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Introduction
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Lesson Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: • List the features of Oracle10g• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of a
relational database• Describe the Oracle implementation of the RDBMS
and ORDBMS• Understand the goals of the course
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Goals of the Course
After completing this course, you should be able to do the following: • Identify the major structural components of
Oracle Database 10g• Retrieve row and column data from tables with the
SELECT statement• Create reports of sorted and restricted data• Employ SQL functions to generate and retrieve
customized data• Run data manipulation language (DML) statements
to update data in Oracle Database 10g• Obtain metadata by querying the dictionary views
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Oracle10g
Single development
model
Commonskill sets
Reliability Unified management
Scalability Onevendor
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Oracle10g
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Oracle Database 10g
Multimedia
Object relational data
Messages
Documents
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Oracle Application Server 10g
Application development framework
Application server
Business intelligence
Portals
Integration
Transactional applications
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Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Grid Control
• Software provisioning• Application service level monitoring
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Relational and Object RelationalDatabase Management Systems
• Relational model and object relational model• User-defined data types and objects• Fully compatible with relational database• Support of multimedia and large objects• High-quality database server features
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Oracle Internet PlatformSy
stem
man
agem
ent
Network services
Databases Applicationservers
Internet applications
Anybrowser
AnyFTP client
Anymail client
SQL
PL/SQL
Java
Clients
Presentation andbusiness logic
Business logicand data
Developm
ent tools
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System Development Life Cycle
Strategy and
analysis Design
Buildand
documentTransition
Production
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Data Storage on Different Media
Electronic spreadsheet Filing cabinet
Database
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Relational Database Concept
• Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:– Collection of objects or relations– Set of operators to act on the relations– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
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Definition of a Relational Database
A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.
Oracleserver
Table name: EMPLOYEES Table name: DEPARTMENTS
… …
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Data Models
Model ofsystem
in client’smind
Entity model ofclient’s model
Tables on disk
Oracleserver
Table modelof entity model
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• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives:
• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have assigned
employees . . .”
Entity Relationship Model
EMPLOYEE#* number* nameo job title
DEPARTMENT#* number* nameo location
assigned to
composed of
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Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions
Entity• Singular, unique name• Uppercase• Soft box• Synonym in parentheses
Unique identifier (UID)Primary marked with “#”Secondary marked with “(#)”
EMPLOYEE#* number* nameo job title
DEPARTMENT#* number* nameo location
Attribute• Singular name• Lowercase• Mandatory marked with *• Optional marked with “o”
assigned to
composed of
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Relating Multiple Tables
• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).
Table name: EMPLOYEESTable name: DEPARTMENTS
Primary key Primary keyForeign key
…
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Relational Database Terminology
1
23 4
6
5
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Relational Database Properties
A relational database:• Can be accessed and modified by executing
structured query language (SQL) statements• Contains a collection of tables with no physical
pointers• Uses a set of operators
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Communicating with an RDBMSUsing SQL
SQL statement is entered. Statement is sent to Oracle server.
Oracleserver
SELECT department_name FROM departments;
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Oracle’s Relational Database Management System
User tables Data dictionary
Oracleserver
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SQL StatementsSELECTINSERTUPDATEDELETEMERGE
CREATEALTERDROPRENAMETRUNCATECOMMENT
GRANTREVOKE
COMMITROLLBACKSAVEPOINT
Data manipulation language (DML)
Data definition language (DDL)
Transaction control
Data control language (DCL)
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Tables Used in the Course
EMPLOYEES
DEPARTMENTS JOB_GRADES
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Summary
• Oracle Database 10g is the database for grid computing.
• The database is based on the object relational database management system.
• Relational databases are composed of relations, managed by relational operations, and governed by data integrity constraints.
• With the Oracle server, you can store and manage information by using the SQL language and PL/SQL engine.