INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
B.Sc (APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY)
SYLLABUS
2008-11
SEMESTER SCHEME
I SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2008
II SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2009
III SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2009
IV SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2010
V SEMESTER EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2010
VI SEMESTER EXAMINATION APRIL 2011
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
2
SEMESTER-I
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 101 Biochemistry Contact Hrs: 45
Credits: 03
Objectives: This paper will enable students to understand -
• The nature of biological material and hierarchy of molecular organization of cells
• The thermodynamic principles underlying biochemical reactions
• The function of macromolecules
• The reaction mechanism and regulation of enzyme activity
UNIT I Introduction 06hrs
Nature of biological material- the chemical components of a cell. Hydrophilic and
Hydrophobic groups.
Hierarchy of the molecular organization of cells.
Role of non-covalent interactions in molecular and supramolecular complexes.
UNIT II Thermodynamics 08hrs
Laws of thermodynamics and principles of bioenergetics.
Nature of biochemical reactions and ∆G values. Reversible and Irreversible reactions
Role of enzymes in biochemical reactions.
UNIT III Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions 11hrs
Structure of nucleic acid and proteins
Helicity, bending, looping of nucleic acid and proteins
The basis for intermolecular interaction e.g. enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody.
Structure of carbohydrate (glycogen, starch, cellulose and peptidoglycan) and lipids
(phosphholipids, sphingolipids and sterols).
UNIT IV Structural and functional complexity 12 hrs
Suitability of the following for the role of bioprocesses:
Molecules involved in generation of mechanical stability- polysaccharide,
peptidoglycans and membrane lipids. Molecules involved in information storage and
retrieval – the nucleic acid. Molecules executing mediator and catalytic functions-
the proteins. Water and the aqueous environment for living organisms.
UNIT V Enzymology 10hrs
Classification and nomenclature of enzymes. Mechanism of enzyme action.
Michaelis- Menton kinetics. Coenzymes. Enzyme inhibition. Allosteric enzymes.
Regulation of enzyme activity.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Biochemistry, 2nd
edition, D Voet and J G Voet, John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
2. Lehninger, 3rd
edition, Principles of Biochemistry, Nelson and Cox, 1999.
3. Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6th
edition,
Edited by Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
4. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd
Edition, W H Elliot and Daphne C
Elliot, Oxford University Press, 2005.
5. Biochemistry, J David Rawn, Panima Publishing Corporation, 1st Indian Reprint,
2004.
References:
1. Physical Biochemistry, D Friefelder, W.H. Freeman & Company, 17th
Reprint,
1999.
2. Understanding Chemistry, CNR Rao, Universities Press, Hyderabad 1999.
3. A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K
Wilson & K H Goulding, ELBS Edition 1986.
4. Essentials of Molecular Biology, David Friefelder, Jones and Barllett
Publications, 7th Reprint, 2001.
5. Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, J Kendrew, Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford.
6. Instant Notes- Biochemistry, B D Hames and N.M. Hooper, Viva Books Pvt, Ltd.,
1st Indian Edition, 2001.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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SEMESTER-I
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 102 Analytical Techniques Contact Hrs: 45
Credits: 03
Objective: This paper will enable students to-
• learn various techniques used in Biotechnology
• understand general concepts of Mathematics as applied to Biology
UNIT I Microscopy 09 hrs
Light microscopy (bright field, dark field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence
microscopy), electron microscopy (TEM and SEM)
UNIT II Chromatography 09 hrs
Principle and general methods of Paper Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography,
Column Chromatography (GC, HPLC), Affinity chromatography, Ion-exchange
chromatography, Gel filtration Chromatography or Exclusion Chromatography
UNIT III Centrifugation 08 hrs
Centrifugation: principle, differential and density gradient centrifugation,
ultracentrifugation (Preparative and analytical centrifuges) sedimentation analysis &
RCF.
UNIT IV Electrophoretic techniques 10 hrs
Principle, factors affecting electrophoresis- pH, voltage, supporting medium (agar,
polyacrylamide, dextran).
Agarose gel electrophoresis, PAGE, SDS-PAGE. Zone electrophoresis, Isoelectric
focusing, Immuno-electrophoresis.
