International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research (IJIPAR)
(ISSN- 2349- 8978)
Volume: 8 Issue: 8 Jan–June 2018
Editor –in Chief Dr. (h.c.) Lakhsman Seth Chairman, ICARE, Haldia
Consulting Editor Mr. Asish Lahiri
Secretary, ICARE
Senior Editor
Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay Director, Haldia Institute of Management
Editor
Dr. Kousik Paik Assistant Professor,
Haldia Institute of Management
Technical Editor Mr. S. P. Nayek
Faculty, Haldia Institute of Management
Dr. B. Abdul Rafeeq
General Secretary, Al-Ameen National Educational & Charitable Trust
Technical Assistant
Puja Tiwari Assistant Professor
Haldia Institute of Management
Editorial Board
Dr. Srikrishna Banerjee Lincoln University College Malaysia
Dr. M N Bandyopadhyay, PhD. Director Haldia Institute of Technology
Ex-Director, NIT Calicut, Kerala
Dr. Abhijan Dutta, PhD.
Professor, Dept. of Management, NIT Durgapur
Dr. S Ravindran, PhD.
Mahendra Engg. College, Salem, Tamilnadu
Dr. G Sanyal, PhD.
Dean, NIT Durgapur
Dr. I. Sanyal, PhD
Senior Faculty, IBPS, Mumbai
Dr. B. A. Anuradha, PhD
Principal Al Ameen Institute of Management, Bangalore
Mr. U. K. Roy Chairman Gurukul Academy, Barckpore
Dr. Y R Sood, PhD.
Dean, NIT Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh
Prof. R. Rajanna,
Registrar, University of Mysore
Dr. K. Shivachithappa, Coordination Ph.D University of Mysore
Dr. G. Banerjee, PhD H.O.D, Dept. of Management NIT Durgapur
Dr. Vishal Bishnoi, PhD
HOD,IMR Ghaziabad
Mr. J. Hazarika
Chairman, Gurukul Junior College, Assam
Copyright @ 2018 by the Haldia Institute of Management, Haldia, West Bengal. All rights reserved. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and not necessarily of the editorial board. The authors are fully responsible forany plagiarism related issues arising out of this Journal. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored without prior written permission. Application or permission for other use of copyright material includes permission to reproduce extracts in other published works shall be made to the publisher. Full acknowledgement of author, publisher and source must be given.
(Dr). Lakshman Seth
Chairman
ICARE
FROM THE DESK OF THE CHIEF EDITOR
Research is an art of venturing into the unknown depth of an ocean to fish out the relevant
facts that would help the society and human kind to develop further. Knowledge will stay
constant until and unless research is carried on in search of new information that would be of
some contribution to the society or industry as a whole. It is with this agenda that we carry
forward this legacy of issuing journals every year which contains some state of the art and
innovative research articles collected from renowned authors from all over the world.
International Journal of Innovative Practice and Applied Research, aims at achieving the
epitome of success by publishing quality research papers. It focuses on assimilating papers
which are strong in innovation, at the same time, having applications in the industry as well
as the society, at large. Innovation can be a matter of perception on the part of the author. The
same variables could be re-organised in a particular manner to give a totally different
outcome, which was not thought of before.
Applied Research is also a much diversified field which encompasses various fields of
management and science. It is imperative to not restrict research in particular fields like that
of management or science. In this age of digitalization, multi-disciplinary approaches are the
way to the future. Even multi-national companies like Xerox and Hewlett-Packard are taking
this into consideration and venturing into varying fields like music players and printers, which
are not their expertise area. The motto of any industry now is to change according to the
environmental factors and suffice to the demands of the market under variable conditions. As
per the words of Alan Deustchman, the organizations need to “Change or Die”. Thus, this
journal allows the authors free space in conducting research on varying and innovative fields.
This journal was started with the objective of promoting certain conclusive research in
varying fields. Applied Research was especially held in a special place as this research had a
kind of potential of changing the ways of the daily life. This journal encourages experts from
various fields to amalgamate together and create a noteworthy research with a very important
future scope of study. Also, these studies are not only limited to academicians but also
industry experts are requested to take part in this in order for them to limit the gaps between
the industry and the academia. When the two fields intersect, knowledge can be applied to the
industry to come up with some solutions for various kinds of decision making problems
experienced practically in the operations of an organization.
I congratulate all the experts and academicians on submitting their papers. We hope to
continue this association for a long time to come with the essential objective to spread
knowledge amongst the people as Swami Vivekananda rightly said, “A nation is advanced in
proportion to education and intelligence spread among the masses.”
Dr.S.N.Bandyopadhyay
Senior Editor
Director, Haldia Institute of Management
FROM THE DESK OF THE SENIOR EDITOR
When we look in today’s world we see that every aspect is being upgraded or changed
according to the need of the society. Starting from smart phones to laptops to even every day
cooking utensils change is evident everywhere. Now change can happen only when we look
into the needs, analyse the gaps and develop the techniques to fulfil the gaps. We in HIM try
to analyse the gaps in the academic arena and develop such courses that would help to fulfil
the gaps in the academic arena in such a way that it would uplift the students and make them
industry ready from day one. In this journal we encourage innovation, creativity and
developing ideas that would help in minimising the academic gaps and develop new concepts
that would encourage young minds.. In academics, there are various fields to explore where
one can conduct a research according to their interest. The main objective of the journal is to
disseminate knowledge, which ensure good practice of professional management and its focal
point is on research and reflections relevant to academicians. Beside this, it especially focuses
on interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields.
I believe that research should be an integral part of academics and there is a need of the open
platform for sharing thoughts. This journal gives experts a very good opportunity to come out
with new innovative ideas and their research works which can be used for the betterment of
our society. It is extremely important to encourage faculty members to participate more in
research related activities along with the students to strengthen teacher – student bond. More
research is needed in teaching and learning method also as because new trend are emerging in
higher education.
I hope the articles will enlighten our readers with cutting edge and innovative ideas that will
set a new dimension of understanding in various fields. I believe our journal will help new
age researchers understand the concepts better, identify the gaps present and bring in more
innovative solutions.
I congratulate all authors for their articles and hope our readers will enjoy them.
CONTENT
SL No.
Topic Page No.
1 Study on increase in service quality and service performance in
hospitals in reference to Importance of Manpower Planning on
Patient Satisfaction Level in Emergency Department 1Sourav Gangopadhyay, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
1-16
2 Study of TNA on Patient Satisfaction Level in different Private and
Public Hospitals in Kolkata that leads to increase service
performance and service quality
Jayeeta Majumder, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
17-33
3 Understanding Investor Choice about Mutual Funds in West
Bengal, India 1Barnali Ghosh, 2Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
34-51
4 Image Encryption using Chaotic Map: A Survey towards its Growth 1 Dipankar Dey
52-58
5 The usage of computer added service in Library & Information
Science: A Study 1Solanki Pattanayak, 2Moumita Pari Giri
59-65
6 The World of Warcraft: Organizational Learning in Virtual and Real
Worlds 1Satarupa Sinha Roy
66-71
7 Health Insurance: A Much Needed Area Of Education For The
General People For The Betterment Of The Economy Of The
Country 1 Arnab Halder
72-81
8 Factors Contributing to the incidence of Child Labour in India 1 Sahelika Panda
82-88
9 Bone Implants and Management 1 Dr. B.Abdul Rafeeq, 2 Puja Tiwari
89-92
10 Initiating a Survey on Optimal Utilization of hospital resources 1Dr. S.K .Maity, 2 Satakshi Chatterjee
93-100
11 Where do all the gold on the Earth comes from? A story of the death
of a star 1 Dr. Mayukh Pahari
101-108
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
1 | P a g e
Study on increase in service quality and service performance in
hospitals in reference to Importance of Manpower Planning on
Patient Satisfaction Level in Emergency Department 1Sourav Gangopadhyay, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management 2Director, Haldia Institute of Management
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to present the importance of human resource department and
particularly proper manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals, private and public.
It is the main conclusion of this paper that both manpower and health manpower planning have
received wide respect and recognition and is the primary force behind towards pushing the
overall customer satisfaction up. It has also been noted here, that the said manpower planning in
majority of public emergency department of hospitals has not been so fortunate and in many it is
still in the embryonic or infancy stage. Although much study has not been done till date on the
importance of manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals, yet, it is quite apparent
that the inevitability of such is felt and is growing rapidly across the spectrum of emergency
department of hospitals which do not give much weightage to the existence of a Human
Resources Department.
Introduction
During the past several years there has been an increase in the use of hospital services. This
increase has brought about and produced various changes in the importance and use of
manpower and staffing guidelines and management within emergency department of hospitals.
The kind of care which is required and demanded from such services as nursing, dietary,
radiology, laboratory, medical records and operating rooms has changed drastically over the past
decade or two. These changes have affected both the nature of the work required and the staff to
meet the demands. Other hospital departments include the business office, housekeeping,
laundry, and maintenance. Virtually every hospital department and services has undergone
changes in the development of manpower and staffing guidelines in emergency department of
hospitals.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
2 | P a g e
Literature Survey
Manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals, strictly defined, is the activity
of hospital management which is aimed at coordinating the requirements for and the availability
of different types of employees in various departments thereto. Usually this involves ensuring
that the hospital has enough of the right kind of labor at such times as it is needed. It may also
involve adjusting the requirements to the available supply.
It is an imprecise art based on shifting bases. Successful results depend heavily on
appreciation of the factors at work and sensitive evaluation data. It’s an inter-disciplinary
activity… the range of specialty which can be brought to bear on manpower problems extends
from the statistical and mathematical studies to the sociological contributions…no particular
discipline can claim a monopoly of interest in the field.
A lot of research has been done to see the satisfaction level of patients related to quality
of doctors, staff, etc. But in India not much research is done to find out if there is any direct
relation between hospital manpower planning and patient satisfaction. This paper will try to get a
relationship between manpower planning and patient satisfaction.
Importance of Hospital Manpower Planning in Emergency Department
Planning manpower, outsourcing is the key to boost profitability. In a typical hospital set up,
expenditure on salary amounts to roughly 25-30 per cent of total income or 30-35 per cent of
total expenditure. This is not healthy statistics, say experts. Most emergency department of
hospitals is believed to operate with excess manpower. As competition increases and margins
come under pressure, emergency department of hospitals tomorrow will have no option but to
rationalize manpower, which, in other words, would mean downsizing.
Most times, downsizing has led to further chaos, mainly because of improper manpower
planning. Health-care consultants stress on a multi-skilled workforce to carry multiple tasks in
order to maintain optimum employee per bed ratio, a key to boost and sustain profits.
To achieve this, manpower planning becomes crucial. But, such tasks are rarely
undertaken in emergency department of hospitals, say experts. Most emergency department of
hospitals operates on excess man power. Ideally, employee to bed ratio should be 3 per bed.
Three persons per bed could be a little stingy, say some, who find 4-5 persons per bed more
acceptable.
The type of hospital, the set-up and even the structure of the building counts when it
comes to manpower allocation.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
3 | P a g e
Specialty: The number of employees depends not on the size of hospital but more on its
specialty, say experts. Ideally for multi-specialty and super-specialty emergency department of
hospitals the ratio of bed to employee should be around 1:6. This is an ideal situation and is
practiced in developed countries as mandatory requisition.
Setup: More classes of wards means more staff. For instance, a deluxe room may have
one staff for just 2 beds since the patients are charged higher and consequently demand better
care. In median class, one employee can look after 6 patients.
A ward boy in one wing may not be able to give his best to all the wings on the same
floor. So the staff increases. The solution is to economize without effecting patient care. For ex.,
non-core sector like support staff, housekeeping can be outsourced in many emergency
department of hospitals… all in all, there needs to be proper planning when it comes to
manpower sourcing, pooling, allocation, training and development.
Audit: Manpower audit, which must be carried out regularly is seldom done due to
knowledge among healthcare professionals on manpower audits is not satisfactory.
Multi-skilling and multi-tasking: Employee per bed ratio can be kept optimum, provided
effective utilization of manpower is done by creating multi-skilled and multi-tasked personnel. In
any hospital, an ECG technician does the job of just taking the ECG. And if it is a male
technician, he can see only male patients. Most of the times therefore he is left without work.
The right way he says is to employ female employees or train nurses to carry out the same for
full utilization of manpower.
A peon must have knowledge of computers, lift operation, vehicle driving and handling
patients. Even class IV staff be given training and apprenticeship. Full orientation for computer
application must be given. This will reduce manpower requirement, say experts.
Outsource: Consultants advice that emergency department of hospitals must explore
services which can be outsourced. Contracting some services can bring down man power to 4
persons per bed.
Hospital Manpower Planning helps in Economizing Operations & Profitability
Hospital visits are increasing at a rate unsurpassed almost everywhere. Today, the hospital and
healthcare sector is one of the fastest growing sectors. Parallel with this is the rising cost of
supplies, equipment’s etc. Between 75-80% of a hospital’s budget goes to staff salaries and paid
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
4 | P a g e
working hours in the hospital. The cost of labor in emergency department of hospitals has risen
sharply over the past ten years and has nearly doubled.
Not only have budgets for staff increased, but the number of staff to operate a hospital
has also increased. Sophisticated equipment, hospital accreditation, and patients themselves have
all affected manpower and staffing guidelines in emergency department of hospitals. Not only
newly built facilities, but emergency department of hospitals undergoing extensive remodeling
and construction also require manpower planning.
If a hospital wants to open up one or is planning to add an entirely new building, the
manpower planner is faced with many decisions: how many new patient beds he will have, how
many new lab requests, x-rays etc. the new addition will require, how many new nurses will be
required for the extra beds, and so also the number of ward clerks, cleaning personnel etc.
One of the most difficult questions the planner must consider is, how fast will the number
of patients increase to fill the new beds? Will the increase be slow and begin with only a trickle
of patients, or is the expansion needed so much that the new beds will be filled rapidly? The
planner has to consider the possibility of difficulties in recruitment of new staff for the addition.
If difficulties arise, should the staff be built up prior to the opening? Should the ward or building
open under-staffed and only run at part capacity? How long will it take before a full complement
of staff is obtained and the hospital is able to operate under full capacity? If the planner elects to
build up the staff prior to the opening, he must consider the loss of employing staff who are
under-utilized.
He must not only look at the monetary factors but other as well. If staffs are temporarily
deployed, morale may drop and false expectations of the future workload may develop. Looking
at the situation from another spectrum, if the planner reopens the new ward of building without
the proper number of staff through planning and design, he will be under-utilizing the expansion.
If the expansion took large number of capital investment, the costs of under-utilizing the
expansion may outweigh the costs of employing prior to the opening.
In the absence of a manpower planning model, the entire decision making may collapse
or couldn’t be carried out in the first place.
Methodology
The Survey was conducted in three levels namely,
1) Public Emergency department of hospitals in Kolkata, India
2) Private Emergency department of hospitals without Human Resource Department in
Kolkata, India
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
5 | P a g e
3) Private Emergency department of hospitals with Human Resource Department in Kolkata,
India.
To do the survey the tool used was questionnaire. Two questionnaires were made. The first
one was for the hospital and the next one was for patient. The patient questionnaire was made
with the help of Likert Scale.
The source of information is mainly primary source and the sampling method used was
convenience sampling. Total numbers of Emergency department of hospitals/Nursing Home
surveyed were 20. Total number of patient feedback taken was 15 per hospital so total was
300.The sample of the questionnaire is attached at the end.
The Survey:
The survey was carried out in 20 Emergency departments of hospitals across Kolkata in both
private and public emergency department of hospitals. It was seen that there is a presence of a
Human Resources Department in majority of the large private emergency department of
hospitals and an absence of the same in majority of the public emergency department of
hospitals. The observation that was marked across the board is that the patient satisfaction level
in emergency department of hospitals where there is a definitive Human Resources Department
were more than in the ones with no or fledgling Human Resources Department. On further
probing it was found that the satisfaction level actually can be regulated by application of human
resources planning by the Human Resources Department in those emergency departments of
hospitals.
In most of the public emergency department of hospitals it was seen that the manpower
planning was done by their administration department who were not qualified in any form of
Human Resource Planning. In most of the public emergency department of hospitals manpower
planning is done on the basis of ratio analysis. In private hospital it was seen that majority of
them had Human Resource Department.
Other than this it was also seen that in Public emergency department of hospitals the
manpower planning was done for a very long time whereas in the private it was much shorter.
Though most public hospital has larger number of beds but they do not have the adequate
number of doctor or nurses. Even most of the public emergency departments of hospitals do not
have any manpower inventory. So if a doctor leaves the hospital then they are at a loss. If we
compare the employee turnover ratio it will be seen that public hospital again heads the list.
So it is clear from the above facts there is no proper manpower planning done in public
hospital, the employee turnover rate is high and they do not have any manpower inventory.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
6 | P a g e
Once this survey was over a survey on patient feedback of these emergency department
of hospitals were done. We selected 15 patients for each of the 20 emergency departments of
hospitals. In the analysis part a detailed study will be done on the second survey and a link will
be established between manpower planning and patient satisfaction.
The Analysis:
Once both the survey was complete it was clearly evident that there was a direct link
between patient satisfaction and proper manpower planning in the hospital. It was also found that
there was need of Human Resource Department in every hospital may it be public or private.
Out of the 20 hospitals/ nursing home that were surveyed 12 were private whereas 8 were
public. Out of the 12 private emergency departments of hospitals 6 had HR department whereas
the other 6 did not have a HR department. 15 patients were surveyed to find out there
satisfaction level per hospital. That means a total of 300 patients were surveyed in the 20
emergency department of hospitals/nursing home.
It was interesting to find that private and public hospitals which did not have any Human
Resource Department has an extremely bad patient feedback compared to the private emergency
department of hospitals which had Human Resource Department. To get the score a Likert Scale
based Questionnaire was formed where 5 denoted Highly Satisfied, 4 denoted Satisfied,3
denoted Moderately Satisfied ,2 denoted Unsatisfied and 1 denoted Highly Unsatisfied. The
average score of the emergency department of hospitals are given below.
Lists of Emergency department of hospitals & their average ratings on the basis of patient
feedback:-
Private Emergency Department Of Hospitals with accreditation Name Grade Category
Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals 4.354888 Highly Satisfied
Fortis Hospital 4.348 Highly Satisfied ILS Hospitals Dumdum 4.344 Highly Satisfied
Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat 4.339111 Highly Satisfied B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd 4.319333 Highly Satisfied
Average Score-
Private Emergency Department of Hospitals without accreditation
Name Grade Category City Life Hospital 3.982444 Satisfied
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
7 | P a g e
Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited 3.980666 Satisfied
Care and Cure Hospital Barasat 3.974 Satisfied Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital 3.963111 Satisfied Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre 3.968444 Satisfied
Average Score-
Public Emergency Department of Hospitals
Name Grade Category
National Medical College 2.8022 Dissatisfied Bangur Institute of Neurosciences 2.7808 Dissatisfied Vidyasagar State General Hospital 2.7755 Dissatisfied M R Bangur Hospital 2.7624 Dissatisfied SSKM Hospital 2.726 Dissatisfied Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences 2.7066 Dissatisfied Barasat District Hospital 2.6957 Dissatisfied R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital 2.668 Dissatisfied N R S Medical College and Hospital 2.63 Dissatisfied Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 2.61111 Dissatisfied
From the above data it is clear that patient satisfaction is directly proportionate to the
presence of Human Resource Department. Not only in the public but also in private emergency
department of hospitals there is an immense need of the Human Resource department. Only in
presence of Human Resource department proper manpower planning is possible.
It is also evident from the research that the employee turnover rate is also extremely high
in the public sector emergency department of hospitals in comparison with private sector
emergency department of hospitals.
Conclusion:
Manpower planning in emergency department of hospitals is a vital issue in today’s
world of healthcare. With the rapidly growing number of new and expanding emergency
department of hospitals, and as hospital departments become more productive, the need is further
enhanced. With the increasing utilization of emergency department of hospitals by the populace
and the impact of Medicare for persons above 65 years of age and over, current knowledge and
planning for manpower in emergency department of hospitals has become vital and critical.
Manpower planning should be done by professionals and a department should be present
for such work. So Human Resource Department is a must in any hospital/nursing home.
In the analysis we have seen that hospitals like Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals, ILS
Hospitals Dumdum, B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd, Fortis Hospital get a patient
satisfaction level of around 4 and above out of 5. These indicate those hospitals which are
accredited and follow proper man power planning in all their departments and especially in the
emergency departments’ scores high on patient satisfaction as the proper number of requisite
doctors’ nurses GDA and Administrative are adequate. In these hospitals we found that the
satisfaction level relied on the number of Doctors, nurses, GDA and Administrative staff in the
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
8 | P a g e
emergency department. These gives us a lot of mathematical data on which more research can be
carried out to develop a model with four parameters namely Doctors nurses administrative and
GDA and correlating it with patient satisfaction.
In the analysis we have seen that hospitals like City Life Hospital, Megacity Nursing
Home Private Limited, Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital get a patient satisfaction level of around 3
and 4 out of 5. These indicate those hospitals which are non - accredited and does not follow
proper man power planning in all their departments and especially in the emergency departments
scores bit less than that of hospitals which are accredited on patient satisfaction as the proper
number of requisite doctors’ nurses GDA and Administrative are not adequate. In these hospitals
we found that the satisfaction level relied on the number of Doctors, nurses, GDA and
Administrative staff in the emergency department. These gives us a lot of mathematical data on
which more research can be carried out to develop a model with four parameters namely Doctors
nurses administrative and GDA and correlating it with patient satisfaction.
In the analysis we have seen that hospitals like NRS, SSKM, RG Kar gets a patient
satisfaction level of around 2 and 3 out of 5. These indicate Government hospitals which does
not follow proper man power planning in all their departments and especially in the emergency
departments scores bit less than that of private hospitals which are accredited on patient
satisfaction as the proper number of requisite doctors’ nurses GDA and Administrative are not
adequate. In these hospitals we found that the satisfaction level relied on the number of Doctors,
nurses, GDA and Administrative staff in the emergency department. These gives us a lot of
mathematical data on which more research can be carried out to develop a model with four
parameters namely Doctors nurses administrative and GDA and correlating it with patient
satisfaction.
From this paper we can conclude that there is an utmost need of man power planning in
emergency department so that the service quality and the service performance can be of
maximum effect which in return will result in maximum patient satisfaction. This paper also
brought four main parameters that can increase the service quality and service performance in the
emergency department by a huge margin. These parameters are number of doctors, nurses, GDA,
administrative personnel. This paper gives a glimpse of further research can be made on the
specific subject so that service quality and service performance increases significantly.
References
1) Abramowitz S,Cote AA,Berry E. Analyzing patient satisfaction: A multi analytic
approach.QRB Qual Rev Bull 1987; 13:122-130
2) Jackson JL, Kroenke K. Patient satisfaction and quality of care.Mil Med 1997;162:273-
277
3) Primary Health Care, Now more than ever, 2008, The World Health Report, World
Health Organization.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
9 | P a g e
Annexure
QUESTIONNAIRE-1
Name of the Hospital
Name of the Patient
Age of the patient
Gender of the patient
Contact Number of the patient
Group A
5 4 3 2 1
Location of the Department of Emergency is easily accessible from the main gate
Signboard of Department of Emergency is easily visible from outside
Toilets and drinking water facilities are accessible in the department Department of Emergency is neat and clean
Department of Emergency has favorable ambience (light, room temperature) Department of Emergency has enough space
Equipments of the Department of Emergency are modern and well functioned Department of Emergency has enough and well maintained wheel chair and stretcher
Department has well access with the ambulatory service Department has well access with the Imaging service
Department has well access with the Pathology service Department has well access with the Pharmacy service
Department has well access with the OT service Department has well access with the Admission
Group B
Administrative Staff Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency response quickly Queue is efficiently managed by Department of Emergency Paper work in the Department of Emergency is hustle free. Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
10 | P a g e
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
Administrative staff of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved Administrative staff gives patience hearing to the patients.
GDA Staff
GDAs of the Department of Emergency are available in the department GDAs of the Department of Emergency response quickly
GDAs of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled GDAs of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved
Nursing Personnel Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency response quickly
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
Nursing personnel of the department of emergency are well-behaved. Nursing personnel give patience hearing to the patients.
Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency attend every patient. Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.
Doctors
Doctors of the Department of Emergency are available in the department Doctors of the Department of Emergency response quickly.
