Internal Political Problems
Page 92
Internal political problems
• What political problems arose in United Canada in the late 1850s
• What possible solution was considered?
The five colonies
• Canada (East and West)
• Nova Scotia
• New Brunswick
• Prince Edward Island
• Newfoundland
Governments
• Each had a similar responsible government.
• Governor
• Legislative Council
• Legislative assembly
•
CanadaPolitical deadlock
• From 1854 to 1864 Canada had ten governments.
Parties• Canada East
Parti RougeAntoine-Aime Dorion
• Wanted Quebec to be a French provinceAbolish tithes Take over the schools
Parties
• Canada West Clear GritsGeorge Brown
• Wanted the land held by the Hudson's Bay CompanyNon denominational schoolsReduce French in Government
The BluesTories Liberals
• John A McDonald Canada westGeorge Etienne Cartier Canada east
• Moderates
Population and representation
• Up until 1850 Canada east had a greater population than Canada East. Yet they both elected 42 members to the assembly.
• Once Canada west had a greater population they demanded “Rep by Pop”
• There was a desire to separate the two Canada's
• The separated Maritimes were considering a union
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Economic problems
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Economic problems• Markets for Canadian products were poor
• No preferential treatment from Britain
• No reciprocity treaty from the USA
Economic Problems
• Iron and steel were replacing Canadian lumber
• Long lines, but great stretches without customers
Economic Problems
• Land scarcity and poor yields
• Many farmers left for the USA
Economic Solutions
• Form an economic union of the colonies
• Use a railway to join the colonies
• This would create a large protected home market and transportation for the goods within the market
Questions on Page 94
Fears of American Expansion
Fears of American Expansion
Page 95
Fears of American Expansion• 1861-1865 American Civil War
• At the end of the war American had 400,000 well trained troops
• Canada had less than 20,000 soldiers
Manifest destiny
• Many Americans believed the USA should control all of North America.
• Real concern the Americans would move into the western lands of Canada
Fenians Raids 1866
• Irish Catholics in the USA
• Wanted independence of Ireland
• The plan was to capture portions of Canada and then trade the lands back to Britain for the lands in Ireland
• 1000 Fenians attacked
Britain
• It was clear that Britain would not spend money protecting Canada.
US President Andrew Johnson
• If the Fenians are successful I will support them.
The Charlottetown Conference
The Charlottetown Conference
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Political Problem
• Canada was hard to govern because of political deadlock.
The Great Coalition
• In 1864 George Brown proposed a coalition with John A McDonald and George Etienne Cartier.
Mother of Confederation
• Mrs. Brown
The Charlottetown Conference
• 1864 representatives of the New Brunswick, PEI and Nova Scotia were meeting to discuss their union
The Charlottetown Conference
• United Canada asked to join the meeting.
• The discussed the possibility of a larger union and to meet again in Quebec city
The Quebec Conference1864
The Quebec Conference1864
• Discussed how a federal union would operate (72 resolutions)
• Assembly elected based on “rep by pop”
The Quebec Conference1864
• A railway would link the colonies
• Delegates returned to get approval
Page 97 questions
Local Reactions
Page 97
Local Reactions
• Newfoundland and PEI withdrewthey would not be served by a railway and would be taxed to pay for it.
Local Reactions
• New Brunswick Charles TupperFaced a lot of opposition but passed.
Local Reactions
• Canada East (Quebec)Dorion rejected the idea because it gave too much power to the English.
• Cartier argued that the French would be a majority in the provincial assembly
• English were concerned about losing language rights
Local Reactions
• Canada WestFavored confederationRep by pop gave them a majority
• Markets would increase
• Other provinces would help pay for the railway
The London Conference
The London Conference• England 1867
• Created the dominion of Canada
• Capital Ottawa
• Denominational education guaranteed
• Division of powers agreed upon
Brown and McDonald
• Pea shooter
The British North America ActBNA act
• Canada became a country in 1867
• Ontario
• Quebec
• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
Question
• Items in parliament are discussed in descending order of importance.
• Which item preceded the creation of Canada in the British parliament?
Answer
• The new price of a dogs license
Questions on page 97
The division of powers
Page 98
Types of States
• Unitary stateOne government that makes laws for the entire country.
• Central decision making
• Britain, France, Japan
Types of States
• Federal StateCentral government for matters that effect the whole country
• Provincial governmentLocal matters
Canada
• Canada is a federal State
• Federal Government Ottawa
• Ten Provincial governmentsThree territorial governments
Section 91 of the BNA ActDivision of federal powers
• Military,
• Criminal law,
• Penitentiaries,
• Census,
• Money
• Banking,
• Postal service
91
• Railways
• Shipping
• Fishing
• Weights and measurements
• Native people
Section 92Provincial powers
• Local and regional concern
• Education
• Hospitals
• Roads
• Civil law
• Natural resources
Shared powers
• Immigration
• Agriculture
Other powers
• Any new power is the jurisdiction of the federal government
• Both government have the rights to raise taxes to pay for the services they provide.
Canada
• Gained autonomy in domestic affairs
• Britain still controlled affairs relating to other countries.
Page 98 questions
The Parliamentary system
Page 99
Head of state
• King or Queen of England
• Elizabeth II
Governor general
• The monarch is represented by the Governor general.
• Honourable David Johnson
Parliament
Parliament
• Senate Upper house
• Appointed for life by the Prime Ministersober second thought for laws
Parliament• House of commons lower house
• Elected Members of parliament maximum of five years
Commons • The party with the most Members of
Parliament (MPs) forms the government
• The leader of the party becomes the Prime minister
Cabinet• The prime minister select his cabinet from
elected members of parliament
• Minister of…..
Process
• Cabinet proposes a bill
• Bill is debated in the commons
• Passes to the senate
• Passes to the governor general
• Signed into law
• If a government bill is defeated in parliament we have a new election.
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