UNIT V Spectroscopy 09 hrs
Spectrophotometry (UV-visible, infra red, AAS),
Fluorimetry, NMR, Mass spectroscopy
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Methods in Modern Biophysics, B Notting, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
New York, 2003
2. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6th
edition,
K Wilson and J Walker (ed.) Cambridge University Press, 2007
References:
1. Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004
2. Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000
3. Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G.G Hames, John Wiley & Sons
Inc. 2005
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SEMESTER I
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 103 LABORATORY –I
Contact Hours: 60
Credits: 02
1. Verification of Beer’s law.
2. Quantitation of proteins by Lowry’s method.
3. Quantitation of proteins by Biuret assay.
4. Quantitation of carbohydrates by DNS method.
5. Quantitation of cholesterol.
6. Quantitation of lipids.
7. Separation of given amino acid mixture by paper chromatography.
8. Separation of sugars by thin layer chromatography.
9. Separation of the components of the given sample by gel filtration
chromatography.
10. Determination of saponification value of fat.
11. To assay the activity of alkaline phosphatase
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SEMESTER II
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 201 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Contact Hours: 45
Credits: 03
Objectives: This paper will enable students to: • have an insight in to history of microbiology
• understand classification and characters of microorganisms.
• learn the techniques used for isolation and staining of microbes.
• have an insight in growth and preservation of microorganisms.
UNIT-I History of Microbiology 08 hrs Introduction, discovery of microbial world, experiments of Pasteur, the era of discovery
of antibiotics, discovery of anaerobic life, physiological significance of fermentation.
Isolation methods for microorganisms. Culture collections.
UNIT-II Microbial Diversity-I 08 hrs
Concept of culturable and non culturable microorganisms.
Anaerobic ecosystem- rumen microbiology
Characteristics, ultra structure and classification of bacteria (morphological, nutritional
and biochemical).
UNIT-III Microbial Diversity-II 09 hrs
Classification, characteristics and structure of: Viruses, Mycoplasma, Actinomycetes,
Fungi and Algae.
UNIT-IV Structural Components and Staining Techniques 11 hrs
Structure of flagella, capsule, slime layer, inclusion bodies like glycogen granules,
volutin granules etc., endospores and plasmids.
Stains and staining techniques: Principles of staining, Types of stains – simple stains and
differential stains.
UNIT-V Growth and preservation of microbes 09 hrs
A brief idea of microbial growth (different phases of growth).
Factors affecting growth. Preservation of microbes by serial subculture, mineral oil and
lyophilization. Other methods for storage of fungi.
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Books Recommended :
Essential Readings:
1. General Microbiology, 7th
edition, H S Schlegel, Cambridge University Press,
1995
2. General Microbiology, CB Powar, H F Daginawala, Himalayan Publication
House, 1996
3. Microbiology ,5th
edition M J Pelczar, E C S Chan, N R Kreig, Tata Mc Graw
Publication, 2006
4. Microbiology-a Laboratory Manual, 6th
edition, J G Cappuccino and N Sherman,
Addison Wesley, Pearson Education, Inc., 2006
References:
1. Biology of Microorganisms, 10th
edition, T D Brock, M T Madigan, Pearson
Education, Inc., 2003
2. General Microbiology, R Y Stanier, J L Ingharam, M L Wheelies, P R Painter,
Mac Millan Education Ltd, 1999
3. Laboratory fundamentals of microbiology, I E Alcamo, Jones and Barlett
Publishers, 2001
4. Microbiology , 6th
edition, Prescott, Harley, Klein, Mc Graw Hill Companies,
2005
5. Microbiology Fundamentals and Applications ,2nd
edition, R M Atlas, Maxwell
Macmillan International Edition, 1989
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SEMESTER II
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 202 MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
Contact Hours:45
Credits:03
Objectives: This paper will enable students to:
• Study different types of transport mechanisms.
• Study photosynthesis and energy generating pathways.
• Learn about nitrogen fixation process.
• Understand chemolithotrophy.
UNIT-I Nutrient uptake 09 hrs
Biochemical properties of membrane, biochemical factors regulating the permeability,
Nerst equation. Osmosis, Plasmolysis, passive & facilitated diffusion, active transport,
secondary active transport, group translocation across membrane, role of ionophores.
UNIT-II Photosynthesis 09 hrs
Photosynthetic microbes, oxygenic & anoxygenic photosynthesis, photophosphorylation,
Calvin cycle, photorespiration.