Doctors of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
Doctors of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled. Doctors of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient. Doctors of the department of emergency are well-behaved. Doctors have patience hearing to the patients Doctors of the Department of Emergency attend every patient. Doctors of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
11 | P a g e
Analysis Report
Group A CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10
Location of the Department of Emergency is easily accessible from the main gate
4.37 4.22 4.38 4.44 4.75 4.21 4.22 4.4 4.07 4.11
Signboard of Department of Emergency is easily visible from outside
4.55 4.61 4.59 4.42 4.34 4.17 4.11 4.38 4.5 4.42
Toilets and drinking water facilities are accessible in the department
4.44 4.36 4.41 4.29 4.11 4.25 4.27 4.33 4.36 4.51
Department of Emergency is neat and clean
4.42 4.57 4.52 4.61 4.44 4.52 4.21 4.22 4.5 4.46
Department of Emergency has favorable ambience (light, room temperature)
4.33 4.49 4.49 4.59 4.39 4.39 4.29 4.31 4.49 4.53
Department of Emergency has enough space
4.42 4.52 4.55 4.49 4.39 4.5 4.32 4.49 4.29 4.28
Equipments of the Department of Emergency are modern and well functioned
4.26 4.54 4.66 4.39 4.42 4.11 3.91 4.33 4.39 4.52
Department of Emergency has enough and well maintained wheel chair and stretcher
4.43 4.41 4.38 4.17 4.59 4.61 4.46 4.51 4.11 4.29
Department has well access with the ambulatory service
4.37 4.4 4.38 4.39 4.44 4.16 4 4.27 3.89 4.26
Department has well access with the Imaging service
4.52 4.48 4.51 4.29 4.42 4.01 3.79 4.18 4.01 4.22
Department has well access with the Pathology service
4.28 4.39 4.28 4.11 4.35 4.14 4.07 4.29 4.18 4.29
Department has well access with the Pharmacy service
4.32 4.45 4.29 4.36 4.09 4.22 4.39 4 4 4.27
Department has well access with the OT service
4.08 4.23 4.09 4.1 4.02 4.2 4.09 4.11 4.11 4.15
Department has well access with the Admission
4.29 4.28 4.21 4.52 4.39 4.32 4.33 4.01 4.18 4.44
Group B Administrative Staff
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
4.39 4.46 4.51 4.42 4.35 3.89 3.5 3.1 3.98 2.1
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency response quickly
4.32 4.34 4.42 4.11 4.38 4.31 4.11 4.21 4.28 4.17
Queue is efficiently managed by Department of Emergency
4.23 4.18 4.39 4.52 4.19 4.27 4.37 4.23 4.24 4.44
Paper work in the Department of Emergency is hustle free.
4.29 4.39 4.31 4.42 4.41 4.16 4.11 4.01 4.18 4.29
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
12 | P a g e
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
4.56 4.26 4.11 4.43 4.31 4.23 4.23 4.18 4.2 4.11
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled
4.38 4.54 4.25 4.36 4.31 4.18 4.27 3.99 3.86 4.22
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
4.21 4.16 4.2 4.15 4.28 4.06 3.38 3.98 3.18 3.78
Administrative staff of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved
4.29 4.26 4.31 4.21 4.54 4.02 4.01 4.09 4.03 4.17
Administrative staff gives patience hearing to the patients.
4.01 4.19 4.27 4.19 4.39 4.2 4.17 4.56 4.16 4.47
GDA Staff
GDAs of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
4.27 4.29 4.44 4.38 4.31 4.21 4.11 4.04 4.03 4.2
GDAs of the Department of Emergency response quickly
4.53 4.34 4.32 4.37 4.25 4.11 4.27 4.09 4.32 4.11
GDAs of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled
4.38 4.27 4.38 4.25 4.51 4.05 4.08 4.09 4.42 4.14
GDAs of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved
4.35 4.28 4.24 4.21 4.19 4.11 4.08 4.01 3.98 3.91
Nursing Personnel
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
4.32 4.11 4.21 4.28 4.22 4.09 4.04 3.07 3.33 3
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency response quickly
4.65 4.64 4.34 4.21 4.54 4.03 4.14 3.23 4.21 4.21
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
4.26 4.29 4.32 4.51 4.31 4.05 4.11 3.12 3.09 4.01
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled
4.45 4.41 4.23 4.21 4.24 4.01 4 4.05 4.03 3.15
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
4.33 4.43 4.31 4.23 4.36 3.11 4.05 4.05 4.03 4.01
Nursing personnel of the department of emergency are well-behaved.
4.54 4.41 4.34 4.32 4.42 3.12 4.02 4.01 4.04 4.01
Nursing personnel give patience hearing to the patients.
4.42 4.31 4.53 4.18 4.44 3.23 3.11 4.07 4.01 4.08
Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.
4.31 4.21 4.45 4.23 4.37 4.04 4.02 4.12 3.22 4.52
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
13 | P a g e
Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.
4.24 4.34 4.42 4.12 4.34 4.01 3.12 4.11 4.41 3.32
Doctors
Doctors of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
4.32 4.22 4.42 4.31 4.21 3.02 4.19 3.13 4.07 3.21
Doctors of the Department of Emergency response quickly.
4.43 4.43 4.24 4.29 4.2 3.09 3.15 3.12 4.14 3.38
Doctors of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
4.29 4.42 4.13 4.29 4.1 3.23 4.34 4.11 3.31 3.56
Doctors of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled.
4.28 4.53 4.41 4.2 4.57 4.05 3.15 3.12 3.27 3.21
Doctors of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
4.58 4.12 4.32 4.23 4.38 3.16 4.24 4.02 3.14 4.06
Doctors of the department of emergency are well-behaved.
4.42 4.23 4.12 4.44 4.41 4.09 4.06 3.08 4.03 3.34
Doctors have patience hearing to the patients
4.31 4.12 4.23 4.28 4.21 3.11 3.27 4.16 3.24 3.11
Doctors of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.
4.42 4.12 4.23 4.36 4.33 3.27 3.13 4.16 3.17 4.03
Doctors of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.
4.11 4.41 4.12 4.49 4.27 4.02 3.29 4.07 4.15 4.06
Group A GH1 GH2 GH3 GH4 GH5 GH6 GH7 GH8 GH9 GH10
Location of the Department of Emergency is easily accessible from the main gate
4.55 4.61 4.5 4.22 4.23 4.44 4.6 4.32 4.49 4.39
Signboard of Department of Emergency is easily visible from outside
4.54 4.59 4.21 4.27 4.51 4.49 4.58 4.29 4.35 4.44
Toilets and drinking water facilities are accessible in the department
3.98 3.02 3.11 3.99 4.09 4.11 3.91 3.19 3.37 4.09
Department of Emergency is neat and clean
3.99 3.89 3.33 3.72 3.74 4.09 3.88 3.33 3.91 3.96
Department of Emergency has favorable ambience (light, room temperature)
4.22 4.02 4.11 4 4.02 4.22 4.01 3.99 4.02 4.03
Department of Emergency has enough space
4.47 4.42 4.66 4.32 4.25 4.21 4.17 4.08 4.47 4.4
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
14 | P a g e
Equipments of the Department of Emergency are modern and well functioned
4.39 3.99 4.5 4.09 4.09 4.19 4.27 4.26 3.88 3.97
Department of Emergency has enough and well maintained wheel chair and stretcher
4.01 3.99 4.07 4.08 4.11 4.22 4.14 3.78 3.56 3.69
Department has well access with the ambulatory service
3.77 4.09 4.1 4.09 4.16 4.41 4.31 3.66 4.05 4.17
Department has well access with the Imaging service
3.99 4.11 4.14 4.15 4.22 4.21 4.28 4.01 4.38 4.34
Department has well access with the Pathology service
4.32 4.19 4.24 4.27 4.31 4.37 4.22 4.19 4.29 4
Department has well access with the Pharmacy service
4.33 4.29 3.97 3.99 4.1 4.1 4.56 4.26 4.17 4.14
Department has well access with the OT service
3.9 3.88 3.98 4.21 4.07 4.18 4.01 3.86 3.99 4.02
Department has well access with the Admission
4.22 4.42 4.02 4.17 4.12 4.21 4.29 4.25 4.23 4.32
Group B Administrative Staff
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
2.97 2.37 2.79 2.19 2.98 2.78 2.79 2.76 2.98 2.87
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency response quickly
2.88 2.37 2.21 2.11 2.22 2.98 2.77 2.66 2.99 2.22
Queue is efficiently managed by Department of Emergency
2.11 2.18 2.14 2.99 2.16 2.1 2.73 2.11 2.09 2.09
Paper work in the Department of Emergency is hustle free.
2.98 1.98 2.16 2.89 2.77 2.72 2.75 2.56 2.36 2.29
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
2.23 2.34 2.21 2.56 2.49 2.32 2.36 2.98 2.1 2.09
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled
2.99 2.19 2.27 2.24 2.19 2.89 2.66 2.11 2.55 2.09
Administrative Staff of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
1.97 1.54 1.41 1.32 1.98 1.28 1.09 2.02 2.15 1.58
Administrative staff of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved
2.09 1.76 1.75 2.09 2.33 1.98 1.42 1.2 1.48 2.74
Administrative staff gives patience hearing to the patients.
2.03 2.11 1.93 1.29 3.21 2.12 2.89 1.26 2.34 2.2
GDA Staff GDAs of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
2.01 2.02 1.98 1.83 1.82 1.86 1.72 1.81 1.11 1.01
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
15 | P a g e
GDAs of the Department of Emergency response quickly
2.09 2.17 2.32 2.39 2.18 2.11 2.22 2.67 2.21 2.07
GDAs of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled
2.09 1.88 1.78 1.63 1.45 2.45 2.98 2.22 2.09 2.08
GDAs of the Department of Emergency are well-behaved
2.05 2.11 2.22 2.56 2.94 2.65 2.55 2.65 1.64 1.42
Nursing Personnel Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
1.37 1.73 1.74 1.73 2.74 2.53 2.54 2.4 2.74 2.65
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency response quickly
1.64 1.53 1.86 1.74 1.69 1.53 2.54 2.79 2.17 2.24
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
1.54 1.43 1.74 1.53 1.94 1.72 1.92 2.98 2.81 2.61
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled
1.43 1.64 1.54 1.89 2.11 2.22 2.56 2.14 2.19 1.53
Nursing Personnel of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
1.32 1.83 1.12 1.18 1.43 1.53 1.53 1.59 1.52 1.54
Nursing personnel of the department of emergency are well-behaved.
1.93 1.42 1.72 1.43 1.47 1.97 1.53 1.74 1.99 1.99
Nursing personnel give patience hearing to the patients.
1.92 2.72 2.91 1.73 1.98 1.83 1.74 1.82 1.73 2.84
Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.
1.74 1.67 1.57 1.93 1.74 1.83 1.51 1.33 2.02 2.75
Nursing personnel of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.
1.93 1.31 1.93 1.42 1.43 1.64 1.51 1.3 1.53 1.56
Doctors Doctors of the Department of Emergency are available in the department
1.97 2.7 1.6 1.92 2.69 1.55 2.28 2.68 2.35 1.94
Doctors of the Department of Emergency response quickly.
1.61 1.8 1.57 2.37 2.32 2.03 1.89 2.05 2.62 1.67
Doctors of the Department of Emergency have enough knowledge to answer patients question
2.01 1.5 1.88 2.63 1.68 1.52 2.76 2.29 1.84 2.45
Doctors of the Department of Emergency are enough skilled.
2.64 2.41 2.21 2.47 1.92 2.42 1.66 2.09 2.77 2.12
Doctors of the Department of Emergency are always instilling the patient.
1.9 1.51 2.33 2.04 2.66 2.24 1.86 1.59 2.3 1.53
Doctors of the department of emergency are well-behaved.
1.6 1.82 2.08 1.7 2.26 1.81 2.27 2.75 1.96 2.06
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
16 | P a g e
CH1 Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals
CH2 Fortis Hospital
CH3 ILS Hospitals Dumdum
CH4 Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat
CH5 B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd
CH6 City Life Hospital
CH7 Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited
CH8 Care and Cure Hospital Barasat
CH9 Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital
CH10 Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre
GH1 National Medical College
GH2 Bangur Institute of Neurosciences
GH3 Vidyasagar State General Hospital
GH4 M R Bangur Hospital
GH5 SSKM Hospital
GH6 Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences
GH7 Barasat District Hospital
GH8 R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital
GH9 N R S Medical College and Hospital
GH10 Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
Doctors have patience hearing to the patients
2.34 2.2 1.56 2.61 1.95 2.25 1.62 1.58 2.1 1.63
Doctors of the Department of Emergency attend every patient.
2.78 1.93 1.65 2.23 1.64 2.46 2.31 2.02 2.36 2.11
Doctors of the Department of Emergency understand the personal need of every patient.
1.83 2.67 2.38 1.85 2.75 1.54 1.91 1.69 2.65 1.87
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
17 | P a g e
Study of TNA on Patient Satisfaction Level in different Private and
Public Hospitals in Kolkata that leads to increase service
performance and service quality Jayeeta Majumder, 2 Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management 2Director, Haldia Institute of Management
Abstract
This study was designed as a questionnaire survey to investigate the demographics, training
needs, and preferred approaches to improve performance of the target population. The study
population included the health care professionals of major public health care facilities in West
Bengal. We used Likert Scale Questionnaire, a self-reported close-ended structured questionnaire
with a core set of 10 items. These items refer to tasks that are central to the role of health care
professionals and are categorized into six super ordinate categories: clinical skills,
administrative, managerial/supervisory, and continuing professional education.
Introduction
During the past several years there has been an increase in the use of hospital services.
This increase has brought about and produced various changes in the importance and use of
training and development guidelines and management in hospitals. Acute care hospitals and
medical centers are a vital component of healthcare infrastructure. Each of the day, these
facilities are relied upon to provide acute, routine, and primary health care to millions of people.
In times of public health crisis, the acute care hospital will be expected to render a prompt and
competent response to assist in minimizing morbidity and mortality. In spite of the obvious roles
and responsibilities of acute care hospitals during a major health or medical crisis in the India,
numerous deficiencies have been described concerning the lack of preparedness among the
nation's hospitals and trauma centers. In response to these deficiencies, several governmental
agencies and professional organizations have required and/or recommended standards for
hospitals that are related to education, training, and preparedness for disasters and public health
emergencies. Although some guidelines exist, there is no universal standard that describes which
roles or job functions within a hospital are essential to the hospital's ability to respond to and
recover from a disaster or public health emergency. Safety and Health Administration, has been
hospital preparedness plans as to the specific functional roles unclear regarding, specifically,
who should be educated and that are expected to be called upon or utilized in times of distained
to perform key functional roles at a hospital during asters or major incidents, Disasters or public
health emergencies. This extends from the purpose of this study was to determine the difference
between performance and patient satisfaction from trained and untrained staffs of the hospital.
An assessment process that serves as a diagnostic tool for determining what training
needs to take place. This survey gathers data to determine what training needs to be developed to
help individuals and the organization accomplish their goals and objectives. This is an
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
18 | P a g e
assessment that looks at employee and organizational knowledge, skills, and abilities, to identify
any gaps or areas of need. Once the training needs are identified, then you need to
determine/develop objectives to be accomplished by the training. These objectives will form
criteria for measures of success and utility.
This analysis can be performed by managers who are able to observe their staff and make
recommendations for training based on performance issues or gaps between performance and
objectives. This analysis can also be performed on an organization-wide level by Training and
Development managers who survey the organization to identify needs.
Factors that may lead to Training Needs
Re-organization processes
Business Process Re-engineering
Process Improvements
Reductions in Force
Layoffs/Transfers/New Hires
Staffing Changes/Promotions
Re-locations
New equipment/Technology
Performance/Safety Issues
Problems in Production/Safety
New Systems/Procedures
Changes in Laws/Regulations
Succession Planning
Career Paths/Growth
Why conduct a Training Needs Assessment/Survey?
A needs assessment/survey helps an organization achieve its goals. It reduces gaps
between employee skills and the skills required by the job and department. The training needs
assessment survey can also form the basis (benchmark) for determining effectiveness of the
training administered. You can re-administer the training needs survey after the training was
performed to see if there was an increase in performance/skills as measured by the survey.
How do you determine where Training is needed?
You can use different sources to:
Needs Assessment Questionnaire
Needs Analysis
Employee Interviews
Employee Opinion/Climate Surveys
Exit Interviews
Employee Grievances/Complaints
Customer Returns/Calls
Accidents & Scrap
New Equipment / Software
Changes in Procedures
Re-organization
Job Re-design
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
19 | P a g e
Performance Appraisal Results
Promotions & Terminations
Observations
Assessment Centers
Employment/Skills Tests
Focus Groups
Gathering Employee Opinions for Training Needs
Schedule a meeting with employees in a particular department or job classification. During the
meeting, gather ideas from the employees about their needs and areas for professional
development. Determine common themes and topics. Ask the employees to review the
information gathered and determine which areas/needs are most important to receive training.
Then determine the desired outcomes from the training to address these needs. These outcomes
could serve as measures of success (validation) of the training.
What are the Steps in a Training Needs Assessment
1. Needs Assessment (collecting and analyzing data)
2. Design (program objectives, plan, measures of success)
3. Testing (prototype the instrument and process)
4. Implementation (collection measures and update as needed)
5. Analysis & Evaluation (review feedback and data collected)
Literature Survey
Arshad, Yusof, Mahmood, Ahmed & Akhtar “A Study on TNA Process among
Manufacturing Companies Registered with Pembangunan SumberManusiaBerhad (PSMB) at
Bayan Lepas Area, Penang, Malaysia” found that out of six, five organization contextual variable
has a relationship with TNA factors. Even though it is not really an in-depth study, it is
significant enough to agree upon that the recommendations made by TNA researchers are
followed by organization in this study. The right adoption of TNA process will increase on its
effectiveness without wasting time, energy and money in order to achieve the desired
performance. Johnson (1993) clearly pointed out that performance improvement is achieved
through skilled, knowledgeable and committed workers who want to make their organization
successful. Training is becoming increasingly important to success. The organization’s
investment in its people is the most important investment it makes. Exact needs to meet the goal
must be ascertained in terms of each level of organization in order to provide training that
contributes to the organization business results. Identifying training needs is not easy; it requires
a good understanding of the business and of future developments of the organizations.
Aartichahal “Study of Training Need Analysis Based Training and Development: Effect
of Training on Performance by Adopting Development Based Strategy” Training is necessity in
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
20 | P a g e
the changing environment, planned and systematic training should be made compulsory in all
private and public banks. It brings changes in behavior, attitude at any age and helps in
increasing the organizational performance. The organization should encourage more facilities
during training and also off the job training, because it is one kind of encouragement to improve
the interest towards the training and development program. By providing training, employers
support the skill development of their employees. If the training is good then the employees will
contribute their maximum for the achievement of the organizational objectives. The result of the
present study shown that the training practices in the selected branches of PNB and HDFC are
average and there is lot of scope for improvement. Researcher found that the training and
effectiveness programs have a positive impact on the performance of both male and female
employees but the results shows that it has a greater impact on the performance of male
employees group .This can be due to the reason that mostly female employees bear additional
responsibilities towards their families. The researchers found that most of the banks have their
own training institute, management attitude is very positive for training support and budget,
incentives are given for trainees, and overseas training opportunity. However, there is a lack of
needs assessment before training. Corporation should take necessary steps in such a way that
employees should feel training is essential to enhance the productivity and customer satisfaction
to meet the present challenges in India.
Shulagna Sarkar(2013) “Competency based Training Need Assessment – Approach in
Indian companies” All organizations must focus on conducting training need assessment before
deputing any employee for training. Though most of the organizations are aware of the fact of
conducting a need assessment for training their employees; yet most of the organizations fail to
practice it. In a large number of the smaller organizations, attending training is merely a luck
factor where individuals are nominated for trainings only by the seniors. The individuals suffer
from biased decision making. Thus the training of an employee fails to achieve the desired result.
The described technique has been a solution to the sample organizations. As out of the seventeen
sample organizations, only nine were following a systematic form of training need assessment
whereas others were fully concentrating on training as a tool for motivation and fulfilling the
industrial norms of 48 hours training for each employee. Jacqueline Reed (2003) “What a role
can a TNA plays in Organization change?” Organizational culture and change issues had a very
large role to play in the development of a needs analysis process for the organization. The
development of a needs analysis process was a struggle and in the end the determination of the
specific methodologies to use was the easiest part of the whole process. By far the most difficult
element was dealing with and understanding the cultural and change issues arising. It is
interesting to reflect as noted earlier that the bulk of the training needs analysis literature focuses
on methodology and gives only passing reference to culture or change issues (Boydell and Leary
1996, McClelland 1993, Leat and Lovell 1997, Schneier et al 1988).
Cecilia Nfila(2005) “Training Needs Analysis For Bachibanga Company in Botswana” It was
revealed that training is not the only possible solution to improve performance in Bachibanga
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
21 | P a g e
Company. In fact, analysis of this study indicates that training can only close the performance
gap by 16.7%. Other performance improvement factors reviewed by the study include
motivational factors such as, increase in rewards, recognition, appreciation, and availability of
resources. Even when training is the best possible intervention method, there is need to assess the
type of training required and then see if the training material is practical. For training to work
effectively, the performance problem must be identified and analyzed. Then needs assessment
must be conducted to determine if training is the best approach to solve the problem. Training
materials must also be developed (building stage), and implemented (delivering stage). Finally,
there is need to evaluate the training. Here, feedback has to be collected from participants on
whether they learned, and follow- up should be made to their work place to see if they are
applying the knowledge and skills learned.
Angelina Messne (2009) “Needs Assessment and Analysis Method” many methods were
found for conducting a needs assessment and analysis: task analysis, job analysis, performance
improvement, competency-based needs assessment, strategic needs assessment, and knowledge
and skill assessment. While performance analysis is used in literature to describe one possible
needs assessment and analysis method, it more aptly describes needs assessment and analysis
itself. In essence, performance analysis is another term for needs assessment. Understanding
when and how to use these methods can be confusing for new practitioners. There is not one
correct way to apply each method, but there are best uses for each that were outlined with the
descriptions of the methods. While there is still a focus on training within the needs assessment
and analysis literature, there is growing use of the term performance to describe more accurately
the array of performance problems that a needs assessment and analysis solve. Since
performance is such a broad term, practitioners need more information on how to evaluate
performance problems and how to implement assessment and analysis methods.
Syed, Irfan, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Umar & Kashif “Training needs assessment
practices in corporate sector of Pakistan”, The results of this study provide some disparate
findings in terms of effective outcomes of training. The reason is that the organizations in
Pakistan only focus on conducting the personal analysis TNA before starting training program.
As a result of not engaging in comprehensive TNA approach, the result of the training program
is poor and considered a subjective nature. The result showed that lack of comprehensive TNA
approach gives less result and does not meet objectivity criteria of training program. No single
respondent have perception that the organization achieved the training objectivity in a real scene.
Through the conversation with managers, most organizations in Pakistan are not well aware of
the Kirkpatrick model which is used for the evaluation of training. Most organizations achieve
the subjectivity of the training instead of forcing on the objectivity of the training. Many
managers respond that training is a long term investment. Thorough analysis of TNA or
comprehensive TNA approach leads to better result of training outcomes; because
comprehensive TNA starts from micro level to macro level or TNA scanning start from
organizational level and come to personal level. If the problem is not at organization level, then it
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
22 | P a g e
is a possibility that the problem may be at operational or task level and again, if the problem is
not at task level, the training manager comes up at personal level. Through this comprehensive
approach, organization can appropriately assess the actual need of the training at managerial
level and obviously, it has a good impact on the outcomes of the training. Simply, when the TNA
comprehensiveness increases, the last two levels of Kirkpatrick model objectivity will also
increase and a lack in TNA comprehensiveness results in a low achievement of training
objectivity.
Importance of Hospital Training Planning in
Planning training, outsourcing is the key to boost profitability.
In a typical hospital set up, expenditure on salary amounts to roughly 25-30 per cent of
total income or 30-35 per cent of total expenditure. This is not healthy statistics, say experts.
Most of hospitals are believed to operate with excess training. As competition increases and
margins come under pressure, of hospitals tomorrow will have no option but to rationalize
training, which, in other words, would mean downsizing.
Most times, downsizing has led to further chaos, mainly because of improper training
planning. Health-care consultants stress on a multi-skilled workforce to carry multiple tasks in
order to maintain optimum employee per bed ratio, a key to boost and sustain profits.
To achieve this, training planning becomes crucial. But, such tasks are rarely undertaken
in of hospitals, say experts. Most of hospitals operates on excess man power. Ideally, employee
to bed ratio should be 3 per bed. Three persons per bed could be a little stingy, say some, who
find 4-5 persons per bed more acceptable.
The type of hospital, the set-up and even the structure of the building counts when it
comes to training allocation.
Specialty: The number of employees depends not on the size of hospital but more on its
specialty, say experts. Ideally for multi-specialty and super-specialty of hospitals the ratio of bed
to employee should be around 1:6. This is an ideal situation and is practiced in developed
countries as mandatory requisition.
