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TROPICAL FORESTS, WATER AND
CARBON SEQUESTRATION:Exploring the opportunities to link
mitigation and adaptation to climate change
Daniel MurdiyarsoCenter for International Forestry Research, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Anders Malmer and Ulrik Ilstedt
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, 901 83 Ume, Sweden
International Conference on
Adaptation of Forests and Forest Management to Changing Climate
with Emphasis to Forest Health
Ume, 25-28 August 2008
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Contents
Rationales Co-benefits and the price to pay
Can trees improve infiltrability and streamflow?
Managing risks and trade-offs Conclusions
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Why mitigation-adaptation measuresshould be linked?
Mitigation of climate change (reducing the
sources or enhancing the sinks of GHGs) is
better known and may be used as an entry point Mitigation measures would increase the adaptive
capacity of forest ecosystems and forest-
dependant community
Adaptation to CC is a dynamic development
process, that requires continuous improvement
the vulnerability should be diminished over time
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Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2005
Opportunity for synergies
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Our approach
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A/R CDM:mandatory mitigation measures
UNFCCC
Decision 19/CP.9
Modalities and procedures for
A/R projects under CDM
Decision 14/CP.10
Simplified procedures for small-scale
A/R projects under CDM
The Kyoto Protocol
Article 12
Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM)
Decision 17/CP.7
Modalities and procedures for CDM
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A/R. by UNFCCCs definitions
1990
Reforestat ion is the direct, human-induced conversion of unforestedland to forested land throughplanting, seeding, and/or the human-
induced promotion of natural seedsources on land that had beenforested but was converted tounforested land. For the firstcommitment period, reforestationactivities are limited to lands that didnot contain forest on 31 Dec.1989.
50 years
Afforestat ion is the direct, human-induced conversion of land that hasnot been forested for a period of atleast 50 years to forested landthrough planting, seeding, and/orthe human-induced promotion of
natural seed sources.
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Biomass gains over cropping cycles
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Co-benefits and the price to pay
Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2005
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Potential adaptation measuresin forestry sector
Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2005
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Following A/R trees improve infiltrability
12
12
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
Age
(yrs)
AfterBeforeAfterBefore
2500
2500
1522
1522
850
850
850
850
850
850
1250
1250
1250
1250
Sri Lanka (7 N)
Sri Lanka (7 N)
Cameroon (3 N)
Cameroon (3 N)
Zambia (14 S)
Zambia (15 S)
Zambia (16 S)
Zambia (17 S)
Zambia (18 S)
Zambia (19 S)
Nigeria (7 N)
Nigeria (8 N)
Nigeria (9 N)
Nigeria (10 N)
57
57
5.5
5.5
95
44
37
55
71
119
152
118
95
172
26
29
3
3.3
13
13
13
13
13
13
47
47
47
47
Tectona grandis
T. grandis
Cassia spectabilis + crops
C. spectabilis + crops
Sesbania sesban
Gliricidia sepium
Leucaena leucocephala
Acacia angustissima
Acacia + Sesbania
Gliricidia + Sesbania
G. sepium + crops
Alchornea cordifolia + crops
L. leucocephala + crops
Acioa barterii + crops
Grass
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Crops
Annual
rainfall
(mm)
Country
(Latitude)
Infiltration rate
(mm/h)
Vegetation
Source: Various, summarized in Ilstedt et al., 2007
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Infiltrability under vs. between trees
Faidherbiaparkland
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 120 240 360 480 600 720Time (min)
Infiltrationrate(mm/h)
under
between
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Intensive land-use in the humid tropics
Infiltration rates of different land-uses (mm/h)
Source: Larsson et al., 2005
Natural
Forest
Plantation
forest
Shrub Cropland
489
15642059
608
588
826
3165
273
1015
1254
249
1300
717700
2531
1727
1910
791
415
457
1130230
1241
274
618
895
290
77
277
920594
2203
75
651
96
2167
474
1190 +
1030
1261 +
737
579 +
420
829 +
815
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The role of litter:The quality is essential
a. Open land to Sesbania sesban
b. Open land to Leucaena leucocephala
c. Grassland to Tectona grandis
d. Rehabiltation on tractor tracks under rainforest
Source: Ilstedt et al., 2007
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The role of roots
Land-use determinesinfiltration capacity
Both length and massof fine roots areimportant factors
Dead coarse roots
create macro-poresand potentially providebelow-ground waterconduits
Source: Larsson et al., 2005
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Streamflow: Land-use trajectory is crucial
a. Rainforest toAcacia mangium tropical
(Malmeret al., 2005)
b. Shrubland to Pinus/Eucalypt temperate
(Farley et al., 2005)
c. Old growth Eucalyptto Eucalypt temperate
(Watson et al., 1999)
Annual streamflow
change (mm)
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Managing risks and trade-offs
Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2005
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REDD:an emerging mitigation measure
With REDD
Without REDD
Ref.
period
Crediting period
Reduced emissions
Deforesta
tionrate
Reference
Level
REDDpast future
BAU
Emissionrate
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Conclusions
The A/R definitions may exclude a lot of lands inneed for rehabilitation
High value of REDD could potentially reduce
opportunity for land rehabilitation
Water services are important for the poor in the
tropics and affected by both climate change and
potentially by mitigation efforts too
Current hydrological models used in adaption to CC
may be flawed in the tropics (we do not know
enough the consequences of mitigation measures)