UNIT-III Respiratory Pathways 11 hrs
Glycolysis, Oxidative Pentose Phosphate pathway, Entner- Doudoroff pathway,
fermentative pathways, Yeast fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation, Acetic acid
fermentation, Krebs cycle, oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation,
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis and its regulation.
UNIT-IV Nitrogen Metabolism 09 Hrs
Biological nitrogen fixation, The Nitrogen fixation process, components of Nitrogenase
system, oxygen sensitivity of Nitrogenase enzyme, Nitrogen fixation in symbiotic and
free living systems, Nitrate assimilation, transamination and deamination reactions.
UNIT-V Chemolithotrophs 07 Hrs
Hydrogen bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, sulfur bacteria, Iron bacteria, Methanogens and
Methylotrophs.
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Books Recommended
Essential Readings:
1. Biochemistry, 5th
edition L Stryer, W H Freeman and Co., New York, 2001
2. General Microbiology, R Y Stanier, J L Ingharam, M L Wheelies, P R Painter,
Mac Millan Education Ltd, 1999
3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd
edition, D L Nelson and M M Cox
Worth Publications Inc. CBS Publication New Delhi, 2000
References:
1. An Introduction to Nitrogen fixation, J R Gallon and A E Chaplin, Cassell
Education Ltd, 1987
2. Biochemistry, 23rd
edition, Harper, Appleton and Lange Prentice Hall, 1993
3. Biology of Microorganisms, 10th
edition, T D Brock, M T Madigan, Pearson
Education, Inc., 2003
4. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, D R Caldwell, Brown Publishers, 1995
5. Microbial Physiology, 4th
edition, A G Moat and J W Foster, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 2002
6. Microbiology-a Laboratory Manual, 6th
edition, J G Cappuccino and N Sherman,
Addison Wesley, Pearson Education, Inc., 2006
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SEMESTER II
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 203 LABORATORY –II
Contact Hours: 60
Credits: 02
1. Introduction to Microbiology laboratory, safety measures and aseptic techniques.
2. Introduction to microscope and occulometer.
3. Staining Techniques: Simple and Differential staining, Negative staining.
4. Identification of Fungi and Cyanobacteria.
5. Media preparation: Simple and Complex.
6. Pure culture techniques.
7. Enumeration of microorganisms – haemocytometer and spread plate count.
8. Demonstration of osmosis
9. Demonstration of plasmolysis
10. Demonstration for utilization of sugars by oxidation and fermentation by
microbes.
11. Reduction of nitrate by microorganisms.
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SEMESTER III
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 301 MICROBIAL GENETICS and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Contact Hours: 45
Credits: 02 Objectives: This paper will enable students to:
• Understand the basic mechanism involved in the flow of genetic information.
• Understand molecular mechanism of mutations and DNA repair.
• Understand recombination in bacteria.
• Have an idea of genetic engineering.
UNIT I: Replication 10 hrs
DNA as a genetic material, structure of DNA and RNA. DNA replication (conservative
and semi conservative replication, conformational flexibility of DNA), Replication in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
UNIT II: Transcription 08 hrs
Mechanism of Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Enzymes and transcription
factors, Posttranscriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA.
UNIT III: Translation and Regulation of Gene Expression 10 hrs The genetic code, central dogma. Translational machinery in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination. Inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Regulation of Gene expression in prokaryotes-operon concept, positive and negative
regulation of Lac operon. Genetic systems of Neurospora and Saccharomyces.
UNIT IV: Mutant Selection and Mutations 10 hrs Molecular mechanism of mutation, forward and reverse mutation, transition,
transversion, Spontaneous and induced mutations, mutation frequency, applications of
mutation.
Methods for mutant selection- direct selection, antibiotic selection, replica plating,
conditional lethality and its use in mutant selection.
Mechanism of DNA repair-photo reactivation, excision repair, mismatch repair, SOS
repair.
UNIT V: Recombination in Bacteria 07 hrs
Transformation, Transduction and conjugation. Use of transformation, transduction and
conjugation in genetic mapping. A brief idea of cloning vectors (plasmids, cosmids, bacteriophages).
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Principles of Genetics, 8th
edition,Gardener E J, John Wiley and Sons Publications, 2005.
2. Gene VI, Lewin, B, New York, Oxford University Press, 2000.
3. Cell and Molecular Biology, 4th
edition, Gerald Karp, John Wiley and Sons. 2005.
References:
1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd
edition, Elliott W H and Elliot D C, Oxford
University Press, 2005.