Setup: More classes of wards means more staff. For instance, a deluxe room may have
one staff for just 2 beds since the patients are charged higher and consequently demand better
care. In median class, one employee can look after 6 patients.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
23 | P a g e
A ward boy in one wing may not be able to give his best to all the wings on the same
floor. So the staff increases. The solution is to economize without effecting patient care. For ex.,
non-core sector like support staff, housekeeping can be outsourced in many of hospitals… all in
all, there needs to be proper planning when it comes to training sourcing, pooling, allocation,
training and development.
Audit: Training audit, which must be carried out regularly is seldom done due to
knowledge among healthcare professionals on training audits is not satisfactory.
Multi-skilling and multi-tasking: Employee per bed ratio can be kept optimum, provided
effective utilization of training is done by creating multi-skilled and multi-tasked personnel. In
any hospital, an ECG technician does the job of just taking the ECG. And if it is a male
technician, he can see only male patients. Most of the times therefore he is left without work.
The right way he says is to employ female employees or train nurses to carry out the same for
full utilization of training.
A peon must have knowledge of computers, lift operation, vehicle driving and handling
patients. Even class IV staff be given training and apprenticeship. Full orientation for computer
application must be given. This will reduce training requirement, say experts.
Outsource: Consultants advice that of hospitals must explore services which can be
outsourced. Contracting some services can bring down man power to 4 persons per bed.
Hospital Training Planning helps in Economizing Operations & Profitability
Hospital visits are increasing at a rate unsurpassed almost everywhere. Today, the
hospital and healthcare sector is one of the fastest growing sectors. Parallel with this is the rising
cost of supplies, equipments etc. Between 75-80% of a hospital’s budget goes to staff salaries
and paid working hours in the hospital. The cost of labor in of hospitals has risen sharply over
the past ten years and has nearly doubled.
Not only have budgets for staff increased, but the number of staff to operate a hospital
has also increased. Sophisticated equipment, hospital accreditation, and patients themselves have
all affected training and staffing guidelines in of hospitals. Not only newly built facilities, but of
hospitals undergoing extensive remodeling and construction also require training planning.
If a hospital wants to open up one or is planning to add an entirely new building, the
training planner is faced with many decisions: how many new patient beds he will have, how
many new lab requests, x-rays etc. the new addition will require, how many new nurses will be
required for the extra beds, and so also the number of ward clerks, cleaning personnel etc.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
24 | P a g e
One of the more difficult questions the planner must consider is, how fast will the number of
patients increase to fill the new beds? Will the increase be slow and begin with only a trickle of
patients, or is the expansion needed so much that the new beds will be filled rapidly? The planner
has to consider the possibility of difficulties in recruitment of new staff for the addition. If
difficulties arise, should the staff be built up prior to the opening? Should the ward or building
open under-staffed and only run at part capacity? How long will it take before a full complement
of staff is obtained and the hospital is able to operate under full capacity? If the planner elects to
build up the staff prior to the opening, he must consider the loss of employing staff who are
under-utilized.
He must not only look at the monetary factors but other as well. If staffs are temporarily
deployed, morale may drop and false expectations of the future workload may develop. Looking
at the situation from another spectrum, if the planner reopens the new ward of building without
the proper number of staff through planning and design, he will be under-utilizing the expansion.
If the expansion took large number of capital investment, the costs of under-utilizing the
expansion may outweigh the costs of employing prior to the opening.
In the absence of a training planning model, the entire decision making may collapse or
couldn’t be carried out in the first place.
Methodology
The Survey was conducted in three levels namely,
1) Public hospitals in Kolkata, India
2) Private hospitals with TNA in Kolkata, India
3) Private hospitals without TNA in Kolkata, India.
To do the survey the tool used was questionnaire. Two questionnaires were made. The first one
was for the hospital and the next one was for patient. The patient questionnaire was made with
the help of Likert Scale. This paper examines the TNA process by examining literature
regarding the importance and benefits of TNA, issues relating to TNA and current practice
and models. This paper then looks at how TNA applies to, and is currently practiced within,
the healthcare industry, specifically amongst a group of nurses. This paper also addresses
how TNA tools relate to healthcare workers, particularly nurses, within India and how it
may be able to improve the current TNA process for nurses and Doctors in India.
The source of information is mainly primary source and the sampling method used was
convenience sampling. Total number of hospitals/Nursing Home surveyed was 20. Total number
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
25 | P a g e
of patient feedback taken was 15 per hospital so total was 300.The sample of the questionnaire is
attached at the end.
The Survey:
The survey was carried out in 20 hospitals across Kolkata in both private and public of hospitals.
It was seen that there is a presence of a Human Resources Department conducting TNA in
majority of the large private of hospitals and an absence of the same in majority of the public of
hospitals. The observation that was marked across the board is that the patient satisfaction level
in of hospitals where there is a definitive Human Resources Department conducting TNA were
more than in the ones with no or fledgling Human Resources Department not conducting TNA.
On further probing it was found that the satisfaction level actually can be regulated by
application of human resources planning involving TNA by the Human Resources Department in
those of hospitals.
In most of the public of hospitals it was seen that the training planning was done by their
administration department who were not qualified in any form of Human Resource Planning. In
most of the public of hospitals training planning is done on the basis of ratio analysis. In private
hospital it was seen that majority of them had Human Resource Department.
Other than this it was also seen that in Public of hospitals the training planning was done for a
very long time whereas in the private it was much shorter. Though most public hospital has
larger number of beds but they do not have the adequate number of doctor or nurses. Even most
of the public of hospitals do not have any training inventory. So if a doctor leaves the hospital
then they are at a loss. If we compare the employee turnover ratio it will be seen that public
hospital again heads the list.
So it is clear from the above facts there is no proper training planning done in public hospital, the
employee turnover rate is high and they do not have any training inventory.
Once this survey was over a survey on patient feedback of these of hospitals were done. We
selected 15 patients for each of the 20 s of hospitals. In the analysis part a detailed study will be
done on the second survey and a link will be established between training planning and patient
satisfaction.
The Analysis:
Once both the survey was complete it was clearly evident that there was a direct link between
patient satisfaction and proper training planning in the hospital. It was also found that there was
need of Human Resource Department in every hospital may it be public or private.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
26 | P a g e
Out of the 20 hospitals/ nursing home that were surveyed 12 were private whereas 8 were public.
Out of the 12 private of hospitals 6 had HR department whereas the other 6 did not have a HR
department. 15 patient were surveyed t o find out there satisfaction level per hospital, which
means a total of 300 patients were surveyed in the 20 of hospitals/nursing home.
It was interesting to find that private and public hospitals which did not have any Human
Resource Department has an extremely bad patient feedback compared to the private of
hospitals which had Human Resource Department conducting TNA. To get the score a Liker
Scale based Questionnaire was formed where 5 denoted Highly Satisfied, 4 denoted Satisfied, 3
denoted Moderately Satisfied, 2 denoted Unsatisfied and 1 denoted Highly Unsatisfied. The
average score of the hospitals are given below.
LISTS OF OF HOSPITALS & THEIR AVERAGE RATINGS ON THE BASIS OF
PATIENT FEEDBACK:-
PRIVATE HOSPITALS With TNA
Name Grade Category Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals 4.021 Satisfied Fortis Hospital 4.0105 Satisfied ILS Hospitals Dumdum 4.0045 Satisfied Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat 4.0035 Satisfied
B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd 4.0015 Satisfied
PRIVATE HOSPITALS Without TNA
Name Grade Category Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital 3.453 Undecided Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre 3.4435 Undecided Care and Cure Hospital Barasat 3.355 Undecided City Life Hospital 3.3345 Undecided Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited 3.31 Undecided
PUBLIC HOSPITALS
Name Grade Category Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences 2.992 Undecided Vidyasagar State General Hospital 2.958 Undecided National Medical College 2.935 Undecided M R Bangur Hospital 2.91 Undecided
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
27 | P a g e
Barasat District Hospital 2.894 Undecided N R S Medical College and Hospital 2.8875 Undecided Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 2.86 Undecided
R. G. Kar Medical and Hospital 2.81 Undecided SSKM Hospital 2.7995 Undecided Bangur Institute of Neuro Science 2.725 Undecided
From the above data it is clear that patient satisfaction is directly proportionate to the
presence of Human Resource Department conducting TNA. Not only in the public but also in
private of hospitals there is an immense need of the Human Resource department conducting
TNA. Only in presence of Human Resource department proper training planning is possible.
It is also evident from the research that the employee turnover rate is also extremely high
in the public sector of hospitals in comparison with private sector of hospitals.
Conclusion:
Training planning in of hospitals is a vital issue in today’s world of healthcare. With the
rapidly growing number of new and expanding of hospitals, and as hospital departments become
more productive, the need is further enhanced. With the increasing utilization of of hospitals by
the populace and the impact of Medicare for persons above 65 years of age and over, current
knowledge and planning for training in of hospitals has become vital and critical.
In the paper it was found that hospitals Like Fortis Hospital, ILS Hospitals Dumdum,
B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd; scores more than 4 out of 5 in patient satisfaction
parameter. If we see the questioner we will find that the patient showed more satisfaction with
the communication level of doctors and nurses, whereas the score was a bit low for the ward boy
paramedical and administrative. This gives a vivid example that doctors and nurses are more
related to patient satisfaction rather than the other employees of the hospitals. It is also to be
noted that these hospitals are conducting the training need assessment and training scheduling for
the development of the employees. Medical fraternity changes each day due to innovation in
drug manufacturing, drug delivery, surgery etc. if the doctors and nurses are not adequately
trained on a day to day basis then they will lack the recent development of medical world. When
we think of the other staff though training will be needed but not to the extent that is needed for
the doctors and nurse. Here not only clinical training but also training on patient, patient party
handling, communication, etc is needed. There could be counter argument that MR provide the
literature data and new drug formulation but the problem relies on the fact that the majority of
the MRs are marketing oriented and may not advertise drugs from which less profit is generated.
These in returns pollute the prognosis and prescriptions of the doctors of proper training were
given then this unfortunate scenario would not be happen.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
28 | P a g e
We also found that private hospitals like Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital,
City Life Hospital, Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited; scores around 3 out of 5 on patient
satisfactions. These hospitals do not having proper TNA and training scheduling. It is clear from
the above data those private hospitals with TNA scores more than that of private hospital without
TNA.
When we come to public hospitals we see further the satisfaction level falling this is due
to the fact that no major training is done in the public hospitals due to the work patient pressure
and lack of proper human resource planning.
It is clear from the paper that training of key professionals in health care sectors directly
influences the patient satisfaction level. Training planning should be done by professionals and a
department should be present for such work. So Human Resource Department is a must in any
hospital/nursing home. A lot more study is needed to understand why there is high turnover rate
in of hospitals and a model has to develop for proper training planning in of hospitals.
References
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281062284_A_Study_on_Training_Need
s_Analysis_TNA_Process_among_Manufacturing_Companies_Registered_with_Pemba
ngunan_Sumber_Manusia_Berhad_PSMB_at_Bayan_Lepas_Area_Penang_Malaysia
2. http://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(2)4/version-1/F244151.pdf
3. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-of-Training-Need-Analysis-
Based-Training-of-chahal/a584215c278481029031764c674e7c7333eb39dd
4. organizacija.fov.uni-mb.si/index.php/organizacija/article/download/531/970
5. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p448dpkb/Boydell-and-Leary-1996-McClelland-
1993-Leat-and-Lovell-1997-Schneier-et-al-1988/
6. http://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2005/2005nfilac.pdf
7. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol19-issue10/Version-
6/H1910065056.pdf
8. http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-full-text
pdf/B5568AD18284
Annexure
Questionnaire-1
Name of the Hospital Name of the Patient Age of the patient Gender of the patient Contact Number of the patient
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
29 | P a g e
5 4 3 2 1 Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital Were you Satisfied with the number of doctors in the hospital Were you Satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Doctors
Were you satisfied by the skills of the doctor
Were you satisfied by the number of nurses in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Nurses
Were you satisfied by the skills of the nurses Were you satisfied by the number of ward boys in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the ward boys
Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys Were you satisfied by the number of paramedical staff in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the paramedical staff
Were you satisfied by the skills of the paramedical staff Were you satisfied by the number of housekeeping staff in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the housekeeping staff
Were you satisfied by the skills of the housekeeping staff Were you satisfied by the number of administrative staff in the hospitals Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the administrative staff
Were you satisfied by the skills of the administrative staff Were you satisfied with the overall experience of the hospital
Analysis Report CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10 Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital
4.5 4.34 4.75 4.54 4.67 3.94 3.95 4.05 4.2 4.09
Were you Satisfied with the number of doctors in the hospital
4.35 4.01 4.31 4.37 4.23 3.33 3.54 3.16 3.3 2.95
Were you Satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Doctors
4.28 4.54 4.25 4.55 4.36 3 3.54 3.38 3 3.09
Were you satisfied by the skills of the doctor
4.35 4.47 4.32 4.25 4.37 3.16 3.31 3.55 3.45 3.5
Were you satisfied by the number of nurses in the hospitals
4.21 4.23 4.29 4.43 4.38 3.05 2.6 2.72 2.75 3
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Nurses
4.35 4.24 4.39 4.31 4.38 3.05 2.95 3.22 3.35 3.5
Were you satisfied by the skills of the nurses
3.85 4.19 4.26 4.31 4.39 2.88 2.68 2.66 3.25 3.63
Were you satisfied by the number of ward boys in the hospitals
3.78 3.13 3.31 3.89 3.53 3.38 4 3.16 3.9 3.45
Were you satisfied with the 4.07 4 3.92 3.56 3.98 3.44 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
30 | P a g e
communication and personal care given by the ward boys Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys
3.58 3.42 3.98 4.1 4.12 3.66 3.59 3.27 2.9 3.09
Were you satisfied by the number of paramedical staff in the hospitals
4 4.3 4.01 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.3
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the paramedical staff
3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.78 3.5 3.7 3.5 2.9 3.4
Were you satisfied by the skills of the paramedical staff
3.9 3.9 3.6 4 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.1 3.2
Were you satisfied by the number of housekeeping staff in the hospitals
3.9 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.1
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the housekeeping staff
3.4 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.4 3
Were you satisfied by the skills of the housekeeping staff
4 4.1 4 3.6 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.5 3
Were you satisfied by the number of administrative staff in the hospitals
3.9 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.04 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.1
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the administrative staff
4.1 4 3.2 3.9 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.5
Were you satisfied by the skills of the administrative staff
4 3.5 4.1 3.9 4 3 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.9
Were you satisfied with the overall experience of the hospital
4 3.6 3.6 3.8 4 3.2 3 3.9 3.3 3
Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital
4.5 4.34 4.75 4.54 4.67 3.94 3.95 4.05 4.2 4.09
Were you Satisfied with the number of doctors in the hospital
4.35 4.01 4.31 4.37 4.23 3.33 3.54 3.16 3.3 2.95
Were you Satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Doctors
4.28 4.54 4.25 4.55 4.36 3 3.54 3.38 3 3.09
Were you satisfied by the skills of the doctor
4.35 4.47 4.32 4.25 4.37 3.16 3.31 3.55 3.45 3.5
Were you satisfied by the number of nurses in the hospitals
4.21 4.23 4.29 4.43 4.38 3.05 2.6 2.72 2.75 3
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Nurses
4.35 4.24 4.39 4.31 4.38 3.05 2.95 3.22 3.35 3.5
Were you satisfied by the skills of the nurses
3.85 4.19 4.26 4.31 4.39 2.88 2.68 2.66 3.25 3.63
Were you satisfied by the number of ward boys in the hospitals
3.78 3.13 3.31 3.89 3.53 3.38 4 3.16 3.9 3.45
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
31 | P a g e
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the ward boys
4.07 4 3.92 3.56 3.98 3.44 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4
Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys
3.58 3.42 3.98 4.1 4.12 3.66 3.59 3.27 2.9 3.09
Were you satisfied by the number of paramedical staff in the hospitals
4 4.3 4.01 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.3
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the paramedical staff
3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.78 3.5 3.7 3.5 2.9 3.4
GH1 GH2 GH3 GH4 GH5 GH6 GH7 GH8 GH9 GH10 Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital
3.6 3.91 4 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.78 3.92 3.92
Were you Satisfied with the number of doctors in the hospital
1.8 2.75 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.92 3.14 3.21
Were you Satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Doctors
2.8 2.41 3 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.6 3.28 3.07 2.5
Were you satisfied by the skills of the doctor
3.2 3.25 2.4 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.57 3.14 3.21
Were you satisfied by the number of nurses in the hospitals
1.8 1.91 2 1.9 2 2.8 2.8 2.57 2.64 2.78
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Nurses
2 2.25 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.35 2.14 3.21
Were you satisfied by the skills of the nurses
2 2.16 2.6 1.8 2.4 3 2.8 1.92 2.85 2.35
Were you satisfied by the number of ward boys in the hospitals
4.2 3.75 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.07 3.64 3.92
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the ward boys
3.9 3.66 3.6 3 2.9 2.7 3 2.7 4.15 3.9
Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys
2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.92 3.07 2.64
Were you satisfied by the number of paramedical staff in the hospitals
2.9 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 2.7 3
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the paramedical staff
3.1 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 3 3 3.1 2.9 2.6
Were you satisfied by the skills of the paramedical staff
2.7 3.1 2.7 3 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6
Were you satisfied by the number of housekeeping staff in the hospitals
2.19 2.6 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.8 3 2.8
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
32 | P a g e
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the housekeeping staff
2.6 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8
Were you satisfied by the skills of the housekeeping staff
3 3 3.1 2.6 2 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.9
Were you satisfied by the number of administrative staff in the hospitals
2.8 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 2 3
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the administrative staff
3.1 2.6 2.6 3.1 2.9 3 3 2.6 3 2.8
Were you satisfied by the skills of the administrative staff
2.9 3.1 2.9 3 2.6 2.8 3 2.8 3.1 2.9
Were you satisfied with the overall experience of the hospital
2.8 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8
Were you Satisfied with the services provided to you by the hospital
3.6 3.91 4 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.78 3.92 3.92
Were you Satisfied with the number of doctors in the hospital
1.8 2.75 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.92 3.14 3.21
Were you Satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Doctors
2.8 2.41 3 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.6 3.28 3.07 2.5
Were you satisfied by the skills of the doctor
3.2 3.25 2.4 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.57 3.14 3.21
Were you satisfied by the number of nurses in the hospitals
1.8 1.91 2 1.9 2 2.8 2.8 2.57 2.64 2.78
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the Nurses
2 2.25 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.35 2.14 3.21
Were you satisfied by the skills of the nurses
2 2.16 2.6 1.8 2.4 3 2.8 1.92 2.85 2.35
Were you satisfied by the number of ward boys in the hospitals
4.2 3.75 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.07 3.64 3.92
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the ward boys
3.9 3.66 3.6 3 2.9 2.7 3 2.7 4.15 3.9
Were you satisfied by the skills of the ward boys
2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.92 3.07 2.64
Were you satisfied by the number of paramedical staff in the hospitals
2.9 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 2.7 3
Were you satisfied with the communication and personal care given by the paramedical staff
3.1 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 3 3 3.1 2.9 2.6
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
33 | P a g e
CH1 Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals CH2 Fortis Hospital CH3 ILS Hospitals Dumdum CH4 Narayana Multispecialty Hospital, Barasat CH5 B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd CH6 Gandhi Seva Sangha Hospital CH7 Bhattacharyya Orthopedics and Related Research Centre CH8 Care and Cure Hospital Barasat CH9 City Life Hospital CH10 Megacity Nursing Home Private Limited GH1 Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences GH2 Vidyasagar State General Hospital GH3 National Medical College GH4 M R Bangur Hospital GH5 Barasat District Hospital GH6 N R S Medical College and Hospital GH7 Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata GH8 R. G. Kar Medical and Hospital GH9 SSKM Hospital GH10 Bangur Institute of Neuro Science
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
34 | P a g e
Understanding Investor Choice about Mutual Funds in West
Bengal, India 1Barnali Ghosh, 2Dr. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
1Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science and Humanities Global Institute of Science and
Technology 2Director, Haldia Institute of Management
ABSTRACT
This research will focus on the resources available in mutual funds and their optimal usage.
Generally the purpose of this research is to observe this relationship in Indian context keeping
the state of West Bengal as the sampling area. In order to achieve the objective a broad based
surveys were conducted across the state of West Bengal, India with a sample size of 100. The
survey was conducted among investors. This paper looked into the understanding of the investors
about mutual funds. Also the investors knowledge about type of mutual funds. This paper also
tried to understand peoples investing pattern and return expectation. This paper also tried to
analyze the way of investment and investment intervals.
THE PAPER IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS:
Section I will describe the Introduction to Mutual Fund in India.
Section II will review previous literature on Mutual Fund and Investment Pattern.
Section III will describe the methodology used for this research.
Section IV will describe the surveys and analyze the result of the research.
The paper will be concluded in Section V.
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
A mutual fund is a professionally-managed trust that pools the savings of many investors and
invests them in securities like stocks, bonds, short-term money market instruments and
commodities such as precious metals. Investors in a mutual fund have a common financial goal
and their money is invested in different asset classes in accordance with the fund’s investment
objective. Investments in mutual funds entail comparatively small amounts, giving retail
investors the advantage of having finance professionals control their money even if it is a few
thousand rupees.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
35 | P a g e
Mutual funds are pooled investment vehicles actively managed either by professional
fund managers or passively tracked by an index or industry. The funds are generally well
diversified to offset potential losses. They offer an attractive way for savings to be managed in a
passive manner without paying high fees or requiring constant attention from individual
investors. Mutual funds present an option for investors who lack the time or knowledge to make
traditional and complex investment decisions. By putting your money in a mutual fund, you
permit the portfolio manager to make those essential decisions for you.
A mutual fund is set up in the form of a trust that has a Sponsor, Trustees, Asset
Management Company (AMC). The trust is established by a sponsor(s) who is like a promoter of
a company and the said Trust is registered with Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
as a Mutual Fund. The Trustees of the mutual fund hold its property for the benefit of unit
holders. An Asset Management Company (AMC) approved by SEBI manages the fund by
making investments in various types of securities.
The trustees are vested with the power of superintendence and direction over the AMC.
They monitor the performance and compliance of SEBI regulations by the mutual fund. The
trustees are vested with the general power of superintendence and direction over AMC. They
manage the performance and compliance of SEBI Regulations by the mutual fund.
A mutual fund company collects money from several investors, and invests it in various
options like stocks, bonds, etc. This fund is managed by professionals who understand the
market well, and try to accomplish growth by making strategic investments. Investors get units
of the mutual fund according to the amount they have invested. The Asset Management
Company is responsible for managing the investments for the various schemes operated by the
mutual fund. It also undertakes activities such like advisory services, financial consulting,
customer services, accounting, marketing and sales functions for the schemes of the mutual fund.
Net Asset Value (NAV) is the total asset value (net of expenses) per unit of the fund and
is calculated by the AMC at the end of every business day. In order to calculate the NAV of a
mutual fund, you need to take the current market value of the fund's assets minus the liabilities, if
any and divide it by the number of shares outstanding.
Types of Mutual Fund based on the Maturity Period
Open-ended Fund
An open-ended fund is a fund that is available for subscription and can be redeemed on a
continuous basis. It is available for subscription throughout the year and investors can buy and
sell units at NAV related prices. These funds do not have a fixed maturity date. The key feature
of an open-ended fund is liquidity.
Close-ended Fund
A close-ended fund is a fund that has a defined maturity period, e.g. 3-6 years. These funds are
open for subscription for a specified period at the time of initial launch. These funds are listed on
a recognized stock exchange.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
36 | P a g e
Interval Funds
Interval funds combine the features of open-ended and close-ended funds. These funds may trade
on stock exchanges and are open for sale or redemption at predetermined intervals on the
prevailing NAV.
Types of Mutual Funds based on Investment Objective
Equity / Growth Fund:
Equity/Growth funds invest a major part of its corpus in stocks and the investment objective of
these funds is long-term capital growth. When you buy shares of an equity mutual fund, you
effectively become a part owner of each of the securities in your fund’s portfolio. Equity funds
invest minimum 65% of its corpus in equity and equity related securities. These funds may invest
in a wide range of industries or focus on one or more industry sectors. These types of funds are
suitable for investors with a long-term outlook and higher risk appetite.
Debt / Income Fund:
Debt/ Income funds generally invest in securities such as bonds, corporate debentures,
government securities (gilts) and money market instruments. These funds invest minimum 65%
of its corpus in fixed income securities. By investing in debt instruments, these funds provide
low risk and stable income to investors with preservation of capital. These funds tend to be less
volatile than equity funds and produce regular income. These funds are suitable for investors
whose main objective is safety of capital with moderate growth.
Balanced Fund:
Balanced funds invest in both equities and fixed income instruments in line with the pre-
determined investment objective of the scheme. These funds provide both stability of returns and
capital appreciation to investors. These funds with equal allocation to equities and fixed income
securities are ideal for investors looking for a combination of income and moderate growth. They
generally have an investment pattern of investing around 60% in Equity and 40% in Debt
instruments.
