International Journal of Marketing and Technology
(ISSN: 2249-1058)
CONTENTS Sr.
No. TITLE & NAME OF THE AUTHOR (S) Page
No.
1 Threshold effects in the relationship between oil revenues and growth in oil exporting countries.
Mohsen Mehrara and Seyed Mohammad Hossein Sadr 1-19
2 Management of E-Waste- Black to Green.
Dr. D. Sudharani Ravindran, Hari Sundar. G. Ram and M. Sathish 20-33
3 Customer Retention In Nationalised Banks In Erode of Tamilnadu.
Dr. S. M. Venkatachalam and Ms. R. Anuradha 34-67
4 The Use of Visual Cues and Metaphors in Advertising.
Vikram Kapoor 68-84
5 Library Administration Vs Management.
J. B. Parmar and A. B. Parmar 85-98
6 Crisis Management.
Dr. (Mrs.) A. Kumudha and Mr. K. Prabakar 99-110
7 Organizational Competency Management: A Competence Performance Approach.
Dr. A. Kumuudha, K. Prabakar and Benny J. Godwin 111-121
8 Impact of Just-In-Time Production Towards Global Competitiveness Through Competency
Management.
Dr. A. Kumuudha, Benny J. Godwin and K. Prabakar
122-133
9 Data Mining Issues and Key to Success.
Deep Mala Sihint 134-149
10 Synthesis of MCM-41 via different routes.
Ranajyoti Das and Bharat Modhera 150-171
11 Green Marketing – A Bridge Between Consumerism And Conservation.
Richa Arora and Nitin R. Mahankale 172-184
12 An Empirical Study On The Effect of Payment Mechanism For Purchasing Intention – The Moderating
Effect of Consumer Involvement in Selected Product Categories in Vadodara.
CS. Ashutosh A. Sandhe, Dr. Amit R. Pandya and DR. Abhijeet Chatterjee
185-213
13 A New approach to Sensor less vector control of induction motors.
G. Srinivas and Dr. S. Tarakalyani 214-228
14 Eyes Bamboozling the Mind: Use of Optical Illusion in Advertising.
Vikram Kapoor 229-247
15 Perception Of Employees Towards Performance Appraisal In Insurance Sector.
Rita Goyal 248-276
16 Process Improvement of an Organization Enhancing Better Quality System – Applying TQM.
Bhupender Singh, O. P. Mishra and Surender Singh 277-289
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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2011
Chief Patron Dr. JOSE G. VARGAS-HERNANDEZ
Member of the National System of Researchers, Mexico
Research professor at University Center of Economic and Managerial Sciences,
University of Guadalajara
Director of Mass Media at Ayuntamiento de Cd. Guzman
Ex. director of Centro de Capacitacion y Adiestramiento
Patron Dr. Mohammad Reza Noruzi
PhD: Public Administration, Public Sector Policy Making Management,
Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Economics and Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Young Researchers' Club Member, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
Chief Advisors Dr. NAGENDRA. S. Senior Asst. Professor,
Department of MBA, Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering, Moodabidri
Dr. SUNIL KUMAR MISHRA Associate Professor,
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, INDIA
Mr. GARRY TAN WEI HAN Lecturer and Chairperson (Centre for Business and Management),
Department of Marketing, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, MALAYSIA
MS. R. KAVITHA
Assistant Professor,
Aloysius Institute of Management and Information, Mangalore, INDIA
Dr. A. JUSTIN DIRAVIAM
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Sardar Raja College of Engineering,
Alangulam Tirunelveli, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Marketing and Technology http://www.ijmra.us
216
December
2011
Editorial Board
Dr. CRAIG E. REESE Professor, School of Business, St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens
Dr. S. N. TAKALIKAR Principal, St. Johns Institute of Engineering, PALGHAR (M.S.)
Dr. RAMPRATAP SINGH Professor, Bangalore Institute of International Management, KARNATAKA
Dr. P. MALYADRI Principal, Government Degree College, Osmania University, TANDUR
Dr. Y. LOKESWARA CHOUDARY Asst. Professor Cum, SRM B-School, SRM University, CHENNAI
Prof. Dr. TEKI SURAYYA Professor, Adikavi Nannaya University, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
Dr. T. DULABABU Principal, The Oxford College of Business Management, BANGALORE
Dr. A. ARUL LAWRENCE SELVAKUMAR Professor, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, MELMARAVATHUR, TN
Dr. S. D. SURYAWANSHI
Lecturer, College of Engineering Pune, SHIVAJINAGAR
Dr. S. KALIYAMOORTHY Professor & Director, Alagappa Institute of Management, KARAIKUDI
Prof S. R. BADRINARAYAN
Sinhgad Institute for Management & Computer Applications, PUNE
Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR ESADE Business School, Department of Marketing, SPAIN
Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED Software Research Eng, Department of Bioinformatics, GERMANY
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Marketing and Technology http://www.ijmra.us
217
December
2011
Mr. SANJAY ASATI Dept of ME, M. Patel Institute of Engg. & Tech., GONDIA(M.S.)
Mr. G. Y. KUDALE N.M.D. College of Management and Research, GONDIA(M.S.)