2. Essentials of Molecular Biology, 3rd
edition, Malacinski G M and Freifelder D Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, 1998.
3. Instant Notes, Molecular Biology. Turner P.G., Mc Lennan, Bates A D, and White M R
H, 2nd
edition. Bios Scientific Publishers. 2002.
4. Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd
edition, Philip Scheeler and Donald E Bianchi, John
Wiley and Sons. 1987.
5. Microbial Genetics, 2nd
edition, Stanley R Maloy, John E Cronan, David Freifelder. Jones
and Barlett Publishers, 1994.
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SEMESTER III
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 302 – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY
Contact Hours:45
Credits:03
Objectives: This paper will enable students to:
• Understand and know various aspects of food quality in terms of microbes.
• Understand the significance of microbes in food and human health.
• Have an insight of sanitation and hygiene and its role in food production and
storage.
• Study effects of microorganisms in development of various diseases.
• Understand food safety and associated hazards
UNIT I: Introduction to food and soil microbiology 08hrs.
Historical background of microorganisms in food, Role and significance of microbes in
food, common genera of bacteria and fungi commonly found in foods. Intrinsic and
Extrinsic factor affecting growth of microbes in food. Concept of rhizosphere and
rhizoplane.
UNIT II: Food Spoilage and Food Borne Diseases - 09hrs.
Spoilage of different groups of food : Cereal and Cereal products, vegetables and fruits,
meat and meat products, eggs and poultry, milk and milk products, canned foods. Food
born infections and intoxications, general methods of diagnosis, Indicator organisms-
their role and significance.
UNIT III: Food Preservation 10hrs.
Asepsis, physical and chemical methods of food preservation- Heat, low temperature,
drying, irradiation, antibiotics, chemical preservatives, salt and sugar.
Fermented foods - bread, cheese, vinegar, alcoholic beverages, fermented Dairy products
and oriental fermented foods. Single cell protein, and Mushrooms cultivation
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UNIT IV: Microbial Diseases of Crops and Biopesticides 09 hrs
Symptoms of plant diseases, Mechanism of microbial pathogenicty, Transmission of
plant pathogens, Bacterial, Fungal, Viral and Viroid diseases of plants.
UNIT V: Biofertilizers 09 hrs
Definition and types of biofertilizers, Mass cultivation and methods of inoculation of
microbial inoculants – (Rhizobium, Azatobacter, & Asospirillium.)Cyanobacteria – Azolla
– Anabaena association and its role in rice cultivationVAM mycorrhizal association,
Types of mycorrhizal association, Isolation, stock plants and inoculum production of
VAM .
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Food Microbiology, Frazier and Westhoff. Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, New
York,1988
2. Basic food Microbiology, VI edition, James Jay. Aspen Publishers,
Inc.,Maryland.2000
3. Food Science, 5th
edition, N. Potter.1996, CBS publications, New Delhi.
References:
1. Microbiology, Pelczar and Reid. Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, New York. 2006
2. Food Microbiology, Adam and Moss, New Age International (P) Ltd 1995
3. Principles of Microbiology, Mosby – Year Book, Inc., USA 1995
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SEMESTER III
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 303 LABORATORY –III
Contact Hours: 60
Credits: 02
1. Isolation of Actinomycetes from soil.
2. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules of leguminous plants.
3. Isolation and identification of microorganisms from spoiled food
samples.
4. Isolation and identification of fungi from spoiled food samples.
5. Enumeration of coliform count from food samples
6. Inhibitory effect of low temperature on microbial growth.
7. Methylene blue reductase time test for checking microbial quality of
milk.