Money Market / Liquid Fund:
Money market/ Liquid funds invest in safer short-term instruments such as Treasury Bills,
Certificates of Deposit and Commercial Paper for a period of less than 91 days. The aim of
Money Market /Liquid Funds is to provide easy liquidity, preservation of capital and moderate
income. These funds are ideal for corporate and individual investors looking for moderate returns
on their surplus funds.
Gilt Fund:
Gilt funds invest exclusively in government securities. Although these funds carry no credit risk,
they are associated with interest rate risk. These funds are safer as they invest in government
securities.
Some of the common types of mutual funds and what they typically invest in:
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
37 | P a g e
Type of Fund Typical Investment
Equity or Growth Fund Equities like stocks
Fixed Income Fund Fixed income securities like government and corporate bonds
Money Market Fund Short-term fixed income securities like treasury bills
Balanced Fund A mix of equities and fixed income securities
Sector-specific Fund Sectors like IT, Pharma, Auto etc.
Index Fund Equities or Fixed income securities chosen to replicate a specific Index for
example S&P CNX Nifty
Fund of funds Other mutual funds
Few Other Types
Tax-Saving (Equity linked Savings Schemes) Funds:
Tax-saving schemes offer tax rebates to investors under specific provisions of the Income Tax
Act, 1961. These are growth-oriented schemes and invest primarily in equities. Like an equity
scheme, they largely suit investors having a higher risk appetite and aim to generate capital
appreciation over medium to long term.
Index Funds:
Index schemes replicate the performance of a particular index such as the BSE Sensex or the
S&P CNX Nifty. The portfolio of these schemes consist of only those stocks that represent the
index and the weightage assigned to each stock is aligned to the stock’s weightage in the index.
Hence, the returns from these funds are more or less similar to those generated by the Index.
Sector-specific Funds:
Sector-specific funds invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the
Scheme Information Document. The returns in these funds are dependent on the performance of
the respective sector/industries for example FMCG, Pharma, IT, etc. The funds enable investors
to diversify holdings among many companies within an industry. Sector funds are riskier as their
performance is dependent on particular sectors although this also results in higher returns
generated by these funds.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
38 | P a g e
Benefits of investing in mutual funds:
Professional Management
When you invest in a mutual fund, your money is managed by finance professionals. Investors
who do not have the time or skill to manage their own portfolio can invest in mutual funds. By
investing in mutual funds, you can gain the services of professional fund managers, which would
otherwise be costly for an individual investor.
Diversification
Mutual funds provide the benefit of diversification across different sectors and companies.
Mutual funds widen investments across various industries and asset classes. Thus, by investing
in a mutual fund, you can gain from the benefits of diversification and asset allocation, without
investing a large amount of money that would be required to build an individual portfolio.
Liquidity
Mutual funds are usually very liquid investments. Unless they have a pre-specified lock-in
period, your money is available to you anytime you want subject to exit load, if any. Normally
funds take a couple of days for returning your money to you. Since they are well integrated with
the banking system, most funds can transfer the money directly to your bank account.
Flexibility
Investors can benefit from the convenience and flexibility offered by mutual funds to invest in a
wide range of schemes. The option of systematic (at regular intervals) investment and
withdrawal is also offered to investors in most open-ended schemes. Depending on one’s
inclinations and convenience one can invest or withdraw funds.
Low Transaction Cost
Due to economies of scale, mutual funds pay lower transaction costs. The benefits are passed on
to mutual fund investors, which may not be enjoyed by an individual who enters the market
directly.
Transparency
Funds provide investors with updated information pertaining to the markets and schemes through
factsheets, offer documents, annual reports etc.
Well Regulated
Mutual funds in India are regulated and monitored by the Securities and Exchange Board of
India (SEBI), which endeavours to protect the interests of investors. All funds are registered with
SEBI and complete transparency is enforced. Mutual funds are required to provide investors with
standard information about their investments, in addition to other disclosures like specific
investments made by the scheme and the quantity of investment in each asset class.
Mutual funds invest in different securities like stocks or fixed income securities, depending upon
the fund’s objectives. As a result, different schemes have different risks depending on the
underlying portfolio. The value of an investment may decline over a period of time because of
economic alterations or other events that affect the overall market. Also, the government may
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
39 | P a g e
come up with new regulations, which may affect a particular industry or class of industries. All
these factors influence the performance of Mutual Funds.
Risk and Reward: The diversification that mutual funds provide can help ease risk by
offsetting losses from some securities with gains in other securities. On the other hand, this could
limit the upside potential that is provided by holding a single security.
Lack of Control: Investors cannot determine the exact composition of a fund’s portfolio
at any given time, nor can they directly influence which securities the fund manager buys.
SECTION II
LITERATURE SURVEY
A large number of studies on the growth and financial performance of mutual funds have been
carried out during the past, in the developed and developing countries. Brief reviews of the
following research works reveal the wealth of contributions towards the performance evaluation
of mutual fund, market timing and stock selection abilities of fund managers. In India, one of the
earliest attempts was made by National Council of Applied Economics Research (NCAER) in
1964 when a survey of households was undertaken to understand the attitude towards and
motivation for savings of individuals. Another NCAER study in 1996 analyzed the structure of
the capital market and presented the views and attitudes of individual shareholders. SEBI –
NCAER Survey (2000) was carried out to estimate the number of households and the population
of individual investors, their economic and demographic profile, portfolio size, and investment
preference for equity as well as other savings instruments. Data was collected from 30,00,000
geographically dispersed rural and urban households. Some of the relevant findings of the study
are : Households preference for instruments match their risk perception; Bank Deposit has an
appeal across all income class; 43% of the non-investor households equivalent to around 60
million households apparently lack awareness about stock markets; and, compared with low
income groups, the higher income groups have higher share of investments in Mutual Funds
signifying that Mutual funds have still not become truly the investment vehicle for small
investors. Since 1986, a number of articles and brief essays have been published in financial
dailies, periodicals, professional and research journals, explaining the basic concept of Mutual
Funds and highlighted their importance in the Indian capital market environment. They touched
upon varied aspects like regulation of Mutual Funds, Investor expectations, Investor protection,
and growth of Mutual Funds and some on the performance and functioning of Mutual Funds. A
few among them are Vidyashankar (1990), Sarkar (1991), Agarwal (1992), Sadhak (1991),
Sharma C. Lall (1991), Samir K. Barua et al., (1991), Sandeep Bamzai (2001), Atmaramani
(1995), Atmaramani (1996), Subramanyam (1999), Krishnan (1999), Ajay Srinivsasn (1999).
Segmentation of investors on the basis of their characteristics was highlighted by Raja Rajan
(1997). Investor’s characteristics on the basis of their investment size Raja Rajan (1997), and the
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
40 | P a g e
relationship between stages in life cycle of the investors and their investment pattern was studied
Raja Rajan (1998). Friend, et al., (1962) made an extensive and systematic study of 152 mutual
funds found that mutual fund schemes earned an average annual return of 12.4 percent, while
their composite benchmark earned a return of 12.6 percent. Their alpha was negative with 20
basis points. Overall results did not suggest widespread inefficiency in the industry. Comparison
of fund returns with turnover and expense categories did not reveal a strong relationship.
Irwin, Brown, FE (1965) analyzed issues relating to investment policy, portfolio turnover
rate, performance of mutual funds and its impact on the stock markets. They identified that
mutual funds had a significant impact on the price movement in the stock market. They
concluded that, on an average, funds did not perform better than the composite markets and there
was no persistent relationship between portfolio turnover and fund performance.
Treynor (1965) used ‘characteristic line’ for relating expected rate of return of a fund to
the rate of return of a suitable market average. He coined a fund performance measure taking
investment risk into account. Further, to deal with a portfolio, ‘portfolio-possibility line’ was
used to relate expected return to the portfolio owner’s risk preference. Sharpe, William F (1966)
developed a composite measure of return and risk. He evaluated 34 open-end mutual funds for
the period 1944-63. Reward to variability ratio for each scheme was significantly less than DJIA
(Dow Jones Industrial Average) and ranged from 0.43 to 0.78. Expense ratio was inversely
related with the fund performance, as correlation coefficient was 0.0505. The results depicted
that good performance was associated with low expense ratio and not with the size. Sample
schemes showed consistency in risk measure. Treynor and Mazuy (1966) evaluated the
performance of 57 fund managers in terms of their market timing abilities and found that, fund
managers had not successfully outguessed the market. The results suggested that, investors were
completely dependent on fluctuations in the market. Improvement in the rates of return was due
to the fund managers’ ability to identify under-priced industries and companies. The study
adopted Treynor’s (1965) methodology for reviewing the performance of mutual funds. Jensen
(1968) developed a composite portfolio evaluation technique concerning risk-adjusted returns.
He evaluated the ability of 115 fund managers in selecting securities during the period 1945-66.
Analysis of net returns indicated that, 39 funds had above average returns, while 76 funds
yielded abnormally poor returns. Using gross returns, 48 funds showed above average results and
67 funds below average results. Jensen concluded that, there was very little evidence that funds
were able to perform significantly better than expected as fund managers were not able to
forecast securities price movements. Fama (1972) developed methods to distinguish observed
return due to the ability to pick up the best securities at a given level of risk from that of
predictions of price movements in the market. He introduced a multi period model allowing
evaluation on a period-by-period and on a cumulative basis. He concluded that, return on a
portfolio constitutes of return for security selection and return for bearing risk. His contributions
combined the concepts from modern theories of portfolio selection and capital market
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
41 | P a g e
equilibrium with more traditional concepts of good portfolio management. Williamson (1972)
compared ranks of 180 funds between 1961-65 and 1966-70. There was no correlation between
the rankings of the two periods. The investment abilities of most of the fund managers were
identical. He highlighted the growing prominence of volatility in the measurement of investment
risk.
Manpower planning in hospitals, strictly defined, is the activity of hospital management which is
aimed at coordinating the requirements for and the availability of different types of employees in
various departments thereto. Usually this involves ensuring that the hospital has enough of the
right kind of labor at such times as it is needed. It may also involve adjusting the requirements to
the available supply.
It is an imprecise art based on shifting bases. Successful results depend heavily on
appreciation of the factors at work and sensitive evaluation data. Its an inter-disciplinary
activity… the range of specialty which can be brought to bear on manpower problems extends
from the statistical and mathematical studies…to the sociological contributions…no particular
discipline can claim a monopoly of interest in the field.
A lot of research has been done to see the satisfaction level of patients related to quality
of doctors, staff, etc. But in India not much research is done to find out if there is any direct
relation between hospital manpower planning and patient satisfaction. This paper will try to get a
relationship between manpower planning and patient satisfaction.
SECTION III
METHODOLOGY
In this segment of research it will be seen how the research design was formulated. The research
design comprises of:
Selection of Research Approach
Design of Sampling Plan
Design of Experiment
Design of Questionnaire
SURVEY I – An investor feedback survey was conducted across the state of West
Bengal, India. A questionnaire comprising of 10 questions in the form of open and
closed ended. Thus, a total of 100 feedbacks were generated. This was an exploratory
research where we were trying to analyze the ideology of investors.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
42 | P a g e
The sampling plan used in this research was non-probability sampling. The category of
non-probability sampling used was convenient sampling. The design of questionnaire was
made both open and closed ended so as to understand the ideology of the investor.
Personal Details:-
Name:
Address:
Age:
Qualification:
1. What is your occupation?
a) Private job b) Government job
c) Self employed d) Retired
2. What is your annual income?
a) Less than 2 lacs b) Above 2 lacs to 4 lacs
c) Above 4 lacs to 6 lacs d) Above 6 lacs
3. a) Currently you are investing in which Mutual Fund scheme?
b) If not interested in Mutual Fund schemes, then where do you invest
4. From where do you get information about mutual fund?
a) Newspapers, journals or magazines b) TV channels
c) Investment related websites d) Brokers or sub brokers
e) Friends, family members or relatives f) Other sources
5. What factor would you consider most important for investing in a particular fund?
a) Return b) Risk
c) Credit rating d) Goodwill of the company
e) Lock in period
6. What type of investment would you prefer?
a) Long term b) Short term c) Both
7. In which type of scheme do you prefer to invest?
a) Closed ended b) Open ended
8. When you invest in mutual funds which mode of investment will you prefer?
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
43 | P a g e
a) One time investment b) Systematic Investment Plans
9. How would you like to receive the returns every year?
a) Dividend payout b) Dividend re-investment c) Growth in NAV
10. Where from you purchase mutual funds?
a) Direct from AMCs b) Brokers only
c) Sub brokers d) Other sources
SECTION-IV
SURVEY & RESULT
Among 100 samples most of the people are employed in private sector. 77% of the total samples
are in private sector jobs, 15% are in government sector, 4% are self-employed and 4% are
retired.
77%
15%
4%4%
OCCUPATIONPRIVATE GOVT. SELF EMPLOYED RETAIRED
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
44 | P a g e
Annual income of 37% of the total sample is more than 4-6 lakhs. Around 31% have got 2 to 4 lakhs. Annual income of 19% and 13% are less than 2 lakhs and more than 6 lakhs respectively.
Only 39% of the total investors are investing in mutual funds. Most of the investors around 61% are not invested in mutual fund schemes.
19%
31%37%
13%
ANNUAL INCOME
<2 LAC 2-4 LAC 4-6 LAC >6 LAC
39%
61%
INVESTMENT IN MFYES NO
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
45 | P a g e
Most of the people (49%) get the information about mutual funds from their friends/family
members. 18% get this from websites. 15% get the information from newspaper/ journal/
magazines and broker/sub brokers. Only few of them i,e 3% know about mutual funds from TV
channels.
Most of the people investing in mutual funds for return (61%). Only 8% of them calculate the
risk, 10% looks the credit rating, 18% make their investment in those funds which have goodwill
in the market and 3% only consider the lock in period.
15% 3%
18%
15%
49%
0%
FROM WHERE THE INFORMATION OF MF
NEWS PAPER/JOURNAL MAGAZINE TV CHANNEL
WEBSITES BROKER/SUB BROKER
FRIENDS/FAMILY MEMBERS OTHER SOURCES
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
46 | P a g e
95% of the investors prefer open ended funds. Only 5% prefer open ended funds.
Most investors prefer to invest in Systematic Investment Plans (95%) and only 5% prefers one
time investment.
61%
8%
10%
18%
3%
FACTOR FOR INVESTING MF
Return Risk Credit Rating Goodwill Lock in Period
5%
95%
TYPE OF PREFERED SCHEME
Close ended Open ended
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
47 | P a g e
82% of the investors prefer growth in NAV and 13% and 5% prefer dividend re-investment and
dividend payout respectively.
5%
95%
MODE OF INVESTMENT
One time SIP
5%
13%
82%
CHOICE OF RETURN
Dividend payout dividend re-investment Growth in NAV
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
48 | P a g e
Most of the investors (54%) purchase mutual funds from brokers only, 23% purchase from sub
brokers, 20% from direct AMCs and only 3% from other sources.
CONCLUSION
In this survey 100 data are collected. Most of them are engaged in private sector jobs. In private
sector no job security is there. So they always try to invest in fixed deposits, post office savings,
and government bonds etc. from where they get fixed return. In this sample annual income of
most of the people are 2-6 lakhs. So their income is not too much to invest in any option where
risk factor is there. Only few percentages of investors want to invest in mutual funds i.e only
39%, because of their job insecurity. In case of loss of their job, the investors have to liquidate
their money within very short notice. At that time if the market is low then there is a chance of
loss of their money. So they always go for secure investment options.
Most of the people get the information about mutual funds from their friends and family
members. They do not get time to see news papers and TV channels relating to this matter. Due
to lack of knowledge they don’t have the idea about brokers and sub brokers.
Most of the investors invest in mutual funds for return. Other factors like return and credit rating
are not important for them because they have lack of knowledge about the market. They don’t
know how to calculate the risk and what is the importance of credit rating agencies.
20%
54%
23%
3%
SOURCE OF PURCHASE OF MF
Direct from AMCs Brokers only Sub brokers Other sources
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
49 | P a g e
Most of the investors prefer open ended fund because there is no lock in period in this kind of
funds. So liquidity is very high for open ended funds. In our sample most of the people are
engaged in private sector jobs, so they prefer liquidity because of their job insecurity.
Many investors prefer Systematic Investment Plan because in this plan, investment of huge
money at a time is not required. Another benefit to invest in SIP is: investors purchase funds
monthly or quarterly, so they can get the benefit of market volatility. But in case of one time
investment if at the time of investment market is high and at the time of sell if the market is low
then there is high chance of loss.
Total number investor prefer to get return from growth of NAV. Due to lack of knowledge most
of them don’t have idea about dividend reinvestment or dividend payout. Since investors don’t
have time to go to the AMCs, so they prefer to invest through brokers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arora S, Marwaha K (2012), Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and
Innovation, 8(3).
Bhanu Murthy K.V., Singh Amit Kr. (2013), Do Foreign Institutional Investors Drive the
Indian Stock Market? Asia Specific Journal of Management Research and Innovation,
9,1.
Chawla D (2014), An Empirical Analyis of factor Influencing Investment in Mutual Fund
in India, Global Business Review, 15 (3).
Davar Yash Pal, Gill Suveera (2007), Metamorphosis, Vol-6, No.-2.
Dhar J, Mondal K (2014), Market Timing Abilities of Indian MF Managers: An
Empirical Study, Decision 41 (3), September
Guoli Qian Li Zhang Lingjuan Xu (2013), Analysis of Influential Factors for Investors'
Stock Fund Preferences in China, Academic Journal of Inter Disciplinary Studies, Vol.-2,
No.-11
Karthykeyon K, Bharath S, Ranjith K. (2012), An Empirical Study on Investors'
Perception towards Mutual Fund Products through Bank with reference to Tiruchirapally
City, Tamilnadu, Sage Publications, Vision, 16, 2.
Kumar R, Goel N (2014), Factors Affecting Perception of Investors towards Mutual
Funds, International Journal of Research & Development, Strategy, Vol.-3, Issue-4.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
50 | P a g e
Kothari R and Sharma N (2009), Evaluating Indian Investors Response towards Service
Quality of MF Companies in India and Studying changes in their Advertisement
Information, Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol-3, July- Sep.
Kasilingam R and Jayabal G (2011), Preference and Perceptual Mapping of Mutual Fund
Schemes, Asia-Pacific Business Review Vol-7, No-2.
Kozup Jhon, Howlett Elizabeth, and Pagano Michael (2008), The Effect of Summary
Information on Consumer Perceptions of Mutual Fund Characteristics, The Journal of
Consumer Affairs, Vol-42, No.-1.
Lee Taejun, Yun TaiWoong (2013), Haley Eric, Effects of Mutual Fund Advertising
Disclosures on Investor Information Processing and Decision Making, Journal of
Services Marketing.
Mehta S and Shah C (2012), Preference of Investors for Indian Mutual Funds and its
Performance Evaluation, Pacific Business Review International, Vol.-5, Issue-3.
Padmaja R (2013), A Study of Consumer Behavior towards Mutual Funds with Special
Reference to ICICI Prudential MFs, Vijayawada, International Journal of Management
Research & Business Strategy, Vol.-2, No.-2
Pandey A, Mutual Fund Industry Analysis & Recent Trend (2011), Asia-Pacific Business
Review, Vol-7, No-2.
Rastogi S (2015), Identification of Factors for Investments in MFs through Banks, Asia
Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 11,2.
Singh P K, Tanwar Sunita, Yadav C.S. (2010), Investor's Behaviour& Investment
Avenues in Global Downturn: A Case Study of Millennium City, Asia Specific Business
Review, Vol 6, No 2 April to June.
Sengal S, Sood G S and Rajput N (2009), Investor Sentiment in India: A Survey, The
Journal of Business Prospective, Vol-13, No-2, April-June.
Vijayalakshmi R and Jayasathya R (2013), A Study on the Factors Influencing the
Selection of Mutual Fund Company, Journal of Contemporary Research in Management.
Yang Jingjing, Chi Jing, and Young Martin (2014), Mutual Fund Investment Strategies
and Preferences, The Chinese Economy, vol. 47, no. 1, January–February.
Yael Steinhart and Mazursky David (2010), Purchase availability and involvement
antecedents among financial products, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 28,
No. 2.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
51 | P a g e
Web sources:
www.economictimes.com
www.indiatimes.com
www.timesofindia.com
www.moneycontrol.com
www.investopedia.com
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
52 | P a g e
Image Encryption using Chaotic Map: A Survey towards its Growth
1 Dipankar Dey
1Assistant Professor, Global Institute of Science & Technology, (An Institution of ICARE),
ICARE Complex, Haldia, Purba Medinipur, pin-721657
Abstract:
With growing demand of digital data transmission through communication channel
becomes very risky method. Since secure data transmission through online is challenging matter
as it suffer from different types of threat. The best way for secure data transmission through the
communication channel is encryption method. There are different types of facts such as audio,
text, video and picture can be transmitted digitally. In recent moment, the image encryption
process most valuable topics in among the digital data transmission. There are different image
encryption schemes that can develop by different authors and try to protect them from different
types of threats. This paper mainly concentrates on verity of image encryption method with
chaotic map and also discusses each paper security analysis.
Keyword: Chaotic Map, Encryption Method, Security Analysis
1. Introduction:
Digital Image processing is most valuable part of online data transmission. When sender
transmits the Image is through the online channel and for protecting image from unauthorized
access, he should convert the original image to another form (encryption) by using a confidential
key. On the receiver end, the receiver transforms the encrypted image converts to original form
(decryption) by using the same confidential key or inverse key. Here Image encryption one of the
process that can be used by the sender and Image decryption used by the receiver. There are
different kind of encryption process such as AES, DES, and RSA. But these methods now are
unsuitable for encryption of image. For implementing high security, different authors used
random based image encryption methods. Here chaotic map generates the random sequence that
are used to image encryption.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
53 | P a g e
This paper concentrates on different literature survey of different encryption schemes
with chaotic map that are implementing by different authors. Some authors implement their
algorithm using same secret key for protecting image on both sender and receiver side and some
other authors implement their algorithm using the inverse key to decrypt the image. Using
different security analysis, each author protects their scheme from different attack such as
Known Plaintext Attack (KPA), Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) and Brute Force Attack (BFA)
etc.
2. Chaotic Map
The mathematical model of non-liner systems are implemented by Chaos functions. The
chaotic function has different interesting features. These functions produce the random sequence
in repeatedly. Chaos functions have most sensitivity to the initial conditions. Some of the chaos
functions are discussed below:
a) The logistic map is one of the chaotic map that can be defined as:
Where µ ranges between (3.57,4) and xi€(0,1)
b) The second chaotic map becomes Henon Map that written as:
Where a€[1.07,1.4] and b=0.3
c) The third chaotic map is Rossler Chaotic map that are defined below:
Here a=0.1, b=0.1 and c=14
3. Literature Survey:
A) Image encryption algorithm based on chaotic mapping
The proposed scheme is implemented using chaotic map by exchanging pixels of the
image. This scheme implements the scrambling matrix using the logistic map that exchanges the
pixels position. The proposed scheme determines the degree of disorder using the correlation
coefficient. But this scheme not satisfies the proper security analysis from the point out of key
space analysis. So the proposed scheme unable protects the encryption from the brute force
attack.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
54 | P a g e
B) An Encryption Scheme for Color Images Based on Chaotic Maps and Genetic
Operators
Proposed scheme based on color image encryption that minimizes the correlation
coefficient of adjacent pixels using a genetic operator and a chaotic function. The proposed
scheme implements using four steps. In first step, generates the four different chaotic sequences
by logistic map beside with four control parameters and four initial values that are used as a
secret key. In second step, the quantification method is used to map the four sequences into key
streams. In third step, a crossover matrix define the scrambling the image by row-by-row and
column-by-column. The final step is the main phase that implements the exclusive or operation
between the intermediate image (resulted from crossover stage) and random image. The
proposed scheme has sufficient correlation coefficient value and key space size. So this scheme
is secure from the brute force attack.
C) Enhancement of AES algorithm based on chaotic maps and shift operation for
image encryption
It is an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) scheme that implements this scheme. AES
has lot of demerit such as high mathematical costs, regular patterns and constant S-box weak
points. The proposed scheme minimizes the demerits using a chaotic function and an exclusive
or operation. The proposed scheme was experimented on different model images and the
outcome display that this scheme has better correlation coefficients, high encryption speed and
high security.
D) Pixel chaotic shuffling and Arnold map based Image Security Using Complex
Wavelet Transform
To minimize the complication of image encryption, a scheme is proposed on dual-tree
complex wavelet transformations (DT-CWT). The proposed scheme first transform the original
image using wavelet transformation, then scrambling the pixel position using chaotic function
and the arnold function. The proposed method has better the key space and correlation
coefficient value.