Editorial Advisory Board
Dr. MANJIT DAS Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Economics, M.C.College, ASSAM
Dr. ROLI PRADHAN Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, BHOPAL
Dr. N. KAVITHA Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Mekelle University, ETHIOPIA
Prof C. M. MARAN Assistant Professor (Senior), VIT Business School, TAMIL NADU
Dr. RAJIV KHOSLA Associate Professor and Head, Chandigarh Business School, MOHALI
Dr. S. K. SINGH Asst. Professor, R. D. Foundation Group of Institutions, MODINAGAR
Dr. (Mrs.) MANISHA N. PALIWAL Associate Professor, Sinhgad Institute of Management, PUNE
Dr. (Mrs.) ARCHANA ARJUN GHATULE Director, SPSPM, SKN Sinhgad Business School, MAHARASHTRA
Dr. NEELAM RANI DHANDA Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, kuk, HARYANA
Dr. FARAH NAAZ GAURI Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, AURANGABAD
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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December
2011
Prof. Dr. BADAR ALAM IQBAL Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, UP
Dr. CH. JAYASANKARAPRASAD Assistant Professor, Dept. of Business Management, Krishna University, A. P., INDIA
Technical Advisors Mr. Vishal Verma
Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, Ambala, INDIA
Mr. Ankit Jain Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Karnataka, Mangalore, INDIA
Associate Editors Dr. SANJAY J. BHAYANI
Associate Professor ,Department of Business Management, RAJKOT, INDIA
MOID UDDIN AHMAD Assistant Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management, NOIDA
Dr. SUNEEL ARORA Assistant Professor, G D Goenka World Institute, Lancaster University, NEW DELHI
Mr. P. PRABHU Assistant Professor, Alagappa University, KARAIKUDI
Mr. MANISH KUMAR Assistant Professor, DBIT, Deptt. Of MBA, DEHRADUN
Mrs. BABITA VERMA Assistant Professor, Bhilai Institute Of Technology, DURG
Ms. MONIKA BHATNAGAR Assistant Professor, Technocrat Institute of Technology, BHOPAL
Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA Assistant Professor, CSE Department of ITM University, GURGAON
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Marketing and Technology http://www.ijmra.us
219
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2011
A New approach to Sensor less vector
control of induction motors
G. Srinivas
Assistant professor
Gitam University Hyderabad
Dr. S. Tarakalyani
Assoc Professor
J.N.T.U.H Hyderabad
Title
Author(s)
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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2011
Abstract:
Induction motors are used in variable speed drive applications with the development of vector
control technology. There are two forms of vector or field oriented control: direct field
orientation, which relies on direct measurement or estimation of the rotor flux, and indirect field
orientation, which utilizes an inherent slip relation. Though indirect field orientation essentially
uses the command (reference) rotor flux, some recent works using the actual rotor flux are
reported to achieve perfect decoupling Estimation rather than measurement of the rotor flux is an
alternative approach for both direct and indirect field orientation that has received considerable
attention. In this paper the rotor flux and speed control of induction motor is presented using a
novel technique in which the induction motor model in rotor reference frame is considered.
Controllers used for sensor less control of the drive. The estimation technique works well and the
sensor less speed control scheme can achieve fast transient response as good as that of the
induction motor with sensors and at the same time maintain a wide speed control range. This
paper presents work on flux and speed estimation of induction motor by considering the rotor
reference frame of the Induction motor using MATLAB / Simulink.
Index Terms— Induction motor, Kalman filter, Sensor less control, Simulink.
INTRODUCTION:
In a field oriented induction motor drive, the field flux and armature mmf are separately created
and controlled based on the vector coordinate transformations. These projections lead to a
structure similar to that of a DC machine control[1]-[3]. The field oriented control is used in
most of the induction motor drive applications in order to obtain high control performance, but it
needs motor flux position (rotor flux angle) information and utilizes AC excitation voltages for
the current regulation. Current regulation is provided with advanced feedback control methods
based on the current measurements taken at the output of excitation voltages supplied from
voltage source inverter (VSI). The rotor flux angle can be measured by using shaft sensor and
that information is utilized by field orientation scheme. However, as discussed in the current
study, sensor less control algorithms[5]-[8] eliminate the need for a shaft sensor. The induction
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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December
2011
machine drives without the speed sensor are attractive due to low cost and high reliability.
Therefore, flux and speed estimations have become particular issues of the field oriented control
in the recent years. The main advantages of speed sensor less induction motor drives are lower
cost, reduced size of the drive machine, elimination of sensor cable and increased reliability. As
it is stated, for implementing vector control, the determination of the rotor flux position is
required. Two basic approaches to determine the rotor flux position angle have evolved. One of
them is the direct field orientation which depends on direct measurement or estimation of rotor
flux magnitude and angle. From the feasibility point of view, implementation of the direct
method is difficult. The other one is the indirect field orientation which makes use of slip relation
in computing the angle of the rotor flux relative to rotor axis.