8. Isolation of milk fermenting organisms from milk.
9. Production of fermented food using microbial culture.
10. To study the effect of mutation on microbial growth.
11. Isolation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
12. isolation of genomic DNA
13. Isolation of plasmid DNA
14. Isolation and purification of RNA
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SEMESTER IV
APPLIEDMICROBIOLOGY
AMB 401 IMMUNOLOGY
Contact Hours:45
Credits:03
Objective: This paper will enable students to-
• learn the fundamentals of immune system
• study the various cellular and molecular aspects of immune system
• understand the regulation of immune response
• learn various immunological diagnostic techniques
UNIT I Basic Immunology 08 hrs
Introduction to immune system- Phylogeny of immune system, Innate and acquired
immunity
Cells of the Immune system: Hematopoiesis and differentiation, B-lymphocytes, T-
lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, NK cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and
Mast Cells
Organization and structure of lymphoid organs
UNIT II Cellular and molecular aspects 11 hrs
Nature and biology of antigens and super antigens
Immunoglobulin: structure, types and their function
MHC, B and T-Cell Receptor
Complement system
UNIT III Regulation of immune response 10 hrs
Generation of Humoral and Cell mediated immune responses
B- and T- cell maturation, activation and differentiation
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation
T-cell regulation, MHC restriction
Immunological tolerance
UNIT IV Antigen- antibody interactions 07 hrs
Antigen processing and presentation
Precipitation, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Agglutination, RIA, ELISA,
Immunofluorescence
UNIT V Selected concepts in Immunology 09 hrs
Hypersenstivity
Autoimmunity
Tumor Immunology
AIDS and other immunodeficiencies
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Kuby Immunology, 4th
edition- R.A. Goldsby and others, Freeman & Co., New
York, 2001
2. Roitt’s, Essential Immunology, 10th
edition, Ivan M Roitt and Peter J Delves,
Blackwell Science, 2001
3. Instant Notes on Immunology, 2nd
edition, Lydyard, Wheran and Fanger, Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd., 2003
References:
1. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 3rd
edition, Abbas, Litchman and Pober,
Harcourt Brace and Company, 1998
2. Immunology: A Comprehensive Review, Darla J. Wise and Gordon R. Carter,
Iowa State University Press, 2001
3. Medical Microbiology and Immunology: Examination and Board Review, 7th
edition,Warren Levinson and Ernst Jawetz, Mc Graw Hill, 2002
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SEMESTER IV
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 402 TISSUE CULTURE
Contact Hours: 45
Credits: 03
Objective: This paper will enable students to-
• learn the fundamental of Plant Tissue Culture
• get acquainted with various techniques in Plant Tissue Culture
• analyze the genetic manipulations in Plant Tissue Culture
• study the industrial application of Plant Tissue Culture
• understand the basics of Animal Cell Sciences
• learn the basic requirements for Animal Cell Culture
UNIT I Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture 12hrs
History Laboratory Requirements and General Techniques: Introduction, Techniques and
Requirements.Tissue Culture Media: Introduction, medium constituents, media Selection,
Media preparation.Cell Culture: Introduction, isolation of single cells, suspension
cultures, Culture of single cells, plant cell reactors, application of cell culture
Cellular Totipotency: Cytodifferentiation, Organogenesis Differentiation. Application of
cellular totipotency.
UNIT II Embryogenesis 08hrs
Somatic Embryogenesis: Introduction, Induction, development and maturation of
Somatic Embryos Large Scale production of Somatic Embryos. Somatic Embryo versus
Zygotic Embryos. Synthetic seeds. Applications of Somatic Embryogenesis
In – vitro Pollination and fertilization: Introduction, terminology, In vitro pollination,
In vitro fertilization, applications.
UNIT III Genetic Engineering in Plants 10hrs
Genetic transformation of plants: Introduction, methods of Gene transfer, selection and
identification of transformed cells, Applications of genetic transformation.
Germplasm Storage: Introduction, Long – term storage, Short term or medium – term
storage.Production of Secondary Metabolites: Strategies to optimize product yield,
commercial aspects.
UNIT IV: Introduction and Growth Requirements for Animal Cell Culture 07hrs
General concepts of animal cell culture, Serum free media and role of serum in serum
media, Growth Kinetics
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UNIT V: Culture of Animal Cells 08hrs
Primary and established cell line cultures, Concept of differentiation and dedifferentiation
Transfection methods, Scaling up of animal cells.
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Advanced Methods in Plant Biotechnology, David R Murray, Panima Publishing
Corporation. 1996
2. Plant, Genes and Crop Biotechnology, 2nd
Edition, Marten J Chrispeels & David
E Sadava, Jones and Barlett Publishers. 1999.
3. Biotechnology in Crop Improvement, H S Chawla, International Book
Distributing Company, 1998.
4. Practical Application of Plant Molecular Biology, R J Henry, Chapman and
Hall,1997.