E) Image Encryption Based on Bit-plane Decomposition and Random Scrambling
The proposed random scrambling scheme was implemented with good stable scrambling
scale than the traditional method Arnold transforms. The proposed scheme describe that the gray
image divided into numerous bit-plane images and then the subdivided images are shuffled by a
random scrambling method. Finally, the scrambled bit-plane images are merging to create the
encrypted image. After scrambling the image, the pixels are scattered into different positions. It
is clear that this scheme can do simultaneously gray level change scrambling and positions
exchange scrambling.
F) An Encryption and Decryption Algorithm for Image Based on DNA
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
55 | P a g e
The proposed scheme describe a modal color image encryption technique depends on
hyper chaotic function and DNA sequence operation. This scheme is implemented with chen’s
hyper-chaotic function that is applied to confuse the pixel’s position. Here the color image is
transformed into three matrices for red, green and blue which are converted into binary matrices
and then performed the DNA addition operation. The experimental outcomes and the security
analysis will show that the scheme has better encryption effect, the larger secret key space and
also high sensitivity to the secret key.
G) An Image Encryption and Authentication scheme
The proposed method defines a secure image encryption and authentication scheme. In
the scheme, convert the 512 bit message authentication code of the original image into 64 bytes
and these 64 bytes are changed with the pixels of image. The changed pixels are combined into
the image by reversible data embedding technique. Using the pseudo random number of
feedback polynomial, the embedded image is masked. The message authentication code gives the
authentication and also designs the encryption scheme.
H) Image cryptography: The Genetic Algorithm Approach
This scheme proposed the genetic algorithm approach. In this scheme, the Genetic
algorithm is used as a special method that has been applied to generate secrete key for this
scheme. Here Generic algorithm is one of the features of the artificial inelegancy. In this scheme
a hybridized technique called BlowGA is defined that is a merged with the Blowfish and GA.
4. Statistical Analysis
In classical encryption method, the Statistical analysis is a useful application that
describes the security of the scheme. An encryption scheme should be better if the scheme meet
most of the security analysis and it means that the cipher image puzzling properly so that an
unauthorized user cannot get any meaningful information from the statistical viewpoint. It also
indicates that the scheme has better randomness and chaos can be a good selection to meet that.
There are different statistical analyses some of them are: plaintext sensitivity (NPCR and UACI),
key space analysis, correlations of two adjacent pixels, the histograms,, the information entropy.
4.1 Key Space Analysis
An image encryption scheme has to be sensitive to the secret keys and the key space
should be maximum that protect image from the brute - force attacks. The key space is the sum
of the different numbers of keys that can be used in an algorithm.
4.2 Histogram of encrypted images
Histogram analysis is one of the important statistical factors, which is frequently used to
determine the performance of an encryption schemes. A new encryption scheme has the ability
to change a meaningful image into a random-like encrypted image with small correlations value.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
56 | P a g e
It would be best, if the histogram of the new scheme are uniformly scatter on whole the cipher
image.
4.3. Correlation of adjacent pixels
The coefficient correlation of the neighborhood pixels is next factors of statistical
analysis. The value of the correlation of two neighborhood pixels is close to 1 of a meaningful
image; while the cipher image describes that the correction value is much weaker than that of the
original one. The correlation coefficient can be obtained by
The correlation between two neighborhood pixels in the horizontal, vertical and diagonal
directions is chosen randomly from the original image and encrypted image.
4.4 Information Entropy
In 1949, Shannon describes the Entropy Information. It is a mathematical feature that
moderates the randomness and the instability of an information basis. It is a very important idea
in information theory that can generates the degree of disorder of a system.
Here S is the source image, L is the total number of bits to represent the symbol Si and P (Si) is
the probability of the symbol Si.
4.5 Plain text sensitivity
In general, an unauthorized user may take a small alter cipher image and then he get the
final result. In this way, it is describe that there are a meaningful relationship between the
original image and the cipher image. If one small change in the original image can cause a
maximum change in the cipher image, with respect to diffusion and confusion property and in
this way an unauthorized user can’t get the useful information. There are two common factors
that determine the plain text sensitivity. One is NPCR (Number of Pixels Change Rate) and
another one UACI (Unified Average Changing Intensity). The following formulas describe it:
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
57 | P a g e
Here c1 and c2 are two images with the same size W x H (W is column and H is row) and L is the
maximum intensity of the image. If c1(i; j) = c2(i; j), then D(i; j) = 1; otherwise, D(i; j) = 0.
5. Conclusions
The strongest security scheme is important to save and express digital images. So that, the
encryption algorithm is one the very important feature to implement the security against
statistical attacks when there are exchange of information such as confidential image between
sender and receiver. In this report, we present a literature survey of some existing scheme of
image encryption/decryption techniques. Each technique is distinct and useful for many
applications.
6. References
1. Sankpal, Priya R, PA Vijaya, “Image Encryption Using Chaotic Maps: A Survey”, Signal
and Image Processing (ICSIP), Fifth International Conference on, IEEE, Jan 8 2014: 102-
107.
2. Jolfaei Alireza, Abdolrasoul Mirghadri, “An image encryption approach using chaos and
stream cipher”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. 2010, 19(2):
117-125.
3. Jain A, “Pixel chaotic shuffling and Arnold map based Image Security Using Complex
Wavelet Transform”, Journal of Network Communications and Emerging Technologies
(JNCET). 2016, 6(5): 8-11.
4. Priya R. Sankpal, PA Vijaya, “Image Encryption Using Chaotic Maps: A Survey”, In
Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP), 2014 Fifth International Conference, 2014: 102-
107.
5. Nanrun Zhou, Haolin Li, Di Wang, Shumin Pan and Zhihong Zhou, “Image
compression and encryption scheme based on 2D compressive sensing and fractional
Mellin transform”, Optics Communications, Vol. 343, 2015: 10-21.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
58 | P a g e
6. Xiao Jun Tong, Zhu Wang, Miao Zhang, Yang Liu, Hui Xu and Jing Ma, “ An image
encryption algorithm based on the perturbed high- dimensional chaotic map”, Springer
Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015, Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol. 80, 2015: 1493-
1508.
7. Nidhi S Kulkarni, Balasubramanian Raman and Indra Gupta, “Image Encryption based
on Multidimensional Chaotic Maps”, International Journal of Information Processing,
Vol. 2 No. 4, 2008: 29 – 40.
8. Yupu Dong, Jiasheng Liu, Canyan Zhu, Yiming Wang, “Image encryption algorithm
based on chaotic mapping”, (ICCSIT), 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference. 2010; 1:
289-291.
9. ES El-Alfy, K Al-Utaibi, “An Encryption Scheme for Color Images Based on Chaotic
Maps and Genetic Operators”, the Seventh International Conference on Networking and
Services. 2011: 92-97.
10. Ali Abdulgader, Mahamod Ismail, Nasharuddin Zainal, TarikIdbeaa, “Enhancement of
AES algorithm based on chaotic maps and shift operation for image encryption”, Journal
of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. 2015; 71(1): 1-12.
11. Abhinav Jain, ArjunVerma, “Pixel chaotic shuffling and Arnold map based Image
Security Using Complex Wavelet Transform”, Journal of Network Communications and
Emerging Technologies (JNCET). 2016; 6(5): 8-11.
12. Qiudong Sun, Wenying Yan, Jiangwei Huang, Wenxin Ma, “ImageEncryption Based on
Bit-plane Decomposition and Random Scrambling”, Journal of Shanghai Second
Polytechnic University, vol. 09 IEEE, 2012.
13. RanuSoni, Arunjohar and vishakhasoni, “An Encryption and Decryption Algorithm for
Image Based on DNA”, IEEE, 2013:978-0-7695-4958-3/13
14. Jing Qiu and Ping Wang, “Image encryption and authentication scheme”, IEEE,
Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS), 2011 Seventh International Conference,
3-4 Dec. 2011: 784 – 787.
15. Sandeep Bhowmik and Sriyankar Acharya,” Image Cryptography: The Genetic
Algorithm Approach”, IEEE, 2011: 978-1-4244-8728-8.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
59 | P a g e
The Usage of Computer added Service in Library & Information
Science: A Study
1Solanki Pattanayak, 2Moumita Pari Giri
1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management
2Librarian, Haldia Institute of Management
Abstract
In the present days, without using information and communication technology, we can’t
meliorate any library services. In all library services needs to implement value added service for
getting more information and knowledge. Information and communication Technology based
services accomplished the information to the user at the right time, it fulfil the user need.
Today’s some libraries are maintained ICT for performing different operations as well as
providing services to the library. Using information and communication technology we can save
time of user and staff and it’s also gives the services with easiest and fastest way. In this paper
we discussed about development of Information and communication Technology and its
application in the library services. This paper is made using secondary data only.
Key words: Information and Communication Technology, Computer added services, Library
Service.
Introduction
Now a day’s Information Technology is used to refer to activities associated with transmission of
information, data storage, and processing on computer-based. Everywhere library services have
changed by using Information and Communication Technology. Most of the records are stored
electronically. Indeed the performance of librarians conduces by ICT of their duties following
serials control, reference services, cataloguing and circulation management. Some specific ways
the library has conducted by ICT. In today’s world, the word information and communication
technology (ICT) is used frequently. The word information technology is established in UK and
USA, but this word is not the universal word. In this behaviour, information used in somewhere
and telemetry used broadly in France. To process, transmit, convert, retrieve information, protect
and store ICT used electronic machines and machine related software’s. Users always need to
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
60 | P a g e
know the right information from the digital world, which change the information from invisible
to well-known information. Academic libraries need to change of many activities in the digital
world using information and communication technology. By using information and
communication technology professionals provided digital information rather than hard copies to
the libraries. So, all academic libraries have been started to developing the technology-based
library in the globally and locally. All academic libraries required staff having the skill-based
technology to focus on technological changes, cost, technical expertise, and new innovations,
legal and technological changes. Each and every movement in the transition of technology are
being faced by libraries. Professionals are gained new skills and new technologies to recover the
libraries system and the services of the information centre. To provide the quality information
services all libraries makes their effort around the world. To convert all resources into the digital
form, technological utilization are more helpful. Without any hurdles, the library resources have
to meet the users need. The library services are being changed by using new technologies and
modernize the operation. The modern cloud computing technology is made easy ways to change
the leading information processing, retrieval, and storage. A finding of the study highlights the
usage of information technology in every library in the world.
Necessity for ICT in Library
Needs of Information Technology
To handle the large data or information with modern tools like bibliographies, manual catalogue
in library, must need to develop modern information technology. Without ICT applications, it’s
not possible to run library system easily. ICT has must need and essential for today’s library
environment.
Impact of Information Technology In Library
ICT have much more impact on library system. Impact of IT based user functions are:
Need to breakdown distance of all fence
To provide the correct information to the right user at the perfect time
To produce easy way to access information
To produce unlimited access to end user from different sources
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
61 | P a g e
This summarized with the help of a table.
ICT have produced some new technologies, which is summarised below in the table:
ACTIVITIES OLD ACTIVITIES NEW ACTIVITIES
ORGANIZING By Writing, By Typing Scanning, Word
Processing, Voice
Acceptance
PROCESSING By Indexing By Using Expert System
STORING By Filing Compact Disk, Random
Access Memory, DVD,
Flash Drive
RETRIVING By Cataloguing Using DBMS Software,
Online, Off-Line
COMMUNICATING By Listing, Hard Copies By Mailing
Application of Information in Technology
Libraries are the main branch of resources, from where users gain knowledge
and share bits of knowledge by using some applications of information
technology. The librarians should combine all those technologies which are used
in the library operations and services for collecting data, storing data, analysing
data, processing data and retrieving. Some best technologies are used in libraries
given below:
Audio-Video Technology: It contains snapshot, audio and video tapes,
printing, optical disk etc.
Library Automation: Library automation system not only reduces the
human effort but also user can get sufficient information by lowest cost.
Technical Communication: It contains technical editing, writing,
publishing etc.
Library Management: Library management contains the following activities like:
Database Indexing, Cataloguing, Indexing, Classification, Database creation.
Library Networking: Library networking referred as exchanging a group of
information from one network to another by using IT.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
62 | P a g e
Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Technology
ICT (Information Communication Technology) makes the library work not only easier, cheaper
& faster but also more effective. It helps to manage information overload as (IR) information
retrieval is made easier in computerized systems. Through networked systems, remote access is
enabled for users. Automation saves time, space and reduces paper work. All computer based
systems are more user-friendly & satisfy as many of the following factors as early as possible. It
helps to accelerate different library activities. It assists in collaboration and creation of library
networks. It avoids repetition of efforts within a library and increases the range of services
offered. It saves the time of the readers. As technology increases speedy and easy access of
information, technology enhances efficiency of work. It also improves the quality of library
services. It enriches the knowledge and experience. It develops the status of the library. It also
improves the communication facilities of library activities. It helps to attract the reader. It
accesses to unlimited information from different sources. It also gives us more up to date
information. Information flexibility is provided to the reader. It restructures and combines data
from different sources as per the requirement of the reader. It decreases the workload of the
library staffs. Some disadvantages of information technology includes lack of inadequate funds,
increasing working costs day by day, insufficient trained staff, etc.
Problems and Opportunities of Indian Libraries
Indian libraries are facing the problems regarding lack of user-friendly environment,
unavailability of user training, absence of Digital Divide and proper library Classification
system, lack of Staff Development Approach etc. Library and information services are playing
the vital role to the goal of creating, preserving, optimally utilizing and disseminating
knowledge. Libraries are involved in transforming an imbalanced society into progressive
knowledge-based society. It is clear that the majority of the Indian libraries function under the
government sector. Here all academic and research institution’s library and public libraries are
again under the state and central governments. At present, there is no common direction or
coordination among education being a state subject and not coming under the purview of
different apex agencies. It is essential that all libraries (public, academic, research and special)
change equipment and build up at an accelerated pace. Developments in information
communication technology (ICT) make a bridge between the local and the global information
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
63 | P a g e
hub. It also has enabled libraries to provide access to all. Fortunately, there are small numbers of
libraries which are using state of art technologies to circulate knowledge to their relevant user
society. There is lack of collaboration among the libraries of different organizations and which
cause the lack of union catalogues at national level. One of the major problems faced by LIS
sector in India is lack of bibliographic control at national level which causes duplication in
research. In short, the major problems faced by the libraries which militate against effective
dissemination and use of information are minimum usage of libraries by illiterate population,
poor resource allocation for infrastructure improvement for public libraries, lack of sufficient
human resources, library services operated by voluntary nonprofessional staff, lack of national
policies promoting ICT as a tool for development of library systems, lack of adequate trained
human resources in the use of IT, Lack of funds for acquiring necessary computer facilities. A
number of educational institutions are members of different networks. These networks,
especially INFLIBNET and DELNET, are engaged in compiling catalogues, creating various
databases of experts, providing training to library staff, online facilities to the readers, reference
service, assistance in retrospective conversion, etc. To overcome the problem of investments and
the rising costs of journals, librarians have formed consortia to subscribe all the required journals
and databases. Some special libraries and research organizations have established consortia
known as FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy) to share electronic access to
journal literature. Basically it is the contribution of computer assisted technologies. NISCAIR
(National Institutes of Science Communication & Information Resources) has formed a
consortium for CSIR labs for accessing e-journals and databases. In order to solve the issues of
universities and college libraries, UGC launched a major initiative called UGC-INFONET that
provides high speed Internet facilities so as to have electronic access to professional literature
including research journals, abstracts, review publications, and databases from different areas in
science and technology, as well as in social sciences and humanities. The Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD) has established the “Indian National Digital Library in Science
and Technology (INDEST) Consortium” for the subscription to electronic resources for 38
academic institutions, including the Indian Institute of Sciences, Regional Engineering Colleges,
Indian Institute of Managements, Indian Institute of Technology and about 60 centrally-
funded/aided government institutions through this project. For the improvement of quality of
library and information services through the systematic acquisition, organization and
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
64 | P a g e
dissemination of knowledge, various library associations have been set up at national and state
level. They organize yearly conferences, seminars and training programs to trained and update
library professionals with latest development of technology in LIS (Library and Information
Science). Recently libraries and research organizations realize the importance of digital libraries
and they started the work of digitization on important documents. NISCAIR and the Department
of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) have entered into an agreement for
establishing a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) on Ayurveda.
Conclusion
In fact, without IT (Information Technology) it is now difficult to imagine a world. The
provision and use of ICT contribute immensely to the students, information professionals and the
organisations. With the help of ICT, it saves the time of user and staff & it delivers the services
to their user with easiest and fastest way. In present days, the concept of library and information
centre has totally changed by ICT .Most of the libraries are adopting ICT for performing
different housekeeping operations as well as providing services to the library patrons.
Application of ICT has added value to the libraries which are becoming popular among the users.
Information and communication technology is applied for providing information services which
are convenient, accessible and cost effective to the users. Most of the users know about the
automation technique which is implemented in the libraries. The users are now accustomed with
these services. They also prefer web OPAC and due book reminder system. They have proper
knowledge of the different library automation software. They agree with the opinion that their
working capacity is enhancing with the help of automation and they will complete their task
quickly. Some disadvantages they found that every library personal should be trained, the power
supply should be improved, need a more high-quality computer with proper internet facilities etc.
However overall library automation with the help of computer added technology has affected
positively on users.
References
1. Dhanavandan, S. & Tamizhchelvan, M.(2014) Role of Information Technology in
Academic Libraries: Personal Computer to Cloud Computing. International Journal
of Advanced Library and Information Science.2(1)PP.62-72,available at:
http://scientific.cloud journals.com/index.php/IJALIS/article/view/Sci-13
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
65 | P a g e
2. Jerome, I.O; Nkiko, C. & Ifeakachuku,O.(2017) Value-added Service to Academic
Library Users in 21st Century: Using Competitive Intelligence Approach. Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal).Available at
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1570
3. Uddin, M. j. & Hasan, M.N.(2012) Use of information technology in library service: A
study on some selected libraries in northern part of Bangladesh . International Journal of
Library and Information Science.4(3).PP.34-44. ISSN: 2141 – 2537. Available online at
http://www.academicjournals.org/IJLIS
4. .Vijayakumar, A. & Vijayan, S.S.(2011) Application Of Information Technology In
Libraries:An Overview. International Journal Of Digital Library Services.1(2).I
ISSN:2250-1142.
5. Khan, J.(2016). Impact of Information Communication Technology on Library and Its
Services. International Journal of Research Granthaalayah.4(9).PP.97-100 . ISSN:
2394-3629
.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
66 | P a g e
The World of Warcraft: Organizational Learning in Virtual and
Real Worlds 1Satarupa Sinha Roy
1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management
Abstract
Organizational learning is crucial to the development of organizations. Its importance is
enhanced by dynamic environments characterized by continual change—environments to which,
organizations, in order to remain relevant, must adapt. The organizational learning approach is
essentially pragmatic. It does not glorify the rulebook just for the sake of it but, together with a
healthy acknowledgement of routine and process, focuses on practices within the organization
that facilitate continual adaptation to the environment in which it functions. How do
organizations learn? How do they accomplish internal adaptation? How do the members of
organizations create social learning experiences with means to retaining and transferring
knowledge and expertise? How does the organizational learning approach apply to
organizations? This paper seeks to apply the organizational learning approach to the World of
Warcraft (WoW), a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Game (MMOPRG) by Blizzard
Entertainment. In choosing a virtual organization such as the WoW, this paper mulls over the
potential of real organizations to imbibe and disseminate knowledge in a highly gamified
corporate environment.
Keywords: Organizational learning, Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing Game
(MMOPRG), World of Warcraft, Virtual organization, Networked learning.
Traditional learning sequences are less effective in dynamic environments. This is
because learning in traditional setups is primarily an individual act that precludes
interconnections with others, co-creation of knowledge and the sharing of information across a
wide network of fellow-learners. Today’s organizations function in a dynamic environment
where workers have to create value from the large quantum of information available to them.
Understandably, learning in today’s organizations cannot, therefore, proceed along linear
channels. Besides, the single actor model where workers predominantly learn by performing
iterative tasks [Berne 1996] is also rendered less effective as companies have to increasingly face
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
67 | P a g e
the challenge of knowledge sharing and co-creating knowledge. Moreover, networked learning
benefits not just the organizations but also their employees. Today’s employees are more tech
savvy and have a greater potential for collective learning. Sharing knowledge for them is
synonymous to multiplying knowledge. Today’s organizations are, therefore, in a better position
to make the most of networked learning by investing in a more effective learning environment
for employees. How can organizations possibly achieve this? Not merely by bringing together
employees, but by making the sharing of knowledge both exciting as well as rewarding.
Additionally, with its focus on fusing technology and human expertise, networked learning
promises to yield much more than what any traditional learning method could possibly deliver.
In the WoW, players participate in games by joining organizations called “guilds.” The
WoW Wiki defines guilds as “an in-game association of player characters [that] are formed to
make grouping and raiding easier and more rewarding, as well as to form a social atmosphere in
which to enjoy the game.”1 The games in the WoW mostly involve quests or missions that must
be completed. Once a player joins a guild of his choice, it soon becomes apparent that he must
complete most quests to climb up the levels. To win, it is necessary for players to explore. A
guild substantially enhances the game players’ experience. Sometimes, the players are required
to kill monsters—a task that calls for a group strategy. Learning through iteration is ineffective in
such an environment where continual change and endless surprises can throw any player off
guard. Strategizing, experimentation and readily available trade skill ingredients through guild
membership are the keys to survival in the game players’ forever-evolving universe and are
likely to be rewarded with “guild perks.”2 For instance, a monster in a WoW game may react
differently to attacks by quickly learning and by adapting to the attacker’s (here, the player) core
strategy. In such situations, it is far more strategic to rely on the aggregate experience of the
group/ guild than that of any one individual actor. By sharing defense strategies on the internet,
WoW communities can boost the aggregate organizational intelligence. When a guild explains
its strategy of defending itself against a seemingly invincible monster in the virtual world, it adds
to the shared knowledge.
1 For more on this, see http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Guild. Last accessed: Aug 7, 2018. 2 According to the WoW Wiki, “Guild perks are special benefits received when a guild reached a particular guild
level and the corresponding guild achievement.” For instance, The Quick and the Dead, a guild perk, “[i]ncreases
health gained when resurrected by 50% and increases movement speed while dead by 10%.” For more on this, see
http://wowwiki.wikia.com/wiki/Guild_perk. Last accessed: Aug 7, 2018.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
68 | P a g e
As John Seely Brown maintains, players participate in two dominant kinds of learning in
the WoW environment. First, they learn while playing the games themselves. In fact, guild
members are motivated more by their passion for the game than traditional incentives; they are
encouraged to craft their own dashboards and measure their own performances. Moreover, the
absence of the traditional bonus-based structure can be seen as a prime factor contributing to the
phenomenal success of the WoW. Second, players also learn through a process of “collective
indwelling” long after the games have ended. This kind of learning is supported by “after-action-
peer-based-reviews” that positively impact the understanding of players. With its focus on
exponential learning and the management of knowledge in guild-based creation spaces, the
virtual universe of the WoW serves as a useful analogy for the real world where organizations
would serve themselves much better if they incorporate the learning gained from reviews into the
bigger repository of organizational knowledge.
This also brings us closer, at least theoretically, to the coalitions/bureaucratic politics
model.3 The members of a guild in the WoW, for instance, may sometimes be characterized by
inconsistent preferences (some may be more ambitious than the others; the risk-taking abilities of
members would also vary in any given group). However, a guild is better served by unity—a
member of a guild on his own is assuredly less effective than the combined energy and strategic
expertise of his group. Political maneuvering is an important tool for ambitious players both in
the context of managing defense strategies during play as well as while making decisions to
migrate to a better guild that presents more privileges and opportunities. Most endgame
challenges require players to form effective coalitions and to use their individual skills in a
highly functional manner. Manipulation of the opponent’s weaknesses can also become an
effective winning strategy for players. This is true in both real and virtual world scenarios. The
management strategy of some players may also involve choosing between alternatives based on
the consequences of the choices. Characteristic of the rational-actor model,4 this management by
consequences is unlikely to be effective in environments that are highly volatile and uncertain.
3 For an exhaustive analysis on the coalitions/bureaucratic politics model, see Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow.
Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (1999). 4 Based on the rational choice theory, the rational actor model has a unitary actor with consistent preferences, and
specific goals. Typically, such an actor operates in environments characterized by an overload of information.
According to the rational actor model, the unitary actor confronts a problem and assesses his goals accordingly. He
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
69 | P a g e
The underlying idea of learning communities can be found in the Activity theory. According to
the theory, the learner-actor is involved in the activity system and learns by externalizing
knowledge and sharing his inputs (experiences, strategies) with a wide network of peer learners.