The Field Oriented Control (Vector Control) of Induction Machines:
Basically, field oriented control[4],[9] (FOC) is a method based on vector coordinates. The term
“vector” refers to the control technique that controls both the amplitude and the phase of AC
excitation voltage. Vector control is used for controllers that maintain 90° spatial orientation
between the two field components which are d and q co-ordinates of a time invariant system. In a
field oriented induction motor drive, the field flux and armature mmf are separately created and
controlled based on the vector coordinate transformations. These projections lead to a structure
similar to that of a DC machine control. The field oriented control is used in most of the
induction motor drive applications in order to obtain high control performance, but it needs
motor flux position (rotor flux angle) information and utilizes AC excitation voltages for the
current regulation. Current regulation is provided with advanced feedback control methods based
on the current measurements taken at the output of excitation voltages supplied from voltage
source inverter (VSI). The rotor flux angle can be measured by using shaft sensor and that
information is utilized by field orientation scheme. However, as discussed in the current study,
sensor less control algorithms eliminates the need for a shaft sensor. The induction machine
drives without the speed sensor are attractive due to low cost and high reliability. Therefore, flux
and speed estimations have become particular issues of the field oriented control in the recent
years. The main advantages of speed sensor less induction motor drives are lower cost, reduced
size of the drive machine, elimination of sensor cable and increased reliability. As it is stated,
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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December
2011
for implementing vector control, the determination of the rotor flux position is required. Two
basic approaches to determine the
rotor flux position angle have evolved. One of them is the direct field orientation which depends
on direct measurement or estimation of rotor flux magnitude and angle. From the feasibility
point of view, implementation of the direct method is difficult. The other one is the
indirect field orientation which makes use of slip relation in computing the angle of the rotor flux
relative to rotor axis.
Fig.2 Field orientation control of Induction Motor
Field orientation control of Induction Motor
Stator quadrature axis flux linkage
e
= ids/1+τrs
τrs=
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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December
2011
Stator direct axis current reference
Rotor flux position :
)dt
Sensor less Vector Control of Induction Machine:
To implement vector control, determination of the rotor flux position is required. Rotor speed or
position could be measured by a shaft sensor. Moreover, rotor flux position could be taken by
sensing the air-gap flux with the flux sensing coils. The main drawbacks of using speed/position
sensor are high cost, lower system reliability and special attention to noise. Such problems make
sensor less drives popular. The recent trend in field-oriented control [11]-[14] is towards
avoiding the use of speed sensors and using algorithms based on the terminal quantities of the
machine for the estimation of the fluxes. Different solutions for sensor less drives have been
proposed in the past few years. Saliency based fundamental or high frequency signal injection is
one of the flux and speed estimation techniques. A method involving modulation of the rotor
slots results in a salient rotor, and the saliency can be tracked by imposing a balanced, three-
phase, high-frequency set of harmonics from the inverter. An alternative method is to use
saliency caused by magnetic saturation the absolute rotor position can be detected. The
advantage of the saliency technique is that the saliency is not sensitive to actual motor
parameters the rotor speed[10] can be estimated through nonlinear observers alternatively, the
rotor speed can be considered as a parameter and estimated using recursive identification. The
latter method can also be augmented to include machine parameter estimation (inductances,
resistances, and time constants). These methods do not need to rely on harmonics or saliency,
and the hardware requirements are the same as for the digital implementation of vector control,
given that the estimation algorithm is not too complex. Their drawback is that the rotor speed
estimate will be inaccurate if the non-estimated machine parameters are not known..
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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2011
Induction motor modeling:
Fig.2 Induction motor block diagram
Fig.3 Speed and Estimator block
Fig.4 control and logic block
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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2011
Fig.5sensorless vector control induction motor Mat lab/Simulink model
Table.1
Ratings and parameters of induction motors
SIMULATION RESULTS:
Direct Torque Control of Induction machine is simulated on MATLAB or SIMULINK- platform
to study various aspects of the controller. This chapter discusses a realization of difference in
response of induction motor with regular input and the implementation of Direct Torque Control
(DTC) technique.
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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2011
In this Simulink block diagram the induction motor is fed from a balanced three phase supply.
For the induction motor block torque and speed estimation block is added in order to observe
response of an induction motor. The balance three phase supply is converted into the voltages of
the d-q axis components for the estimation of the motor parameters. In the fallowing block only
the subsystems of induction motor and torque & speed estimation block are presented for the
simplicity purpose. From the above simulation results it is observed that the induction motor
parameters can be estimated by simulating the induction motor model equations. Fig 6. shows
the plot between rotor speed versus time. Fig 7-9 shows the estimated value of the induction
motor. For all the results the initial time taken is 2 msec after that it comes to steady state.
Fig.6. rotor torque
Fig.7. stator currents direct axis and quadrature axis (Ids, iqs)
IJMT Volume 1, Issue 7 ISSN: 2249-1058 __________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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December
2011
Fig.8. rotor speed
Fig.9. Rotor currents direct axis and quadrature axis (idr, iqr)
Conclusion:
The estimation of rotor flux and speed of induction motor is presented by the rotor reference
frame model equations by using the flux and speed estimator. The dynamic response of sensor
less speed control is as fast as that of the machine with physical sensors. Sensor less speed
control scheme works for a wide speed control range.
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December
2011
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