5. Laboratory Manual for Plant Biotechnology, H S Chawla Oxford & IBH
publishing Co. Pvt Ltd. 2003
6. Plant Biotechnology – The Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Adrian Slater, Nigel
Scott & Mark Fowler, Oxford University Press. 2003
7. Plant Tissue Culture – Techniques & Experiments, 2nd
edition, Roberta, H Smith,
Elsevier, 2000
8. Culture of Animal Cells, 4th
edition, R Ian Freshney, Wiley-Liss, 2000
9. Animal Cell Culture-Practical Approach, 3rd
edition, John R.W. Masters, Oxford,
2000
References:
1. Molecular Plant Biology- Volume 1 & 2. Philip M Gilmartin and Chris Bowler:
Oxford University Press. 2005
2. Plant Tissue Culture, S S Bhojwani and M.K Razdan, Elsevier, 2004
3. Plant Biotechnology, J Hammond, P Mc Garvey & V Yusibov, Springer (India)
Pvt Ltd. 2000
4. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food ingredients, J Fu, G
Singh, and W R Curtis (Eds), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, 1999.
5. Biotechnology – Secondary Metabolites. K G Ramawat, J M Merllon, Oxford &
IBH publishing house Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2000
6. Plant Molecular Biology – A Practical Approach, C H Shaw, IRL Press Ltd.
1988.
7. Basic Cell Culture by J M Davis, Oxford , 2000
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SEMESTER IV
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 403 LABORATORY IV
Contact Hours: 60
Credits: 02
1. Blood Grouping and Rh typing
2. Blood film preparation and identification of cells
3. Histological examination of lymphoid tissues
4. Hemocytometry
5. Cell Viability
6. Double diffusion
7. Radial Immuno diffusion
8. DOT- ELISA
9. Agglutination
10. Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis
11. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture and lay out of Plant tissue culture Laboratory
12. Aseptic manipulation techniques
13. Preparation of MS medium
14. Callus Initiation from Arachis hypogea
15. Multiple shoot proliferation in Citrus nodal segment
16. Callus differentiation and organogenesis
17. Introduction to Animal Cell Culture and lay out of Animal Cell Culture
Laboratory
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SEMESTER V
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 501 FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
Contact Hours: 45
Credits: 03
Objectives: This paper will enable students to:
• Learn the industrial aspects of microbiology and the basic approach towards
fermentation. • Understand downstream processing and product recovery
• Understand the role of microorganisms in industrial production of different
products.
• Have a basic idea of nanotechnology.
UNIT-I Bioreactors 08 hrs
The fermentation industry, screening of industrially important microorganisms.
Factors involved in Bioreactor design, design of a bioreactor, Types of Bioreactors.
UNIT-II Fermentation Process 08 hrs
Types of fermentation- batch, continuous, fed batch, surface, and submerged and solid
state fermentation.
Inoculum development, media formulation, scale-up. Process control.
UNIT-III Down Stream Processing and Product Recovery 09 hrs
Filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption, solvent extraction, precipitation,
chromatography (gel filtration, ion exchange, affinity) membrane processes (ultra
filtration) and spray drying.
UNIT-IV Industrial Products Derived from Microorganisms 11 hrs
Antibiotic- Penicillin. Steroids, Vaccines. Production of organic acid- Acetic acid, Citric
acid, Production of amino acids- Glutamic acid, Industrial alcohol and SCP and
Mushroom cultivation
UNIT-V Enzymes 09 hrs
Production of enzymes- Protease, amylase, lipase.
Methods of immobilization of enzymes and applications of enzyme immobilization.
Biosensors. Nanotechnology.
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Industrial Microbiology, E Casida, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers.
2005
2. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, A L Demain and J E
Davies, ASM Press, 1999
3. Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd
edition, P F Stanbory, Whitaker and
Hall, Elsevier India, 2005
References:
1. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, 2nd
edition, W Crueger and A Crueger,
Panima Publication Corporation, 2000
2. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, Mansi and Bryce, Taylor &
Francis group, 2002
3. Industrial Microbiology, 4th
edition, S C Prescott and D C Dunn, CBS Publishers
and Distributors, 1987
4. Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Applications & Perspectives, C N Niemeyer and
C A Mirkin, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., 2004
5. Process Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2nd
edition, S N Mukhopadhyaay, Viva
books Pvt. Ltd., 2004
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SEMESTER V
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 502 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATIONS
Contact Hours :45
Credits :03
Objectives: This paper will enable students to:
• Understand and know various aspects of biotechnology based product
development including food science & technology, marketing and consumer
research, finance and communication.