Peer learning groups are also the hubs of innovation within an organization. Therefore,
organizations with a focus on creating value must facilitate communication among these peer-
learning groups in order to make the best of networked learning. The WoW emphasizes both the
relevance as well as the importance of networked learning in contemporary times.5 In other
words, organizations that invest in establishing and maintaining connections are more likely to
prosper than those that ignore the importance of connectivity and knowledge sharing. In reality,
these peer learning networks form communities of practice—groups in which unorganized
information are transformed into knowledge. In the WoW, the players often belong to networks
of practices; in case a guild decides to function on its own without relying on a network of
practice, it may have to learn everything by itself—certainly a daunting task, if not utterly
impossible. This further underlines the importance of organizational learning.
Finally, it is also important to determine how organizations disseminate knowledge
among employees. How do organizations store knowledge? How is organizational memory
enhanced? Unsurprisingly, technology is the great facilitator of knowledge sharing and also
enables organizations to store organizational intelligence for future workers. When a group of
players in the WoW explains a defense strategy on the internet or puts together an inventory of
monsters (with their special traits, weaknesses etc.) on special websites, it adds on to the network
memory. Other players now have the choice between fighting out the monsters themselves, and
in doing so, inventing their own strategies, or looking up the information on the internet to come
up with the most suitable strategy. The learner-actors in both virtual as well as real organizations
can reach up to these databases that store information to gather the most relevant pieces of
information for constructing a meaningful whole.
Conclusion
then proceeds to solve them by choosing between options so as to minimize costs. In the process of decision making,
the rational actor typically operates within bounded rationality and often resorts to satisficing.
For more on this, see James G. March. Understanding How Decisions Happen in Organizations (1999); especially
ch. 2. 5 For more on this, see Ann Lieberman. “Networks as Learning Communities: Shaping the Future of Teacher
Development” (2000).
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
70 | P a g e
Learning is a social process and is best accomplished in an environment that facilitates
connectivity and communication among peer learners. Organizational learning, as pointed out
through the WoW, cannot take place in vacuum. For knowledge-intensive organizations, this is
especially relevant because a networked learning approach enables such organizations to manage
and use information strategically and to stay ahead of the competition. However, in virtual
worlds, such as the ones found in MMOPRG games, players are aware about the ‘virtual’-ness of
their experiences—a fact that influences their decision making and the outcomes of those
decisions in a big way. In the real world, on the other hand, the learner-actor (employee) is
obliged to be more cautious: the stakes are too high and one misstep might send him plummeting
into unimaginable depths. It is this awareness that makes him risk averse and apathetic to too
much experimentation. Notwithstanding these obstacles, organizational learning facilitates
learning by externalizing knowledge and sharing individual insights. By adapting gamification to
the corporate environment, organizations can better exploit their commercial potential and form
critical industry partnerships to multiply and create value. Much like in big corporations and
smaller companies, the principles of networked learning (as demonstrated through the WoW
example) can be adapted to schools and other similar organizations. With its focus on building
relationships through collaboration, networked learning promises to achieve much more than that
practised by individual actors in relative isolation (the learning curve of these individual learners
rise much slowly in comparison to those who rely on a participatory program of learning). The
organizational learning or knowledge-practice model is the answer to linear learning models that
lack the effectiveness to function in a highly volatile, change-prone environment. By facilitating
connectedness and communication it not only makes work exciting, but promises a far richer and
more consistent yield than that accomplished through sporadic, individual efforts.
Works Cited
Bauman, Zygmunt. Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press,
2007.
---. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.
Berne, Eric. Games People Play. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.
7. Allison, Graham; Zelikow, Philip. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis.
New York: Longman, 1999.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
71 | P a g e
8. March, James G. “In the Pursuit of Organizational Intelligence” in Understanding How
Decisions Happen in Organizations. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 13-38.
9. Lieberman, Ann. “Networks as Learning Communities: Shaping the Future of Teacher
Development.” Journal of Teacher Education. Vol. 51, Issue 3, 2000. 221-27.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
72 | P a g e
Health Insurance: A Much Needed Area of Education for the
General People for the Betterment of The Economy of the Country.
1 Arnab Halder
1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management
ABSTRACT:
Health is one of the five basic needs of life. Food, Cloth and Shelter helps us to keep our health
well and a healthy person can manage these amenities for life properly. But as like the machines,
human body is also a complex system, it also can malfunction at times. So to regain the
functional abilities, people need to have proper health care. But now a days health care is
becoming very costly as well as expensive. It is becoming harder and harder for people from
moderate income group, to carry the health expenses based on their income. Just there the
insurance companies have arrived with a solution called health insurance that will cover the risk
of ill health at the critical times. As per the Spectrum of Health, at one end, there is Positive
Health and at the other there is Death. In between there are five more stages that shows the steps
of degradation of health status of a person. A person roams in among these stages. Good health
can help a person to be grown up through many means, physically, mentally, socially and most
importantly economically. A person’s individual growth helps the national economy to grow. So
health is the ultimate junction from where we can depart for every possible destination
personally or a nation.
This paper confronts all the possible reasons and areas of concern which have produced hurdles
to the intensification of growth of the health insurance market despite of being one of the back
benchers in the series of nations as per health status and also public expense for health from
government. So to take the person back from ill health or critical illness to the stage of positive
health, health insurance is the “FRIEND INDEED”.
KEY WORDS: Health, Indicators, Insurance, Policy, Expenditure, Company
INTRODUCTION:
Health is phenomenon that deals with all the aspects of life. That may be physical, may be
mental, may be social or may be very much personal. Health is necessary for every people at
every place and every time. Health not only affects the life of a particular person, but it also have
intense impacts on the health of a nation. To be specific the health of a nation not only deals with
the actual health status of the countries citizens but also deals with the power of the effectiveness
and efficacy of the nation. The better the health of the citizens, the better will be the condition of
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
73 | P a g e
the nation. Here in this research paper, it has been tried to find, that how the out of pocket
expenses on health, affects the nation’s wheels of progress, e.g. the GDP, GNP, Growth Rate etc.
These wheels forward progression in some way depends on the health status of the citizens of the
country. As they will work, the national income will increase, the Gross Domestic Product will
increase, The Per capita Income Will increase and these wheels will intern move forward the
other wheels and they will balance each other in long run. Here in the research paper, some
actual values of the current condition and some speculative values of the improved conditions
have been shown to detect the actual flaws of the country those have restricted the countrymen to
opt for a health insurance rather than thinking of a bigger size saving account figure.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
This paper has been written after going through some eminent research works by some of the
eminent publishers. In the article “HEALTH INSURANCE FOR THE POOR IN INDIA”
RAJEEV AHUJA, described some of the initiatives taken to bring the poor population of India
under the coverage of the insurance facility and has shown some of the works, so far done by the
public and private authorities. This article has thoroughly described the impacts of the insurance
plan on the health status of the nominal income group of peoples of India. In a CCS PROJECT
named IMPROVING PENETRATION OF HEALTH INSURANCE IN INDIA By MANISH
PANDEY and SMRITI PRIYA, the major forces of Insurance industry has been described and
also the key players and factors have been made understood quite simply. The report has also
described the total market situation in the light of Poter’s 5 Force Principle analysis and that
helped this paper to find the lag among the customers and the different selling channels of the
insurance industry. The different challenges faced by the companies and the sellers and the
customers have been made well understandable at the aforesaid article.
AREA OF STUDY:
India is a country of almost 130 crores of people. It is the biggest market for every business
entity that may be national or may be international. But unlike the most other things, health is the
most neglected aspect of life to the INDIANS. People buy insurance for their cars, their two
wheelers but not for their life or for their health. But it is often seen that people get bankrupt to
pay the out of pocket health bills or medicine bills. This is simply because of lack of knowledge
and some other circumstances in the society. The rate of illiteracy is much higher in rural areas
rather than in urban areas. So the area of study for this paper has been selected in a manner so
that the difference of the rural and urban area can be highlighted properly. This will also
enlighten the areas of concern where proper education is needed.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
74 | P a g e
1. To study the mentality of the people towards the various health insurance schemes.
2. To understand the awareness among the people who have opted for a health insurance
scheme.
3. Get to know the different influences that have made them to buy the health insurance
schemes.
4. To become at per with the problems faced by the policy holders.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION:
As said earlier, health is a factor that affects all the other aspects of life. Not only life but also it
affects the pillars of the economy of the country. Ill health affects on the productivity of a person
and that intern affects the GDP, GNP, Growth Rate, Per capita Income, Inflation and many other
aspects of the economy of the country. So to get rid of the problem, and to make the country
shine, the government need to focus on these aspects as much as possible.
METHODOLOGY:
The paper is mainly based on the SECONDARY DATA that has been collected from various
Government Websites as well as well as from different hospitals who have tied up with different
health insurance companies to provide cashless services to the patients. Not only this, some
primary data has also been collected to see the level of education in the so called educated
people.
WHAT ABOUT IS IT TELLING TO YOU:
Insurance has always been a matter if disinterest to many of the people of our country. The job of
the insurance personnel has always been criticized, saying that those people make you realise the
benefit of your death. But maximum people forget that death is the only truth and no one can
escape from it. It may come to anybody at any point of time. The most important thing is that,
every one works hard for the betterment of their family members. But no one thinks, if that
person will not be available to income, then what circumstances will appear in front of them.
There is always a risk of mishap in life. Here only the Insurance schemes help you to overlook
the risks and move forward. It covers the risk of your life and assures you to stay by the side of
your family if you are not available there.
INSURANCE AT A GLANCE:
As said earlier, insurance deals with the risks of life. Suppose someone from a middleclass
family wants to leave Rs. 1 crores for his family. He/she is working from the age of 25 and will
work till 60 years. So in these 35 years he/she will have to save almost Rs. 2,86,000 per year (Rs.
1,00,00,000/35 years= Rs. 2,85,714/-). After maintaining the family, that almost costs Rs. 15,000
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
75 | P a g e
per month and yearly almost Rs. 2,00,000/-, it is impossible for him/her to save that certain
amount of money.
Now for the worst condition if that person dies in between them, the total savings will stop until
he/she has saved for the family. Bank or any other savings agency will not give a penny more
than that has been saved. But here the insurance companies cover the risk of death or accident
and also helps to get that desired amount (Sum Assured) to the family after the death of that
person.
WHAT IS HEALTH INSURANCE?
Health is a dynamic condition of a person’s physical, mental and social conditions. No one can
ever forecast when is health going to be unwell and when can it get broken down. Health
problems cost a huge out of pocket expense due to what people sometimes have to sell their
assets also which they have made after a huge hard work. When a person dies, he/she ends up the
sufferings for themselves and also some times for the family members. But a person lying on bed
with a severe illness is a headache for the family. The ever increasing expenses for illness always
call for unsound monetary conditions for the family. But through health insurance, people can
avoid those unsound conditions due to severe health problems. As against a nominal amount,
people can avail the facilities of a huge amount that is the sum assured for that policy. If a person
is covered by a health insurance policy, then he/she will not have to worry for the expenses and
will get the benefit of that policy.
HEALTH STATUS OF INDIA FOR THE LAST 2 DEACDES:
INDIA’S POSITION IN THE WORLD IN HEALTH CARE FINANCING:
To know about the health care financing, we need to know what is health care financing. The
thing is nothing but to pay the expenses due to health related problems by a third party against a
nominal contribution from your end. But as said earlier, most of the people in India are reluctant
to make this minimum contribution for the assurance of their health related expenses. At the
same time the National Government is also a bit responsible for that. The government of India
has only taken the burden of health care financing on them is as low as only 1% of the GDP.
This seems very less in comparison to the other developing countries. It is even very negligible
proportion of the countries share in burden of disease.
In a country like India, not only the poor people are in line to avail the facilities of the public
health care system, but also a large portion of the middle and upper middle class people also
depend on this. The reasons which have come forward for this is that, maximum proportion
(almost 80%) of the total health care finance comes from the private sector. This intern raises the
cost of health care facilities that forces the common income group to make out of pocket
expenses to avail health care facilities. As per study, India shares most of the burden of health
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
76 | P a g e
related problems and the determinants of health are very poorly rated. The health status of a
country depends on some facts like mortality and morbidity. They carry some weightage to
calculate the numerical data. These facts indicate the DAILY (Disability Adjusted Life Year)
which is almost 20% of the total world. In India, a normal people spend almost half of the yearly
earnings as health care expenditure which is obviously out of pocket. People borrow money for
health care expenditures in India and that population is almost 40% of the total population.
Now as of the role of the Government comes into argument, most of the spending from them
goes to the highest level of the three tire health care system of the country. But as per the
committees formed just after independence to take the health care system into right path,
maximum funding should go the primary and secondary level, where the main task assigned is to
give preventive care to the grass root level and also for promotional activities of health care.
Picture of Awareness in the Society about Health Insurance: (Stage 1)
During the survey work, about 10,000 people in different hospitals were randomly chosen and
were surveyed to collect information through a close ended questioner.
Questions a b C d e
Where are you from? Metro City City District Town Town Village
From Whom Have you
Heard about the Hospital?
Visited
Previously
Self-Informed Referred Suggested By
Doctor
Suggested
By Friend
How frequently Do you
Visit a hospital or health
care centre
In a regular
Interval
Once in a
while
When feel
sick
Often Never
How much do you spend
in a year for health check-
up
>25,000/- >15000/- >10,000/- Expense done
but not
measured
Nothing
What is the health
insurance amount
>10,00,000 >7,50,000 >5,00,000 <5,00,000 None
Why did you buy the HI
policy
Felt the Need Friend’s
influence
Neighbour’s
Influence
Tax savings Don’t
Know
Do you know what is the
policy actually is?
Very Well Well To some
Extent
It’s an
investment
No
Do you know how to get
the money for treatment
from this policy?
Sure Not Quite
Well
Will ask the
executives
Don’t know
how to use
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
77 | P a g e
COMPARISON OF AWARENESS AMONG THE INSURED AND UNINSURED
Questionnaire for the insured
Questions
How much do you know about health insurance? Everything Mostly Quite a
bit
Nothing
Why did you buy the HI policy? Needed Family
Influence
Friend’s
Influence
Agent’s
influence
Are you satisfied with your policy Sum Assured? Fully Mostly May Be Not
Would you like to continue with this policy later? For ever May be Don’t
know
Never
Questionnaire for the Un-insured
Questions
Do you know about health insurance? Very Well Yes To some
extent
No
Why didn’t you buy the HI policy? Not
Needed
Family
Influence
Friend’s
Influence
Financial
problem
Do you think that Health insurance can solve your
financial loss for health care?
Surely May be Don’t
know
No
Would you like to buy a Health insurance policy
later?
Surely May be Don’t
know
No
Interpretation of the collected data:
During the Survey work,
A. Almost half of the people from urban area told that they are well aware of the fact about
Health insurance. 40% of them knew exactly what health insurance is.
B. One third of the rest of the people told that they didn’t have interest but due to some
influence they have bought the insurance policy. 10% of these people knew about health
insurance but due to lack of motivation they did not buy a health insurance policy.
C. 57% of the people who had taken health insurance and are aware about the fact, don’t
know about the actual facts and figures of their policy.
D. Almost 70% of the people have their health insurance of less than Rs. 5,00,000 but they
spend more than Rs. 10,000/- for their family.
E. Out of this sample size, 70% people are not happy with their policy terms and conditions.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
78 | P a g e
F. Only 20% of the total population had realised the need for health insurance and there also
40% of this population has sum assured less than their actual need.
G. 30% people have realised the need later and 13% of them want to raise the Sum assured
amount.
H. 65% people said that they will buy a health insurance policy soon after the get back to
home.
QUESTIONNAIRE TO UNDERSTAND THE REASONS BEHIND THE ADVERSE
INTEREST OF CUSTOMERS TOWARDS HEALTH INSURANCE: (STAGE 2)
Do you like the approach of the agent? Excellent Good Average Bad
How was your experience in the 1st
meeting with an insurance agent?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How was the presentation of agent
about the policy?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How will you feel if the out expense for
health will become at per with your
pocket?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How were your queries answered by
the health insurance agent?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How did the agent clear doubts in your
mind about the policy?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How are the facilities in the policy
combined by the company?
Excellent Good Average Bad
What do you think about the
performance of the policy when the
question comes to cover all your needs
of health care?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How was the company’s response
during claim settlement?
Excellent Good Average Bad
What do you think about the services of
the hospitals attached with the
company?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How would it have been if there are
specific facilities of the infant ones of
your family in your health insurance
schemes?
Excellent Good Average Bad
How would you feel if there will be a
specific scheme for the workers of
Excellent Good Average Bad
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
79 | P a g e
unorganised sector?
The data collected through the above questioner shows that the main causes of the growth of
hurdles in the mind of the general people are the under mentioned ones which have contributed a
lot. Not a very good percentage of the customers are well aware of the fact that insurance
policies can reduce the burden of out of pocket expenses and they are not convinced to take an
insurance policy for that matter. The main factor that works in their mind is that they are not
going to get back the money after the stipulated time period, if no claims made during the policy
period. Some people tend to see the health insurance as investment plan with no return. Here
beneath the paragraph, the main challenges for health insurance are described as per the verbal
interviews with the visitors.
CHALLANGES IN THE INSURANCE SECTOR: No industry in market survives without
challenges. In a global market like India, insurance industry faces suffers from lots of problems,
especially economic and also socio-cultural also. Some problems are created by the society itself
and also some are created by the industry personnel itself. Here is a brief discussion about these
problems.
Mental hurdles: People in a country like India suffers from a mental taboo about insurance.
They have a mentality of seeing the insurance industry as an investment rather than a security for
themselves. They always think about how much they are paying in instalments and how much
they are getting at the end of the term. The most important thing is they always look for the sum
assured but not to the facilities they are getting. As said earlier, people don’t imagine themselves
to be ill or to meet an accident. They mostly rely on the banks for the safety of their money.
Design of the products: Insurance companies have evolved their products or plans as per the
mentality of the customers of the market as all the other industries do. In case of a normal FMCG
product, they are designed as per the demands of the customer. Insurance sector has also
developed themselves as an FMCG product rather than making the plans customer friendly. They
also focus on investment schemes rather than providing security to the customers.
Selling procedure: Insurance is not a matter of immediate benefit. But due to sales target, the
insurance marketing personnel also peach the products to the customers like an FMCG as said
before. They are more eager to convince the customer with the monetary benefits but to the
actual benefits. This approach can never turn the mind set up of the customer from the monetary
benefits to the benefits lying in the security matters.
Approach of the sellers: This is a hard truth that, people have a negative angle of vision for the
insurance sales personnel. This is nothing but for the approach of the salesmen. They never think
themselves a proud employee of the company. Their appearance, their way of talking makes their
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
80 | P a g e
task more difficult. People always are moved by the classy appearance from anyone in the
market. But maximum salesmen of the insurance industry appears like a general hawker to the
customer.
Misselling: This is the matter that contributed the most for the devastating mentality of the
customers towards insurance industry. The causes are mentioned below:
a) Maximum agents of the insurance companies convince people by giving false promises
about the policies.
b) Sometimes they don’t tell customers about the yearly premiums that are sometimes a bit
high for some policies.
c) Many a times, amounts collected for the premium of a policy are used to open another
policy and the previous policies get lapsed due to non-payment of timely premium. These
incidents always happen without the concern of the customer.
d) Companies concentrate on the selling of the ULIP policies as these type of policies carry
less burden to pay the sum assured to the customers. They are mainly dependent on the
share market and the sum assured depends on the market situation on that particular time
of maturity.
e) Agents and sells employees ell these ULIP policies without discussing the pros and con
to the customers. Finally when the maturity period comes, the customers, being deprived
of it, turns into unsatisfied customers.
Lack of facilities for the infant ones of the family: The infant ones of the Families are more
prone to be diseased than the adult ones. As their physiological strength and immunity remains
lesser then the adult ones, they often fell sick and need heal care service. But many of the
insurance companies do not provide the same facilities as adults to the infant ones. Even there
are minimum age bars for the new born babies in some policies of some companies. This intern
is de-motivating the people as the will not get the services where they need these facilities most.
CONCLUSION:
Health is as one of the most important aspects of any nation to maintain the uniform growth of its
economy, public sector support is needed to upheld the different aspects and facilities of the
health insurance schemes so that people get attracted to avail the health insurance schemes. The
Government of our country has taken many steps to enhance the use of health insurance among
the middle and lower income group, but still there are some flaws that are preventing to achieve
the target of HEALTH FOR ALL BY 2020. The main shortfalls are being seen in the primary
level of health care where many of the children are out of cover of a perfect health insurance
scheme. The workers of the unorganised sectors are also facing the same problems as their
employers are reluctant about the insurance part of their employees. So to make out nation a
health wealthy and wise nation from every aspect, the private and public sector insurance
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
81 | P a g e
providers have to come forward and put their hands together. Then only the goal of HFA 2020
will be achieved with no flaws.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Health insurance in India: Issues and challenges
Author: Dr. Ramaiah Itumalla, Dr. G. V. R. K. Acharyulu and Dr. L. Kalyan Viswanath
Reddy
http://www.journalcra.com/article/health-insurance-india-issues-and-challenges
2. Health Insurance in India Opportunities, Challenges and Concerns
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238659220_Health_Insurance_in_India_Opport
unities_Challenges_and_Concerns
3. Health Financing for Universal Coverage
Indrani Gupta, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi
Presented at the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi (1 November
2013)
4. Health Insurance (Non-Life) Data Analysis Report (2011-2012)
5. HEALTH INSURANCE: “IDENTIFYING AWARENESS PREFERANCES, AND
BUYING PATTERN IN MUMBAI.”
Dissertation Submitted to the : Padmashree Dr. D.Y.Patil University, Department of
Business Management
Submitted by:
MISS. SWATI DATTATRAY KEDARE
ENROLLMENT NO: DYP M.PHIL- 106110021
6. Awareness and Willingness to Pay for Health Insurance: An Empirical Study with
Reference to Punjab India, Dr. Sumninder Kaur Bawa, Sr. Lecturer
Department of Commerce and Business Management
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab. India
Miss Ruchita (Corresponding author)
Senior Research Fellow
Department of Commerce and Business Management
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab. India
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
82 | P a g e
Factors Contributing to the incidence of Child Labour in India 1 Sahelika Panda
1Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management
ABSTRACT
India is one of the biggest markets in the world economy and the sixth largest economy in terms
of nominal GDP. It has a huge potential for growth given its large population. India also boasts a
high growth rate which is due to the huge workforce, growing middle class and presence of
skilled labour. In spite of this positivity it is true that India is one of the poorest countries in the
world. GDP Per capita income is 1709.39 (USD), one of the lowest in the world. Though we
have one of the largest numbers of billionaires a huge chunk of the population lives below the
poverty line. The gap between the rich and poor are increasing day by day and the pace of the
eradication of poverty is snail- like both prosperity and Poverty is a stark reality of our nation.
Due to our growing economy there is constant industrialisation and urbanisation. Due to this
there is a need of cheap labour to maximise profit and maintain the growth rate. And for this
huge population cheap labour is easily available. But sometimes to draw more profit people use
unscrupulous ways such as Child labour to fulfil their greed. And due to the poverty of this
country there is a constant supply of child labour. Child labour means employment of children
before a specified age .It destroys children physical, mental and emotional well-being, Prevents
children form education, It involves unendurable abuse. Behind this child labour there are
different types of causes like primary, secondary, cultural and social causes.
In a rural area a vast majority of child are involved in agriculture. India, being a developing
country, the main pillar of its economic growth is agriculture. Children from poor rural family
generally engaged themselves in their family farms. On other hand due to decline in agricultural
sector people are moving to urban area. Their working conditions are very substandard, harmful
and crowded. In urban area for earning children started work in various manufacturing industry
like diamond cutting, match and fireworks, gem policing, Glassware. In Carpet making industry,
hazardous Industry and also Brass Industries using of child labour are prominent with just
minimum wages. It has found that if a child work for a long time in this kind of industry may
face different type of health issues and diseases so it needs to stop. Like other countries, India
has adopted several legislations to eliminate Child Labour from society. Child labour in India is
found almost in every industry and sectors. Government has accordingly been taking proactive
steps to tackle this problem through strict enforcement of legislative provisions along with
simultaneous rehabilitative measures.
INTRODUCTION
India's GDP is growing at 7% each year which makes it one of the fastest growing economies. It
is the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
83 | P a g e
parity (PPP). As per survey of Planning Commission Govt. of India6 2,908.26 (2018).However
the country ranks 139th in per capita GDP (nominal) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita GDP
(PPP) with $7,783 as of 2018.(Wikipedia) With 31 billionaires Indians on the list, India comes
third after China and USA on Hurun's Global Rich List 2018. (Huruns global list)However
‘Digital India’ is slipping to 100th Rank on Hunger Index, Worse than North Korea. The IFPRI
(International Food Policy and Research Institute)7 data spells out that 14.5 percent of the
population – that would be nearly 190 million persons, or roughly the population of the UK,
Italy and France put together – are undernourished, that is, they do not receive the required
calories per day. The most vulnerable are the most affected – 21 percent of the children under-
five are wasting (low-weight), and 38.4 or a third of children under-five is stunted. Moreover
according to Oxfam India,8 the richest 1% in India own 58% of all money in India. The wealth
tax in India is very low which makes sure that the rich remains rich while the bottom 20% slides
deep into poverty. Since there are also no inheritance taxes in India, the wealth of the rich 1% is
passed on from generation to generation.
