main Group
Group 2
1. G.C.C. Countries2. India3. Iran4. Iraq5. Pakistan
Remaining of the developing world countries
Non Article 5 (NA5) countries are developed countries
Group 1 Group 2
1. Belarus2. Russian3. Kazakhstan4. Tajikistan5. Uzbekistan
Remaining of the developed world countries
Phasing Down TimetableNA-5 Main Group NA-5 (Group 2) A-5 (Group 1) A-5 (Group 2)
Baseline 2011-2013 2011-2013 2020-2022 2024-2026
Baseline Calculations
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 15% of HCFC consumption/production
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 25% of HCFC consumption/production
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 65% of HCFC consumption/production
Average HFC consumption/productionin baseline years+ 65% of HCFC consumption/production
Reduction Steps
Early Start Later Start 2024 (Freeze) 2028 (Freeze)
Step 1 2019—10% 2020—5% 2029—10% 2032—10%
Step 2 2024—40% 2025—35% 2035—30% 2037—20%
Step 3 2029—70% 2029—70% 2040—50% 2042—30%
Step 4 2034—80% 2034—80% 2045—80% 2047—85%
Step 5 2036—85% 2036—85%
HFC Phase Down Comparison
A5 Countries NA5- Countries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2024 2029 2034 2039 2044
% o
f B
ase
line
Years
A5: Group 1
A5: Group 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
% f
rom
Bas
elin
e
Years
NA5- Main Group
NA5 (Group 2)
AlternativeRefrigerants
Compatibility
Environment
Refrigerant Properties
Environmental Impact of Refrigerant
Leakages
𝐺𝑊𝑃 =ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2
HFC 23 (148000)
R-404A (3922) R507A (3985)
R-410A (2088) HCFC- 22 (1810)
HFC-134a (1430)
HFC-32 (675) R-447A (583)
R-4548 (446)
R-454A (239) R-455A (148)
R-430A (94)
R-717 (0) R-744 (1) R-290 (3) HFO-1234yf (5)
GWP Classifications
Ultra-High> 10000
Very High 3000 -10000
High 1000-3000
Medium 300-1000
Low 100-300
Very Low
30-100
Ultra-low <30
Indirect Emissions: CO2 emissions due to the energy consumption in AC
Direct Emissions: Refrigerant gas emissions due to leakages/maintenance within the vapor compression cycle
Direct and Indirect Emissions
Kigali Amendment and Related
Development in Energy Efficiency
• The Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs provides opportunity to realize energy efficiency gains when replacing HFC/HCFC-based equipment
• A group of philanthropist organizations have pledged US$53 million in grants [the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Fund] to support energy efficiency alongside the phase-down of HFCs
• To complement these funds, the World Bank Group announced it will make available US$1 billion in funding for energy efficiency in urban areas by 2020.
Why Energy Efficiency is Vital
• In 2015, RAC consumed about 17% of the overall electricity
worldwide [TEAP 2017]
• Over 80% of the global warming impact of RACHP systems is
associated with the indirect emissions. [TEAP 2017]
• The space cooling global CO2 emissions from 1990 has tripled in
2016.[OECD/IEA 2018]
• In the coming decades, technological innovation can be expected to
improve performance to approximately 70-80% of the theoretical
limit. [TEAP 2017]
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Why Energy Efficiency is Vital
• Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase of global temperature to
below 2°C this century
• Human-induced warming reached approximately 1°C (±0.2°C) in
2017, increasing at 0.2°C (±0.1°C) per decade. [IPCC 2018]
• Limiting global warming to 1.5°C needs large societal and
technological changes [IPCC 2018]
• Reducing CO2 emissions is a key parameter in reducing the
temperature increase by 2100 [IPCC 2018]
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MEPS
• To set an upper limit for the allowed energy consumption of a building,
minimum energy performance standards.
• MEPS should be made compulsory by law
• MEPS should then be tightened step by step every three to five years
• Energy efficiency requirements can either be integrated in existing
building codes or established as stand-alone standards.
• Ensuring compliance with the requirements is a major issue require
policy planning and design.
MEPS-Qatar
• Kahramma Energy and Water Conservation Code (2016)
consists of:
1. Air Conditioning
2. Lighting
3. Building Envelope
4. Water
5. Energy Management Systems for Bulk Customers
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
18
Kahramma: Package Air Conditioning
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
19
Equipment TypeMinimum
EER (Btu/hr)
Rating Outdoor
Condition
Test Standard
Single Package Air Conditioners < 19.05 kW (5.41 Tons)
9.0 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 210/240
Single Package Air Conditioners 19.05 and <39.56 kW (5.41 and
<11.25 Tons)8.9 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 340/360
Single Package Air Conditioners 39.56 kW (11.25 Tons)
8.6 35°C (95°F) DB ARI 390
Kahramma: Chillers
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
20
Equipment TypeMinimum
COPMinimum IPLV Test Standard
Air Cooled Chiller All Capacities 2.8 3.05 ARI 550/590
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW ( 150 Tons ) 5 5.25 ARI 550/590
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and < 1050 kW( ≥150 and < 300 Tons )
5.55 5.9 ARI 550/590
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥1050 kW ( 300 Tons ) 6.1 6.4 ARI 550/590
Reciprocating Compressor Water Cooled Chiller All Capacities 4.2 5.05 ARI 550/590
Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water CooledChiller < 530 kW ( 150 Tons )
4.45 5.2 ARI 550/590
Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 kW and < 1050 kW ( ≥150 and < 300 Tons )
4.9 5.6 ARI 550/590
Rotary Screw And Scroll Compressor Water Cooled Chiller≥1050 kW ( 300 Tons )
5.5 6.15 ARI 550/590
MEPS-Kuwait
• MEW-2016 Code of Practice for Government and Commercial
Buildings consists of:
1. Indoor and Outdoor Conditions
2. Lighting and Equipment Power Density
3. Building Envelope
4. A/C Type Power Ratings
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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MEPS-A/C Systems in Kuwait (2016)
• Testing Conditions:
1. All DX A/C units shall be tested at maximum indoor air flow and on-coil DBT 26.6 ℃ (80 ℉) & WBT 19.4 ℃ (67 ℉).
2. The power rating for all should be tested when the ambient temperature is 48℃ or (118.4℉)
System TypeCapacity
(RT)PR(Chiller)
kW/TonPR(Total) kW/Ton
EER (Total)
DX units All N/A 1.50 8.01
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), DX with inverter compressor
All N/A1.40 @48°C 1.10 @35°C
8.58 @48°C 10.9 @35°C
Air-cooled chilled water system All 1.60 2.00 6.01
Water-cooled chilled water system, water cooled DX system
<250 0.90 1.45 8.28
250 – 500 0.75 1.30 9.24
>500 0.70 1.25 9.61
MEPS-Dubai
• Dubai Green Building Regulations and Specifications consists of:
1. Building Envelopes
2. Ventilation and Air Quality
3. Thermal Comfort
4. HVAC Systems Energy Requirements
5. Lighting Power Density
6. Water Conservation and Efficiency
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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Green Buildings Dubai: Air Conditioning
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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Minimum Efficiency Requirements for Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units
Equipment Type Size Category Heating Section TypeSubcategory or Rating
ConditionMinimum
Efficiency (T1)Minimum
Efficiency (T3)Test Procedure
Air Conditioners,air cooled
<65,000Btu/h
AllSplit System 9.5 EER 6.6 EER
T1-ARI 210/240, T3-ISO5151
Single Package 9.5 EER 6.6 EER
Through-the-wall,air cooled
<=30,000Bth/h
All Single Package 8.0 EER 5.7 EER
Small-duct high-velocity air cooled
<65,000Bth/h
All Split System 9.2 EER 6.4 EER
Air Conditioners,air cooled
>=65,000 Btu/hand
<135,000 Btu/h
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
T1-ARI 340/360, T3-ISO5151
All OtherSplit System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
>=135,000 Btu/hand
<240,000 Btu/h
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
All OtherSplit System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
>=240,000 Btu/hand
<760,000 Btu/h
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
All OtherSplit System andSingle Package
9.5 EER 6.6 EER
>=760,000
Electricresistance(or none)
Split System andSingle Package
9.0 EER 6.3 EER
MEPS: Saudi Arabia
• SASO provides standards in Saudi Arabia regarding HVAC:
1. MEPS for low capacity units (window and split) SASO 2663
2. Building Envelope Standards SASO 2856
3. Refrigerators and Freezers SASO 2892
4. Water Heaters SASO 2884
• SASO also provides standards in various engineering fields not
only HVAC.
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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SASO 2663/2017: Air Conditioning
Air conditionerappliance type
Rated Cooling Capacity (CC) categories at test condition (T1) in
Btu/h (or W)
EER Values (Btu/h)W
T1 T3
Single package of Window type – category A
CC ≤ 24,000 (7,050W) 9.80 7.00
Single package of Window type – category B
24,000 (7,050W) < CC≤ 65,000 (19,050 W)
9.00 6.20
Split type ducted andnon-ducted using aircooled
condensers, heat pumps using air cooled condensers
CC ≤ 65,000 (19,050 W) 11.80 8.30
Interlinkage between the HPMP and Energy Efficiency in the RAC and Domestic Refrigeration Sectors
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Set Safety Standards on Refrigerants
• The newer refrigerants with lower GWPs are flammable, and can
impose danger to indoor occupants
• Safety Standards need to be created for storage, transport and
installation of the flammable refrigerants
• Governments are urged to be more engaged through national
standardization agencies
• There should be regular consultations between these agencies
and ozone officers
Refrigerant Safety Classification ASHRAE 34 &
ISO 817
A1 A1 A2LA3
B2LA1
Stakeholders in Energy
Efficiency
Energy EfficiencyLevel Playing Field
Governments
Industry
Consumers
Barriers for Successful Implementation
• Unavailability of new fluids and technologies
• High costs of new fluids and technologies
• Lack of technician training
• Restrictive safety codes and standards
How do you overcome the barriers• Domestic refrigerators are now using low GWP hydrocarbon refrigerants
• Small split ACs are using HFC-32 (GWP 675) instead of R-410 (GWP 2088)
• Car air-conditioning using HFO-1234yf
• UN Environment OzonAction introduced Training Guides and guide books
on refrigerant handling and training of technicians
• Companies that supply equipment using low GWP alternatives usually have
good training materials available that is targeted at their specific designs of
equipment
• ASHRAE, AHRI, and US DOE, have partnered to do research in order to
develop safety standards for flammable refrigerants
Thank You