• Develop products which meet consumer needs, and are nutritionally and
commercially viable.
• Recognize the potential for entrepreneurship through marketing.
Unit I: Process and products of animal and plant cell culture. 09 Hrs
Nature of cell culture, Cell growth system, Products from cell culture
Genetically engineered animal cells, plant cells and microorganisms.
Metabolites from genetically modified organisms.
Unit II: Entrepreneurship 09Hrs
Objectives: Nature and scope of product development, market analysis and consumer
study, demand analysis (Laws of demand, feasibility of production), Resource
management (Raw material, human resource, and energy), raising finance
Management (planning , establishment, coordination and control), Excise regulations
Unit III: Product Development 09Hrs
Idea generation, screening (feasibility, consumer study and financial review),
Development of product (selection of raw materials, standardization of technique and
conditions required. Scale up
Unit IV: Biotechnology Programmes: 09Hrs
Role of international organizations in biotechnology, government programmes for
development of biotechnology based products, National strategies and programmes for
growth of biotechniques. Patenting
UnitV: Laws and Regulations 09Hrs
International and national government regulations for recombinant DNA technology
based research (GMO s)
Health concerns (Carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic hazards associated with
microbes)
Regulations for disposal of biohazardous materials
Ethical, legal and social issues.
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Marketting Management, Phillip Kotlar.
2. Culture of Animal Cells, 4th
edition, R Ian Freshney, Wiley-Liss,
2000
3. Advanced Methods in Plant Biotechnology, David R Murray, Panima
Publishing Corporation. 1996
4. Plant, Genes and Crop Biotechnology, 2nd
Edition, Marten J Chrispeels
& David E Sadava, Jones and Barlett Publishers. 1999.
5. Animal Cell Culture-Practical Approach, 3rd
edition, John R.W.
Masters, Oxford, 2000
6. Biotechnology in Crop improvement, H S Chawla, International Book
Distributing Company, 1998
Reference Books:
1. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food ingredients, J
Fu, G Singh, and W R Curtis (Eds), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press,
1999.
2. Biotechnology – Secondary Metabolites. K G Ramawat, J M Merllon,
Oxford & IBH publishing house Co. Pvt. Ltd. 2000
3. Plant Molecular Biology – A Practical Approach, C H Shaw, IRL
Press Ltd. 1988.
4. Basic Cell Culture by J M Davis, Oxford,2000
5. Innovation Management and New Product Development,
3rd Edition , Paul Trott,Dec Paperback Publications, 2004
6. Essentail Guide to marketing Planning/ The Smarter Student: Study
skills and staregies for success at university, Marian Wood, Kathleen
McMillan, Jonathan Weyers, Pearsons Books Publications, Jul 2007
7. Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations.
International Edition, 2nd Edition, Jakki Mohr, Sanjit Sengupta,
Stanley Slater, Pearsons Books Publications, 2007
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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SEMESTER V
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 503 Laboratory V
Contact Hours: 60
Credits: 02
1. Isolation of industrially important microorganisms
i. amylase producing microorganism
ii. protease producing microorganism
iii. lipase producing microorganism
2. Production of citric acid by microorganisms.
3. Quantitation of alcohol.
4. Estimation of lactic acid in curd.
5. Estimation of ascorbic acid.
6. MPN test for determining potability of water.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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SEMESTER VI
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 601 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Contact Hours: 45
Credits: 03
Objectives: This paper will enable students to:
• Understand and know various aspects of environment, its composition and
properties.
• Understand the significance of various components of environment.
• Have an insight of microbiology of various environments.
• To be aware of various types of biogeochemical cycles.
• To know the concepts of biodegradation, biodetorioration, and bioleaching.
UNIT- I: Microbiology of Air ,Water and Soil 09Hrs Air ,water and soil environment.
Microbial population of air, water and soil.
UNIT-II: Biogeochemical Cycles 09Hrs Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Sulphur Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Iron, Si, Mn, heavy
metals cycles. Hydrogen and Oxygen Cycle. Iron Siderophores
UNIT-III: Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal 09Hrs Sanitary Landfills Composting, Treatment of liquid waste, sewage treatment.
Primary treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment. Treatment and safety of
water supplies. Disinfection of potable water supplies. Indicators of water potability and
safety.