This gap between the rich and poor has given rise to a skewed society in our country.
To maintain India’s growing economy the wheels of industrialisation must roll continuously,
maximising profit with minimum resources. And this necessity gives rise to an evil in the form
of child labour. Of the total rural population the small and marginal farmers constitute 57% of
the rural households, while another 30% are landless and earn their livelihood from manual
labour, usually on a casual basis. The rest are salaried household. Due to declining agriculture
sector the landless rural population are moving in cities to be industrial labours. More often
entire families are uprooted from their age old profession and become unskilled labours in the
industries, living from hand to mouth. The deplorable economic situation forces entire family to
take up work including the children. It is a matter of existence. And we take advantage of this
situation to maximising profit with minimum resources. The child offers a unique solution to
the ever-growing society. Being unskilled, physically under build and most importantly
disadvantageously placed by circumstances in life they recruited in all forms of industry-
services, manufacturing etc., and at minimum cost. From street side dhabas, to small scale
factories, from blooming cottage industry to shops they are rampantly recruited.
What is child labour?
It means employment of children before a specified age and deprive them from their social,
physical, mental or moral desideratum. Now a question may arise who is a child? According to
“The Factories Act 1948 “(Sce:2) “Child” means “ a person who has not completed his
fifteenth year of age.”
Child labour is an acute global problem. This labour practice exploits the child and also destroys,
spoils childhood as well as future. Poverty is the main key that forces a child to earn money to
support their family.
6 A survey From Planning Commission Govt. of India.
(http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/index.php?data=datatab). Last accessed: 7th Aug, 2018. 7International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2018. 2017 Annual report. Washington, DC: International
Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293465. 8 Oxfam India: https://www.oxfamindia.org/pressrelease/2093.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
84 | P a g e
Attributes Of Child Labour :
Child labour involves the following:
i) This exercise breaches the laws of Minimum wages.
ii) It destroys children physical, mental and emotional well-being
iii) Prevents children form education.
iv) It involves unendurable abuse, child slavery, child trafficking etc.
Causes of Child Labour:
Globally millions of children are working as labour under various enterprises. There are several
types of causes in child labour which includes: primary, cultural and macroeconomic causes.
Primary Causes:
In India the gap between the rich and poor are increasing day by day and the pace of the
eradication of poverty is snail- like. For instance, in Jharkhand 20% of the people is facing
hunger.9 So both prosperity and Poverty is a stark reality of our nation.
According to ILO (International Labour Organisation) Poverty is the main reason which forces
the children to work to earn their bread and butter to survive.
Education is another factor for child labour. Due to family and earning pressures children do not
get chance for education. In many rural places there is no schools so children has nothing to do
that’s the reason they involve themselves in work along with their families.
Limited schools in rural area: In rural area there is inaccessibility of proper schools. Students
don’t have conveyance to reach school easily. Generally school are far away from their house so
study makes unattractive
Cultural Causes:
Parents Illiteracy: Generally, illiterate parents prevent their children from going schools.
Sometimes they believe that work can build their children character and it will help to develop
skills .In European history they encourage child labour practice to carryout family traditions. For
this kind of certain beliefs child labour still exists in our society.
Negligence of parents towards education: If parents are not literate than how they will motivate
their children. Due to their illiteracy they neglect the education of their children and put
9Save the Children - is an international non-governmental organisation that promotes children's rights. HQ:
London.Link -http://www.savethechildren.org/
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
85 | P a g e
emphasis on earning. Till date In many cultures people are against girl’s education. They do not
give value to it and simply force them to enter into household and others works.
Child Marriage : In many states of India we found Child Marriage or “balBibaha “ it means the
early marriage of girl child . Due to this marriage at early age girls quit their school started
learning household works. It harms their study, ability to learn and health everything. According
to a recent report10”more than 41,000 girls under the age of 18 marry every day and putting an
end to the practice would increase women’s expected educational attainment, and with it, their
potential earnings. According to estimates, ending child marriage could generate more than $500
billion in benefits annually each year”.
Types of Child Labour in Rural and Urban Area:
As we know India is one of the biggest markets in the world economy.
India also boasts a high growth rate which is due to the huge workforce, growing middle class
and presence of skilled labour. In spite of this positivity it is true that India is one of the poorest
countries in the world. Due to our growing economy there is constant industrialisation and
urbanisation. Due to this there is a need of cheap labour to maximise profit and maintain the
growth rate .And for this huge population cheap labour is easily available. But sometimes to
draw more profit people use unscrupulous ways such as Child labour to fulfil their greed.
In a statistics report by “Save The Children11 “, a NGO said in India there are 5 states where we
found the largest employment of child labours Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh
and Maharashtra.” According toa Campaign Against Child Labour (CAC), India has
1,26,66,377 child labourers of which UP has 19,27,997 child labourers.
Agricultural field in Rural Area:
In a rural area a vast majority of child are involved in agriculture. India ,being a developing
country the main pillar of its economic growth is agriculture. Children from poor rural family
generally engaged themselves in their family farms. Apart from farming in rural area they work
in Fishing, aquaculture, forestry etc. Poor rural families consider making their children work in
farm it may increase their family earning.
Urban Area : Due to decline in agricultural sector people are moving to urban area. Their
working conditions are very substandard, harmful and crowded. They involved themselves in
10Wodon, Quentin T.; Male, Chata; Nayihouba, Kolobadia Ada; Onagoruwa, AdenikeOpeoluwa; Savadogo,
Aboudrahyme; Yedan, Ali; Edmeades, Jeff; Kes, Aslihan; John, Neetu; Murithi, Lydia; Steinhaus, Mara; Petroni, Suzanne. 2017. Economic impacts of child marriage: global synthesis report (English). Economic Impacts of Child
Marriage. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530891498511398503/Economic-impacts-of-child-marriage-global-
synthesis-report 11Save the Children - is an international non-governmental organisation that promotes children's rights. HQ:
London.Link -http://www.savethechildren.org/
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
86 | P a g e
factories, domestic household, restaurants and hotels, selling newspapers, fruits etc. They
generally work for long time with minimum wages .Poor urban children face many problems like
proper shelter, education, food.
Carpet Industry: In urban area for earning children started work in various manufacturing
industry like diamond cutting, match and fireworks, gem policing, Glassware. Carpet making
industry is one of them. A Report, “Tainted carpets: Slavery and Child Labour in India’s
handmade carpet sector”12 said that “The issue of child labour in India’s hand-made carpet sector
has received extensive attention since the early 1990s. This is in large part due to the fact that
India is the largest exporter of hand-made carpets in the world.” From several studies it has
found that most of the people are engaged in carpet weaving in Uttar Pradesh (Shajanpur) and
Madhya Pradesh (Morena and Gwalior) and also in Patna , Bihar, Kashmir, Sikkim etc. Several
investigations have revealed that India’s hand-knotted and handcrafted carpet sector has a
terrible slave like labour exploitation in the productions which are exported to other countries.
Brass Industries: Brass is a type of metallic alloy is made of copper and zinc. Brass is used for
decoration for its bright gold like appearance, ammunition casing and valves for plumbing and
brass musical instruments like trumpet, tenor horn, Jazz phone, natural horn etc. Brassware
industries are manufacturing sectors. In this kind of industry child labour are rampant
.NeeraBurra's book entitled Born to Work: Child Labour in India13 (1995) is based on first
hand field investigations into the employment of child labour in five industries: Brassware, Lock
making, Gem polishing,Glass and pottery manufacturing. The author Neera argues that child
labour is mainly dependent on traditional skills. This skill passes from one generation to another
and if child labour was banned, this type of craft industry would abolish.
Hazardous Industry: In India there are several types of hazardous industry such as Coal and
mining industries, Petro -chemical industries, Petroleum industries, Insecticides, Fungicides and
other pesticides industries, Glass and ceramics, highly flammable liquids and gases industries.
According to ILO (2013) the largest numbers of child labours are working in this kid of
hazardous industry which is forbidden by law. The Provision under Child Labour Prohibition
and regulation Act 1986 considers that children are not allowed to work under such hazardous
industry. It has found that if a child work for a long time in this kind of industry may face
different type of health issues and diseases.
This Exploitation Needs To be Stop
12 FXB Center for Health and Human Rights Harvard School of Public Health // Harvard University 13NeeraBurra – Born To work (Book) Publisher : OUP India ,April 1995.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
87 | P a g e
Nearly 16 out of 100 children are engaged in child labour the main causes which force them to
work it is poverty now this This is the high time to stop Child labour. Many children are not only
exploited they are also deprived from basic education, healthcare, nutrition and other social
safety and security. Our society, Government, NGO should take initiatives to abolish this curse
from our society.
Legislations for Child labour: Many countries adopted legislation to eliminate Child Labour
but in India due to huge poverty it is not easy to c The first protective legislation for child labour
in India was seen in 1881 in the form if Indian factories Act limiting the working hours for
children to 9 hours a day and providing holidays Besides Constitutional provisions, there are
several legislative enactments which completely overcome this child labour. These areas follow
which provide legal protection to the children:
The Children (Pledging of Labour) Act, 1933
The Employment of Children Act, 1938
The Minimum Wages, Act 1948 and rules made thereunder by the government
The Factories Act, 1948
The Plantations Labour Act, 1951
The Mines Act, 1952
The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958
The Motor Transport Workers’ Act, 1961
The Apprentices Act, 1961
CONCLUSIONS
Children are the important asset of our nation. Child labour in India is found almost in every
industry and sectors. They are forced to work due to family pressures and poverty. Actually they
are compelled to do that labour. But nowadays due to awareness campaign, efforts of NGO and
for others legislation and laws it has slightly decreased. As childhood is the formative part of
human life, children, should not therefore be exposed to this kind of work. Government has
accordingly been taking proactive steps to tackle this problem through strict enforcement of
legislative provisions along with simultaneous rehabilitative measures.
REFERENCES:
1. “A Study on Child Labour in GujratState “: Author –Shrimali Rajeshwari; Dr.Farmer
Mayuri.
Abhinav International Monthly Referred Journal of research in Management and
technology.
2. “International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN” (Online): 2319
– 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 4 Issue 1 ǁ January. 2015 ǁ
PP.23-32 www.ijhssi.org 23 | Page
Child Labour in India –A Conceptual and Descriptive Study Dr. G.L. Parvathamm
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
88 | P a g e
3. Dr. Venkateswarlu Davuluri – “Child Labour in Carpet Industry in Recent
Developments .”
4. UNICEF – Unit for Children – Basic Education and Gender equality
(www.unicef.org/education/index_focus_exploitation.html
5. Child Labour in Brass Industries in Moradabad., a sociological study by SadafNasir
6. Neera Burra –Born To work (Book) Publisher : OUP India ,April 1995.
7. Source: HURUN REPORT Article – HURUN GLOBAL RICH LIST.
Release date: 28/02/2018. (http://www.hurun.net/EN/Article/Details?)Last :7/08/2018
8. The IFPRI (International Food Policy and Research Institute)
www.ifpri.org/publication/2017-annual-report
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
89 | P a g e
Bone Implants and Management 1 Dr. B.Abdul Rafeeq, 2 Puja Tiwari
1 General Secretary Al-Ameen
2Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management
Abstract
Advances in medical technology have triggered the interests of many researchers
working in this area to develop implants with improved performance inside the human body
owing to the demand of these materials in global market. In a country like India where ageing
population is always a concern, such researches and the subsequent product development could
mean so much to treat the commonly encountered trauma by millions.
Objective
A medical implant is an artificially designed material like a bones root which is surgically
placed in the jawbone in order to substitute for a missing bones. Medical implants
provide a stable foundation on which replacement of bone can be successfully performed
for the patient. Hence so far medical implants have improved the quality of life for
thousands of people, restoring natural facial structure occurred as a result of missing bone
by providing artificial bone materials that are permanent, safe and reliable. India has got a
greater proportion of ageing population where the demand for medical implant is very
high.
Hence research and development in the area of implant fabrication is the very need of the
hour .The implants that are currently in use are either expensive or less efficient. Hence a
need for a durable and effective implants are in the demand and this project is aimed to
meet this need
The methods and procedures proposed in this work are efficient and yet cost effective.
Hence this project could culminate in developing methods to bring out cost effective
medical implants. The successful implementation of the project needs state of the art
instruments and techniques. Hence adequate funding is sought for this research work
Already a significant amount of work has been completed regarding the synthesis of bio
ceramic material and the same has been published in international journals. Hence the
grant for this project would mean the furtherance of our research in this vital area of
biomedical science and technology.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
90 | P a g e
Survey
The present day therapeutic procedures are being aimed at providing optimum results with
maximum ease and comfort to the patients. Implants are artificial devices that are inserted in to
the body in order to substitute a missing part of an organ. The two of the most common implant
surgeries that are being done are in orthnopedics and dentistry. The modern day medical
technology has advanced to the point where implants are commonly used to improve not only the
physical well-being but also the quality of life of a vast number of patients. A good example of
this is the use of an artificial hip joint to replace a painful, worn-out arthritic hip.
It has been well observed that these permanently fixed crowns and bridgework placed over the
implants look, feel and function just like natural bone. Young people who have lost bone through
accidents and adults who have suffered bones loss from decay or periodontal disease could be
successfully treated by implant procedures. Typically implants are constructed from materials
that are biocompatible since these materials are not recognized by the human body as foreign and
therefore are not rejected by the immune system. Normally the medical implants are tiny
titanium posts, which are inserted into the jawbone in the place of missing bone and the metal
anchors act as a bones root for the mount or crown that has to be placed on it.
Titanium is one of the biocompatible materials that is not recognized by the body's immune
system and therefore allows medical implants to be placed without undergoing rejection (Kovacs
et al, 1996). The bone bonding with the titanium is expected to occur within few months thus
creating a strong foundation for artificial bone. These artificial root replacements can then be
used to support natural looking bone that enable patients to regain the lost comfort and
confidence.
Medical implants come in a variety of designs but the most common type of implants are
threaded titanium cylinders that are placed into the jaw bones (Figure 1). Research and
development in medical implantology has resulted in the development of several different types
of implants with different designs and features (Lim, 2007). At present, continued evaluation is
necessary to determine that appropriate implant devices are available to meet the therapeutic
demands of the different portions of the jawbones and the unique needs of patients.
Medical implants have many compositions and surface textures too and the fabrication and
processing techniques affect these implant surfaces in subtle ways. More over ion release from
the implant may influence biocompatibility and hence basic experiments in host-implant
physiology and biology should be performed in order to develop medical implants that are stable
inside the human body for a longer time. A more complete understanding of tissue response to
the implant and dynamic studies in laboratory animals also should be carried out to achieve this.
The biggest drawback of implants both in the field of dentistry and orthopedics is the cost.
Traditional dentures are relatively cheap-about $1,000 to $1,200 per arch while an entire upper
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
91 | P a g e
arch of implants plus an acrylic over denture averages $6,000 to $8,000. An entire arch of fixed
bridgework averages $20,000 to $30,000 (Dickinson et al, 2008). Another concern about the
medical implants is that it takes normally 6 to 8 months for the implant to fuse to the jawbone
while the patients would be requiring a denture in order to eat or be restricted to soft foods.
It is always envisaged to enhance the quality of treatment that is offered in the current scenario
with the aid of advances in science and technology. So the present strategy is to deal with the
cost of fabrication of implant form a material science perspective. It is well understood that, the
implant surfaces are sensitive regions that interact with the human tissues when implanted. A
variety of surface treatment procedures are suggested in the literatures for treating the implant
surfaces while acid etching and sand blasting are prominently and commercially exploited. Much
sophisticated techniques such as micro arc treatment could also be performed on the implant
surfaces. Moreover in order to encourage the Osseo integration and subsequent tissue growth bio
ceramic coatings are developed over such surface treated implant (Block et al, 1987). This
involves the application of much sophisticated coating techniques such as plasma spraying which
is commercially used at present. Yet this method suffers from certain disadvantages such as
cracking of coatings that result from the high temperature of plasma spraying besides this is a
very expensive technique too. Thus the cost of implants remains a concern for the affordability
of such treatment by a common man. The cost of implant surgeries vary on a large scale but
reduction in treatment cost would always culminate in better dispensation of the science and
technology all the patients.
Hence it is imperative at the current scenario that research and development is triggered
in this area of implantalogy in order to develop efficient yet cost effective implants. Basic
research should be emphasized to develop materials and methods to allow for predictable bone
augmentation. Moreover the implant-host interface should be studied to characterize wound
repair and tissue adaptation in the peri-implant region. With the advance of modern science and
technology and with the advent of sophisticated instrumentation techniques it is quite possible to
develop surface treatment and coating procedures that could drastically bring down the cost of
the implant material without the quality being compromised. Simple yet effective chemical
treatments adopted for metals and alloys could come handy for surface treating the implantable
material while coating methods like electrochemical precipitation and biomimetic methods could
well serve as alternatives for plasma spraying.
Conclusions
Hence it is proposed that prospective and multicenter clinical studies could be initiated in order
to investigate the role of several factors such as surface treatment and coatings on the long-term
effectiveness of medical implants. Carrying out a research project would not only bring in a
reputation but also would enhance the economic fortunes of the nation.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
92 | P a g e
References
1. Kengo, S. Masamitsu, O. Hikaru, A. Aya, K. Kumiko, N. Takuo, K. (2010) The effect of
growth factors for bone augmentation to enable medical implant placement: A systematic
review, Japanese Medical Science Review 46, 43-53.
2. Kovacs, P. Davidson, J.A. (1996) Chemical and electrochemical aspects of the
biocompatibility of titanium and its alloys. In: Brown SA, Lemons JE, editors. Medical
applications of titanium and its alloys: the materials and biological issues, ASTM STP
1272:163-78.
3. Lim, K.C. (2007) Advances in medical implantalogy, Medical Bulletin 12: 16-7.
4. Dickinson, B.P. Ashley, R.K. Wasson, K.L. O’Hara, C. Gabbay, J. Heller, J.B. et al
(2008) Reduced morbidity and improved healing with bone morphogenic protein-2 in
older patients with alveolar cleft defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:209-17.
5. Cook, S. Baffes, G.C. Palafox, A.J. Wolfe, M.W. Burgess, (1992) A. Torsional stability
of HA-coated and grit blasted Ti medical implants. J Oral Implantol 23:354-8.
6. Block, M.S. Kent, J.N. Kay J.E. (1987) Evaluation of hydroxylapatite coated titanium
medical implants in dogs. J Oral Maxillofac Surg ;45:601-5.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
93 | P a g e
Initiating a Survey on Optimal Utilization of Hospital Resources
1 Dr. S.K. Maity, 2 Satakshi Chatterjee
1 Inspector of Colleges, MAKAUT
2Assistant Professor, Haldia Institute of Management
Abstract
Indian healthcare sector is one of the most neglected sectors and there is a lot of issues in this
sector. If we go through the daily newspaper we will find that patients are not getting proper
treatment or they are not getting medicines in time. The situation in the rural area is even worse
than their urban counterparts. The main problem in this sector is horrible manpower and
inventory and inventory planning in the hospitals. Though a lot of money is being spent by the
government but proper planning is missing. It would be found that there are excess amount of
medicines which are hardly used whereas there is lack of those medicines which are urgently
needed. So it is a case of bad inventory planning. During different seasons different diseases
become active so proper inventory planning should be done keeping in mind the seasonal factor.
Finally since in India there is huge population, getting a bed in a hospital is like winning a lottery
ticket. In this research we will also try to improve this situation by developing a model which can
make bed allocation more effective. The aim of the research would be to develop an overall
model which will help in optimizing the use of hospital resources in order to improve hospital
care.
Introduction
Manpower and inventory planning is one of the most important thing in an hospital. As we know
manpower and inventory planning is the process of putting the right person at the right place at
the right time to get maximum benefit. In hospital the role of manpower and inventory planning
becomes more important as here we are concerned with human lives. So if the manpower and
inventory planning is not right then we may lose a human life. So possibility of error should be
minimal. If we look into the situation of our government hospitals we can very easily understand
that manpower and inventory planning is not given much importance. Even in private hospitals
also the situation is not great. So there is a urgent need to develop a model by which hospitals
can do proper manpower and inventory planning. If such a model can be made then patients will
not have to wait for doctors or nurses. It has become a habit for us to blame the infrastructure or
resources. But unfortunately very few people try to utilize the resources available. Even with
limited resources if proper planning is done then great result can be achieved. There are several
examples where team of 4 to 5 doctors who had gone to Ethiopia for medical camp achieved
great result as proper manpower and inventory planning was done by WHO. Now a model could
be made by use of which most effective manpower and inventory planning can be achieved. So
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
94 | P a g e
first a ratio between doctor and patient, nurse and patient, staff and patient should be derived
then a synchronization should be made between the manpower and inventory and the jobs
needed to be performed and using these two a model has to be derived.
Only manpower and inventory planning will not solve the issue so it has to be seen that we also
retain performers. So a proper appraisal system has to be followed. It will interest to know that
many hospitals do not have a human resource department and no appraisal system is present. In a
important place like hospital appraisal system should be made mandatory. In a recent survey it
was found that in many hospitals there are doctors with extremely poor success rate(surgical).
Still they are being promoted or given raise. It clearly shows that there is a lack in the appraisal
procedure in hospital. In the model of manpower and inventory planning that is being designed,
appraisal system will also be kept in mind.
The next most important thing is inventory planning. Just
getting doctor or nurse will not solve the issue; proper medicine should be in stock. In the recent
days when there was an issue of swine flu then also it was found that Indian hospitals did not
have enough stock of Tamiflu( drug against swine flu). Even there are seasonal diseases. So
which type of medicine to store during which season is also very important. In most of the
hospitals in India we find that patients suffer due to lack of medicine. So if a model can be
devised in such a way that there is adequate amount of proper medicine then also it will be a
great help for the hospitals. It will not only help the hospitals but also it will help, the patients get
fast relief. So synchronization has to be made between the rate of occurrence of the diseases and
the seasonal factor. With the help of the data a statistical based formula can be created so that
with the prevailing seasons there is adequate amount of medicine available in the inventory.
Then in this research we will try to analyze the bed occupancy rate and try to come up with a
model by which we can use the number of beds more efficiently. Bed allocation may seem to be
a very basic thing but in reality it is quiet complex. Allocating bed to all patients is not possible
so due care has to be taken so that patient with maximum need gets the bed first and so on. Less
number of beds in one hand increases the waiting list and on the other hand large number of beds
means wastage of resources. In case of products if a person does not get a desired product he
moves to another product but in case of beds in hospital such situation is not possible. Patient
who does not get bed in hospital has to take treatment at home which could be fatal. So if proper
bed allocation is done it will go a long distance and decrease the suffering of patients. A mean
bed occupancy rate has to be derived and the department in which there is maximum requirement
has to be found. With the statistical date a model has to be formed which can help in
understanding the need of beds in different departments in different seasons.
In this research our main focus is to use all the resources available in the hospital to its maximum
limit. Also to use the resources efficiently and effectively. To do so a model has to be designed
so that if the model is used then the maximum optimization would be possible. To develop this
model a lot of statistical and mathematical help will be needed.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
95 | P a g e
Literature Survey
Watanabe (1994) for example, has linked a variety of standardized databases to compare fee-for-
service billing rates of physician specialties and sub-specialties in Canada with the number of
full-time equivalents practicing in each specialty or sub-specialty to obtain a more accurate
measure of physician workload.
He concludes that increasing workloads are most marked in the surgical specialties while
decreasing workloads are most marked in general practice. Watanabe concludes that estimates of
workload, together with broader considerations of contemporary health reform efforts have to set
the context for the interpretation and application of the results of any forecasting exercise for
those forecasts to be valid.
Chan (1999) also combined billing data, and numbers of registered personnel to examine the
supply of physicians in Ontario. By calculating simple head counts, active physicians billing
over $35,000 a year and full time equivalents (weighted by billing volume), he concluded that
the Ontario pool of physicians was fairly stable over the time period but that geographic
differences existed.
Other studies (Roos et al. 1996; 1997a;1997b; Persaud et al. 1999) build a case for using a
variety of forecasting models under a variety of assumptions to come up with the best estimate of
future resource needs.
In spite of the increased sophistication of supply and demand/utilization forecasting models,
these models have met with increasing levels of criticism regarding their ability to capture the
number of physicians needed to meet population health service’s needs (Millar 2001; Peters
1999; Stoddart and Barer 1999; Roos et al. 1999a;1999b; Roos et al.1998; Fried 1997;
Friedenberg 1996; Turner et al. 1993a;1993b; Flux 1983; Gray 1980; Hayton 1979).