UNIT IV: Biodegradation 09Hrs
Biodegradation of natural compounds (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, starch, chitin,
methanogenesis and acetogenesis), Biodegradation of environmenta
(pollutants.pesticides, synthetic polymers, detergents and hydrocarbons)
Xenobiotics, bioaccumulation, biomagnifications. GMOs and their impact.
Unit V: Biodeterioration and Bioleaching 09Hrs Definition, biodetorioration of paper and paper pulp, wood, paint, textiles, leather, metals
(corrosion). Control of biodetorioration., Bioleaching of metals, Microbial enhanced oil
recovery.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Plant, Gene and Crop Biotechnology, M J Chrispeel and D E Sadava ASPB
2003.
2. Textbook of Environmental Biotechnology, P K Mohapatra, I K International
Publications, Mumbai, 2006.
3. Environmental Chemistry, A K De, Willey Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Advances in Industrial Waste water treatment, First Edition, Technosound
Publications. 1999.
5. Microbial Ecology- Fundamentals & Applications, 4th
Edition, Ronald . M. Atlas,
Richard Bartha, Pearsrson Publication. 2005.
References:
1. Wastewater Engineering- Treatment, Disposal and Resuse, Metcall and Eddy,
Inc., Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi., 1999
2. Comprehensive Biotechnology, Vol.4, M. Moo- Young (Ed-in-chief), Pergamon
Press, Oxford.
3. Introduction to Biodeterioration. D Allsopp and K J Seal, ELBS/Edward Arnold.
4. Bioremediation Engineering: design and Application, Cookson, J T McGraw-
Hill, Inc.1995
5. Environmental Biotechnology – Basic concepts and applications, Indu Shekhar
Thakur, I K International publications. 2006
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Semester-VI
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 602 Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Contact Hours: 45
Credits: 03
Objective: This paper will enable students to-
• Understand the importance of statistical analysis of biological data
• Learn various methods of statistical analysis
• Get aquatinted to the computational aspect of Biotechnology
UNIT I Basics of Biostatistics 08 hrs
Sampling - Sampling procedure, types of sampling, Classification and tabulation of data,
frequency distribution, probability, addition and multiplication theorem of probability.
UNIT II Measure of central tendency and dispersion 09 hrs
Mean, median and mode, Measures of dispersion - range, mean deviation, standard
deviation, coefficient of variation.
UNIT III Test of significance 10 hrs
Hypothesis testing, Nulls hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, Chi-square test, F-test,
ANOVA-A one way and two way classification.
UNIT IV Computer in Bioinformatics 09 hrs
Computer Basics, Operating Systems (UNIX), Hardware, Software, DOS, Multimedia
network concepts. Internet, LAN, WAN, Web servers. Role of computers in
bioinformatics.
UNIT V Bioinformatics 09 hrs
Overview of bioinformatics - Database types, primary and secondary databases, sequence
databases - nucleotide sequence databases (NCBI, EMBL) and protein sequence database
(PDB), Genbank.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Books Recommended:
Essential Readings:
1. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan, Publishing Corporation, 1999
2. Statistical Methods in Biology, 3rd
edition, N T J Bailey, Cambridge University
Press, 1995
3. Statistics for Biologist, R C Campbell, Cambridge University Press, 1989
References:
1. Bioinformatics, Higgins & Taylor, OUP, 2000
2. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences, 6th
edition, W W
Daniel, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1995
3. Introduction to Bioinformatics, A Teresa and D P Smith, Prentice Hall Publisher,
1999
4. Molecular databases for Protein Sequence and Structure Studies, J A Sillince and
M Sillince, Springer Verlag, 1991
5. Practical statistics for Experimental Biologists, A C Swardlaw, John Wiley and
sons Inc., 1985
6. Sequence analysis primer, Gribskov and Devereux, Stockton Press, 1989
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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SEMESTER VI
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
AMB 603 LABORATORY VI
Contact Hours: 60
Credits: 02
1. Measurement of soil pH, temperature, moisture, and electrical conductivity; and
their correlation with the microbes
2. Measurement of total phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium in soil.
3. Measurement of organic matter in soil.
4. Isolation of thermophilic microorganisms from soil.
5. Isolation of cellulose degrading fungi from soil.
6. Determination of TDS of water sample.
7. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen concentration of water sample.
8. Determination if Biological Oxygen Demand of sewage sample.
9. Determination Chemical Oxygen Demand of sewage sample. 10. Testing potability of water.
11. Simple Problems on biostatistics
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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