Another study analyzed numbers of rural residents travelling for specialist care to urban centres
even when that specialist care was available locally in rural community hospitals(Borders and
Rohrer, 2001).
This is further indication that the availability of a physician does not always seem to be an
adequate predictor of utilization. Studies both from (Politzer et al. 2001; Evans 1998;
Friedenberg 1996; Politzer et al. 1996; Tarlov 1995; Lomas et al. 1985) have indicated that
supply and demand forecasting are limited by numerous unknown factors, such as changes in the
economy, changes in the financing and organization of health care ,population growth and
technological advances.
Demand can also be affected by thelevel of services provided by residents , and by non-
physiciancare providers.
Turner et al’s (1993a;1993b) critique of demand-based forecasting in part explains the cyclical
nature of the surplus/shortage rhetoric.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
96 | P a g e
They write, “A demand-based approach… tends to perpetuate any inequities and utilization
patterns that exist at the time the forecast is made, whether or not they are optimal. In addition, if
we acknowledge that demands are determined by income levels and the perceived health of the
economy, forecasts made in times of fiscal constraint may result in shortages in periods of
recovery; forecasts made in times of affluence may result in surpluses should financial resources
become scarce.”
Some have argued that unmet demand can be met with or without increasing the supply of
physicians. Increased prevention and health promotion measures can decrease demand overall,
demand can be met by non-physician providers; demand can be met by more appropriate,
evidence-based provision of services. “Unmet need may not necessarily be detrimental if the
need is for unnecessary services.” (Turner et al. 1993a;1993b).
In an effort to address some of the limitations of previous forecasting models, more recent
attempts at physician forecasting have turned to needs-based, rather than supply or demand based
forecasting. Needs-based models incorporate measures and estimates of health need in the
population, by using disease prevalence or modeling physician requirements based on age, sex
and health-related indicators of the population.
The report of the National Ad Hoc Working Group on Physician Resource Planning (1995) was
one of the first initiatives to incorporate comprehensive needs-based resource planning as a
model for physician forecasting.
The Working Group reviewed existing physician resource management tools and compiled an
inventory of current strategies. The recommendation of the group was to begin with standard
physician: population ratios to continue planning initiatives in the short term.
However, they recommended that these ratios be adjusted according to age/sex
fac tors, measures of health services utilization, the number of physician full time equivalents
and geographic considerations.
More importantly, the group emphasized a critical mass concept for physician planning referring
to the minimum number of physicians required for a given geographic region to provide an
acceptable level of access to services.
The concept of critical mass takes into account on-call requirements, minimum volumes of work
required to maintain clinical competencies, the level and type of back-up required and staffing
differences that may results from geographic variations.
Thus, in rural or remote settings, physician critical mass requirements may be larger to address
retention needs that in urban settings. Alternatively, these considerations may lead to the
decision not to provide specialized services in some regions.
Roos et al. (1997a; 1997b; 1999a; 1999b) from the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy have led
efforts to develop and use needs-based models for forecasting the number and appropriate
distribution of physicians – both generalists and specialists.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
97 | P a g e
Beginning with map based analyses of physician supply and contacts across the province, they
compared actual physician-contacts (based on billing data) with the health and socio-economic
characteristics of local populations, which were used as proxy measures of need.
They then compared the projected “need” from the characteristics of the population with what
actually happened in terms of physician contacts. Their research found that, contrary to popular
perceptions, Manitoba does not suffer from an increasing shortage of physicians.
They point out that the concentration of generalist physicians in Winnipeg is actually “an
expensive and unnecessary use of physician human resources.” The Manitoba initiative is one of
the chief improvements in terms of rationally addressing the human resource needs of a
population, rather than merely adding on to existing resource levels based on a subjective and
sometimes arbitrary identification of optimal physician: population ratios.
All three approaches – supply, demand or needs-based forecasting - build upon each other and
can be combined to generate a more global approach. O’Brien-Pallas and colleagues have
proposed a framework for modeling human resource needs that combines service utilization and
the distribution of health professionals, population characteristics related to predictors of health
status and health risk, issues effecting health spending, and outcome data resulting from the use
of different types of health personnel (O’Brien-Pallas et al 1998).
A related method of forecasting more fully developed is benchmarking (Fried 1997; Sekscenski
et al 1997; Goodman 1996). Benchmarking involves identifying areas that have a relatively low
number of clinically active physicians without any apparent compromise of the health status of
the population.
These areas are deemed the starting point for the identification of optimal physician levels.
Adjustments are then made for the age and sex characteristics across different population groups
(e.g. counties, cities, states) and the low level of providers (based on the number of physicians
per 100,000 population) is used as the current best estimate of a reasonable physician workforce
to meet population health needs.
Further adjustments can be made for key health and socio-economic indicators across
populations to increase or decrease physician levels for different population groups.
Although benchmarking principles have to start with the assumption that a particular geographic
area is somehow the best predictor of necessary resource levels based on the quality of care and
efficiency of meeting population health needs, it improves on previous forecasting models by
purposefully disregarding assumptions of stability in the health care system.
Previous supply and demand/utilization forecasting models assume that environmental factors
used to assess current needs are relatively stable and can be used to forecast future human
resource needs.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
98 | P a g e
Benchmarking does not do this. Geographic areas or health systems that are seen as representing
“the future” of health care are deliberately selected as the benchmarks for future planning.
Methodology
In this segment it will be seen how this research could be done. Step by step we will try to
understand how we intend to go through the project.
Survey stage- Three stage survey has to be conducted. Tool that will be used for survey is
questionnaire.
a) Stage 1-A questionnaire has to be made to find out the ongoing manpower and inventory
Planning and appraisal system in the hospitals. Also we have to find out the
problems if any with the prevailing process. We have to find out the
doctor- patient, nurse- patient and staff-patient ratio. It has to be found that
in which department there is maximum need of doctor or nurses and does
the need vary with seasons. It has to be seen if a proper appraisal procedure is
maintained or not.
b) Stage 2- A survey has to be conducted to find out the present inventory
of the hospitals. It has to be seen which drugs are present in the inventory
and which are not there. It has to see also the rate at which the drugs are
needed. It has to be seen if the most required drug is present in sufficient
quantity or not and if the need of medicine varies with season
c) Stage 3- A survey has to be conducted to find the average number of beds
in a government hospital and its occupancy rate during different seasons.
It has to see in which department there is lack of sufficient number of beds
And in which department there are excess beds. Also it has to be seen
If the number of patients admitted in different seasons varies or not.
Survey & Analysis
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
99 | P a g e
1) Analyzing the data- the data gathered from the above surveys has to be studied
and analyzed to find out the problems. The analysis can again be divided into three
parts.
a) Part 1- From the data gathered it has to be seen what is the prevailing method
of manpower and inventory planning. If there is a human resource department then
what sort of decision do they take regarding manpower and inventory planning ,etc.
A statistical analysis has to be made with the data and some synchronization
has to be derived from the data gathered. If there is an appraisal method then how
it can be modified or improved.
b) From the next set of data the existing stocks in the inventory has to be analyzed.
We also have to find out the most frequently occurring diseases and have to make a
ratio with the stock available. We have to analyze also the seasonal factor and
drugs of community diseases. With the data collected we have to find a link
between the inventory drugs , the seasonal factor and the common diseases.
c) From the third set of data we have to find out in which department there is
extra bed and in which department there is lack or scarcity of beds. It has
to be seen that with change in season is there change in the requirement of beds.
It has to be seen also that in which department there is always scarcity of beds.
By the use of statistic it has to be seen how a model can be formed so that beds
can be shifted from one department to the other according to need.
Model Development
1) Developing model – It is to be seen through optimization how an unique model can
be derived which will help to utilize all the available resources to its maximum level.
In the research a statistical based approach towards manpower and inventory planning
would be derived. The proposed model will also be used proper bed allocation.
2) Implementing the model- Once the model has been created it has to be implemented in
few hospitals to see the practical usage of the model.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
100 | P a g e
Conclusion
A proper manpower planning shall not only help the hospital grow in size and profitability but
also it will help the patients to get proper and adequate treatment in the right time. It is also seen
that manpower planning and inventory planning is directly proportionate. If a proper manpower
planning is done, inventory planning will come automatically.
It is also seen that if a proper HR Dept. is present in the hospitals then not only manpower-
planning and inventory planning, but also employee retention can be increased. It is evident that
in a hospital the key employee is first doctors and then nurses.
If efficient doctors and nurses are not present then no hospitals or nursing homes can succeed. It
also have a direct impact on the patient. It is also clear that patient satisfaction is directly related
to the presence of HR Dept. in a hospital.
Though patients may not directly come into contact with the HR Dept., but they will be
influenced by the overall impact of the HR Dept. on the hospital. It is also evident that more
hospitals and nursing homes need to come up in West Bengal, India, to meet the ever increasing
demand from its populace, but a proper bed management also has to be done, so, that patients do
not die due to lack of proper treatments and beds.
It is clear from this research that the major hospital resources if utilized optimally then it can
yield great results for the benefit of the hospitals and the patients at large.
Bibliography
1.Burlton, Roger T. 2001. Business Process Management. USA: Sams Publishing.
2. Heatfield, Susan M 2011. What Is Human Resource Management? About.com. Available:
http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm. Last access day
20.3.2011.
3. Boxall, Peter – Purcell, John 2008. Strategy and Human Resource Management, Second
Edition. UK: Palgrave Magmillan.
4. Wikipedia 2011. Business process. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process.
Last access day 27.3.2011
5. Helsilä, Martti 2002. Käytännön henkilöstötyö. Tampere: Tammer-Paino Oy.
6. Helsilä, Martti – Salojärvi, Sari 2009. Strategisen henkilöstöjohtamisen käytännöt. Helsinki:
Talentum.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
101 | P a g e
Where do all the gold on the Earth comes from? A story of the death
of a star
1 Dr. Mayukh Pahari
1 Royal Society-SERB Newton International Fellow, School of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Southampton, United Kingdom
INTRODUCTION
Before starting this interesting story, let me define few numbers which are useful in astrophysical
contexts and I shall use frequently throughout the article:
1 million = 10^6 = 1000,000 [10 lakhs]
1 billion = 10^9 = 1000,000,000 [100 crores]
1 trillion = 10^12 = 1000,000,000,000 [1 lakh crore]
1 light-year = the distance light can travel in a year = velocity of light x 1 year
= 9.46 x10^12 km = 9.46 trillion km.
Gold is one of the very expensive metals on Earth. The price of the gold ring or the necklace will
tell how precious it is. The gold stock in the reserve bank is the measurement of the economic
standard of our country. It is also equally essential for the scientific research and the industrial
development. Why is such a vital metal so costly? Because it is rare. Let me give an example of
how rare it is. If you manage to gather 5 billion (5000000000) Oxygen atoms with some efforts,
with the same effort, you will be able to gather one gold atom! Interestingly, even with such a
rare number, the Earth has more gold than all other planets and the Sun combined. One of the
most exciting questions scientists ask: Where does the gold on Earth come from? Which
processes can generate gold and what is its origin? Of course, nature produces all of the gold
deposition on Earth. But how? We know, fossil fuels like Petrol/gasoline, coal, compressed
natural gas (CNG) are produced by dead plants and animals that are deposited in the earth’s crust
over hundreds of millions of years under the extreme heat and pressure. However, gold is not a
fossilized remain; therefore cannot be produced the same way. Can we produce gold in the
chemistry laboratory? Unfortunately, no chemical reactions can use abundant elements in nature
like Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen or Carbon to produce gold. Therefore, the creation of gold is
not a simple process. Although we now know a lot about formations of vital elements like
Oxygen, Carbon, the details and even the main sites of gold creation is still mysterious. It is,
therefore, a fundamental puzzle in astrophysics and nuclear physics. In order to improve our
understanding, researchers combine astronomical observations, experimental studies in the
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
102 | P a g e
laboratory and theoretical models to elucidate Nature’s secrets of how all the atoms were created
that we are made of. Scientists found an interesting solution to this puzzle and they agreed that
most of the precious metals on Earth came from the massive explosions in the space during the
death of stars much bigger and more massive than our sun. Not only gold, any elements you see
in our solar system (that includes all planets and the Sun) heavier than Helium were part of a star
that blew up in a violent eruption otherwise, by no means, it wouldn't be here. Such explosions
are typically 10 billion times more luminous than our sun and therefore unimaginably strong and
powerful enough to create heavy metals like gold. Rest of the article will focus on how the death
and explosion of a star can produce gold and how they end up on our planet called Earth.
CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE GOLD
Gold belongs to the heaviest atoms. Its mass is 197 times larger than hydrogen, about three and
a half times heavier than an iron atom and only a few per cents lighter than the most massive
stable elements lead and bismuth. Since the 1950s, we have a basic understanding of the
principles of element formation. We know that many different processes are required to match
the elemental abundance pattern we observe on Earth, but those processes are not able to form
heavy particles like gold.
From the previous discussion, we may understand that there exists no place or process in the
Earth that can produce heavy metals like gold. Therefore, its origin must be some events that
take place in the outer space. We also understand that the source of gold must have some
connections with stars. To understand what are conditions that required to produce a complex-
structured metal like gold, we will start with a simple star like the sun. The light end heat energy
that we received from the sun is a tiny fraction of the total energy produced by the sun. For
example, one hour of sunlight provides enough energy to light 120 trillion 60 watt light bulbs for
24 hours. The enormous amount of the energy produced in the sun is generated by a process
known as the nuclear fusion. In this process, under extreme temperature and pressure, four nuclei
of hydrogen atoms are merged to form the helium nucleus. During this merging process, a
significant fraction of Hydrogen mass is converted into energy according to the famous mass-
energy equation of Einstein and is radiated away in space. The Fusion reaction can only take
place when the pressure and the temperature are very high because the tremendous amount of
energy is required to overcome the Columbic repulsion force of nucleus to merge them.
Particularly, protons in the atomic nucleus repel each other very strongly, as they are like
charges. It's only once you get past their electromagnetic field, and caught in each other’s strong
nuclear field (which is an attractive force, but a very short range), that they can fuse. But early
on, it was found that the energy required to overcome this electromagnetic repulsion should not
be possible in the core of the sun (it wasn't hot enough). So for a while physicists struggled with
how the sun even existed, until the discovery of a quantum mechanical phenomenon known as
‘quantum tunnelling’.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
103 | P a g e
At the core of the sun, the gravitational attraction is so large that it produces immense pressure
and temperature. The temperature reaches more than 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (or 10
million degrees Celsius). It is clear that more the number of nuclei we wish to merge, higher and
higher would be the temperature and pressure required. Our Sun is a very typical small star and
is quietly burning only the lightest elements hydrogen and helium over a period of some 10
billion years. The Sun does not add new nuclides to the heavy element abundance in our solar
system. It is the massive stars, most effectively those eight times heavier or more than our Sun,
which runs through a series of stages in stellar evolution and eventually generates the heavier
elements that we observe on Earth today.
From the above discussion, it is clear that to generate heavy metals, i.e., metals with a higher
number of nuclei one needs to merge nucleus of lighter elements at higher fusion temperature.
The heaviest metal that can be produced by the Fusion reaction is Iron. Iron nucleus has 56
protons, and the Binding energy of iron is so high even the Fusion process cannot merge iron
nuclei to produce even heavier metals. Now gold atom is more substantial than iron, and it has
79 protons and the nucleus 79 electrons that are orbiting around the nucleus. Therefore, to
produce a gold atom 79 Hydrogen-like atoms has to be merged and the temperature and pressure
required for such process are of the order of billion degrees. Therefore, the extreme places like
the core of the sun are also not suitable for the generation of gold. During the normal lifecycle,
the core temperature of any other star even bigger and more massive than the sun cannot reach to
the condition of producing heavy metals like gold. Therefore, the only possible explanation is
very luminous explosion during the death of a star caused by the sudden collapse of the material
which is at least 30 times more massive than the sun. Such an explosion is known as the
supernova.
SUPERNOVA – THE DEATH OF THE STAR
To understand how does the grand explosion or the supernova happen, we will again start with a
simple star-like sun. There are two are forces that balance sun and make it spherical structure: (1)
the gravitational force which is proportional to the mass of the sun and it acts towards the centre
of the sun. This force is balanced by the radiation force caused by the nuclear fusion at the core
of the sun. At the end of the life cycle when all the Hydrogen fuel the core of the sun burns out,
then the radiation pressure due to fusion is not sufficient to balance that gravitational force and as
a consequence the star will collapse. In case of a star which is 30 times more massive than the
sun, the gravitational potential is so enormous that no physical processes can stop the collapse of
the star and a massive amount of gravitational energy is released into space in the form of a
cosmic explosion. This is known as supernova. The luminosity of a supernova at its peak can be
as high Edge as 100 billion times the luminosity of the sun. As a result of this explosion an
extremely high temperature and pressure is generated at the location of the core of the supernova
that release a shockwave creating a sea of protons and neutrons, the latter the main source for
heavy element via a process known as ‘nucleosynthesis’. During this event heavy elements (i.e.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
104 | P a g e
gold) are created; an explosion drives the freshly produced elements into the interstellar medium.
The site for this nucleosynthesis process is still a matter of debate. What we definitely know that
such a process lasts only for a few seconds, involving neutrons as well, however, at extremely
high densities. This process requires a very short and intense burst of neutrons, and it includes
the most violent processes known in our universe: most-likely supernova-explosions or the
collision of two neutron stars. Actually, as much as 95% of all gold is made in this violent
process like supernova explosions. Immediately in a couple of hours of explosions, a supernova
may reach the brightness level of an entire galaxy. If this happened in our Milky Way galaxy, it
would appear to us like a bright new star has formed and it would be so bright that it would be
visible even during daytime in the sky for a couple of weeks or so. Figure 1 shows an example of
a supernova known as Cassiopeia A at a distance of 10000 light years (left panel). To visualize
the strength of a supernova, an image is shown in the right panel of Figure 1 where the galaxy
image before and after the supernova is shown. The supernova is brighter than the brightness of
the entire galaxy. Please note that the size of supernova is few hundreds of kilometres while the
size of the background galaxy is billions of kilometres.
GOLD IN THE EARTH
So far, we must have guessed that how powerful, violent and energetic supernovae are. The
matter blown off by the shockwave generated by the explosion moves in the space at a velocity
of thousands of kilometres per second. The gravity of the solar system doesn't stand as chance.
This is known as supernova ejecta. The ejecta of a supernova does indeed move at a fraction of
the speed of light (somewhere around the 10% of the speed of light). However, it does not
remain at this speed forever. As the shockwave expands outwards, it creates a shell of material
that is gathering up particles in the medium through which the supernova shell is travelling.
(typical densities of such medium are around one particle in the space of 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm).
Another interesting point to note: although our Milkyway galaxy hosts nearly 250 billions of
stars, a supernova is very rare. How rare is a supernova? On an average, our Galaxy produces
one supernova in 100 years. But there is no worry because like our Milky Way galaxy, we have
billions of galaxies in the sky and galaxies are forming and evolving for last 13 billion years.
Therefore, in the long run, we never run out of the supernova. As a star goes into supernova one
after another, over a long timescale in a galaxy, millions of supernova already happened. Each of
them dumping heavier elements out into the galaxy.
Now how does the supernova material ended up on the planet like Earth? There goes a parallel
interesting story. While the death and explosion of old stars producing heavy metals like gold
and spreading all around the space, in the meantime the formation of new stars and subsequent
planetary systems like our solar system hasn't stopped. The place where new stars are born is
known as ‘star-forming region’. Giant clouds of gaseous molecules are one such promising
place. In the heart of giant molecular clouds throughout the galaxy, mainly Hydrogen gas is
happily collapsing under its gravity into new-generation stars (also known as protostars). Main
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
105 | P a g e
ingredients for the formation of a star system like our solar system are mostly pure hydrogen
with a bit of helium and a very little bit of lithium with the added heavier elements into the mix.
This accelerates star formation in those molecular clouds since massive particles have higher
gravity to pull materials around it. Over millions of years timescale, our sun and in a subsequent
process our Earth has also been formed from one of such giant molecular cloud that hosts heavy
metals like gold in the Milkyway galaxy.
However, the gold we find and dig today on Earth is likely not the primordial gold when the
Earth formed. This primordial ‘terrestrial’ gold is rather concentrated towards the core of the
Earth, as it sank at the early time when the Earth was too hot, and no solid crust existed. Hence
why we're here sitting on sitting on a rock mostly made up of those heavier elements talking
about it.
COLLISION OF TWO STARS: AN ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO
The second candidate for heavy element formation and thus gold creation, are merging neutron
stars, even Black Holes. At the core of the Supernova explosion, a new but very mysterious and
unconventional star born, known as the neutron star. As the name suggests neutron star made of
neutrons. Neutron stars are very dense. If you squeeze our sun into a size of a small city like
Haldia, it would have the same density that neutron stars have. To get another idea, one teaspoon
of the neutron star material would weigh about 10 billion elephants. This insanely heavy dense
earth moves around in space freely two neutron stars approach each other they form a binary
system orbiting each other. An alternate Theory to the supernova explosions for the formation of
gold when two neutron stars in a binary orbit collide with each other due to immense
gravitational pull. An artist impression of two colliding neutron stars is shown in Figure 2.
Considering how many particles ass have merged makes sense few of them will combine, and it
will make quite a bit of gold. The amount of gold such coalitions would produce would be
similar to the mass of the Earth. To be more specific to compare, the amount of gold produced in
one such event can be filled with three trillion oil tankers. Not only gold such collisions also
produce events like Platinum. These events are, however, exceedingly rare. In the whole Milky
Way, such an event happens about every 100,000 years. But Wait it is not the goal that you
imagine it from a neutron star collision you are getting gold in the atomic format it won't make in
your jewellery and your gold teeth. Eventually, it finds a big cloud of particles, becomes colder
and get shaped together by Gravity to form a beautiful solar system and the Earth. On a
favourable condition, these gold particles come together, and the planet applies geological
pressure so that particles will be merged for 1 billion years it becomes something we see with
our naked eyes in the form of jewellery.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
106 | P a g e
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Supernovae and neutron-star mergers are the two most likely scenarios for how gold and the
other heavy elements are synthesized in nature. Which of these is the dominant production site is
an ongoing hot question in astrophysics.
But, how does gold find its way from its production sites in stars to eventually arrive on Earth is
an interesting story. The heavy nuclides that are created in massive stars or their remnants are
ejected during their explosions and expand rapidly into the surrounding interstellar medium.
Thus the interstellar medium is continuously fed with heavy elements synthesised in many stellar
sites and then expelled via such explosive events. A next generation of stars can form from this
mixture of pristine Big Bang material and stellar-processed heavy elements – with a new
nucleosynthesis process triggered in this new star. As a consequence material produced in
massive stars is recycled many times into next generation stars.
Our solar system is the product of dozens of previous star generations all with their individual
nucleosynthesis processes. There is strong evidence, that the collapse and formation of our solar
system itself some 4.6 billion years ago was triggered through one or more close-by supernova-
explosions. When our solar system and Earth formed, the Universe had already been around for
about 9 billion years. Previous stars in conjunction had generated the heavy elements and fixed
also the abundance of gold now present in our solar environment.
Some evidences also indicate that the gold we find on Earth may also originates from meteorites
– built from the same parent material – that bombarded Earth’s surface a few ten to a few
hundred million years later after our planet was formed but, by then, already with a cold crust
surface.
Thus creation of gold relies on a very violent and rare process. In fact, we are all made of stars
(so called stardusts) and moreover, all the gold we love, the gold rings on our fingers, the
jewellery, the gold whose value we see changing up and down in terms of paper money has
experienced much more turbulent times in the past started its journey back to millions of years
during the violent explosion in the heart of a star, maybe billions of miles away from us.
Therefore remember the goal you are wearing today it's actually started its journey billions of
years ago and it make a pretty rough journey to reach you. Whenever you are gifting gold to
someone just say it's not the money that makes it costly, you are gifting them a piece of a star
that died and left all precious metals that we see around us.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
107 | P a g e
########################################################################
Figure 1: Left panel: A composite image of the remaining of a supernova known as Cassiopeia A
as observed by the Chandra X-ray satellite. Different colours in the figure represent the presence
of different elements in the supernova as indicated in the image. Image credit:
NASA/CXC/SAO. Right panel: The image of a galaxy CGCG 089-013 taken twice:
before (top) and after (bottom)the supernova, known as SN1999BE. The supernova was so bright
that it outshines the entire galaxy.
International Journal For Innovative Practice & Applied Research (IJIPAR) ISSN- 2349-8978 Volume - 8 Issue - 8 January to June 2018
108 | P a g e
Figure 2: An artist’s impression of the collision of two neutron stars (stars made with the densest
particles in the universe like neutrons). Such collision is thought to be an alternative origin of the
huge amount of heavy metals like gold. Image credit: Ligo Caltech.