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"Mother Mosque" Built in 1934, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa,United States, is the longest standing
mosque in North America.
"Q" SourceA hypothetical written collection of sayings of Jesus
defined as the "common" material found in the
Gospels of Matthew and Luke but not in their other
written source, the Gospel of Mark.
"Signs" This empowerment includes the use ofspiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues
and divine healing.
Abbasid Caliphate The third of the Islamic caliphates. The Abbasidcaliphate was founded by the descendants of the
Prophet Muhammad's youngest uncle.
Abdul RahmanA male Muslim given name, and in modern usage,
surname. The name means "servant of the most gracious"
ar-Rahman being one of the names of God in the Qur'an,
which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names.
Abu BakrWas a senior companion and the father-in-law of Islamic
prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun
Caliphate from 632-634 CE when he became the first
Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.
Alexander Russell WebbHe was an American writer, publisher, and the United
States Consul to the Philippines. He converted to Islam in
1888, and is considered by historians to be the earliest
prominent Anglo-American Muslim convert.
AliWas the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet
Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from
656 to 661. A son of Abu Talib,he was also the first
male who accepted Islam.
American Society of MuslimsA predominantly African-American association of Muslims which
was the direct descendent of the original Nation of Islam. It was
created by Warith Deen Mohammed after he assumed leadership of
the Nation of Islam upon the death of his father Elijah Muhammad
Azan The Islamic call to prayer, recited by themuezzin at prescribed times of the day.
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Azusa Street Revival A historic Pentecostal revival meeting thattook place in Los Angeles, California and is
the origin of the Pentecostal movement.
Babylonian Exile The period in Jewish history duringwhich the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of
Judah were captives in Babylonia.
Battle of BadrA turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents
among the Quraysh in Mecca, passed down in Islamic history as a
decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular
sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad.
Bobby Henderson Founder of the Church of
FSM
Born AgainTo undergo a "spiritual rebirth" (regeneration) of the
human soul or spirit from the "Holy Spirit',
contrasted with the physical birth everyone
experiences.
Caliphate Often applied to successions of Muslimempires that have existed in the Middle
East and Southwest Asia.
Calvin's ideasHe objected not only to the church's greed but to the very idea of
indulgences. He did not believe the Catholic Church had the power
to pardon people sins. Rather, he thought that salvation could be
achieved only through God's mercy. No one needed to seek or buy
salvation through the church.
Canon A Christian priest who belongs to one ofcertain chapters. Also the system of laws
and legal principles of the Catholic Church
Catholic Christianity A broad term for describing specific traditions inthe Christian churches in theology and doctrine,
liturgy, ethics and spirituality.
Catholic ChurchThe world's largest Christian church, with 1.2 billion
members. The Catholic hierarchy is led by the Pope
and includes cardinals, patriarchs and diocesan
bishops.
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Catholic ReformationIncluded the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of
priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the
Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their
spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on th
devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ.
Christian GospelsA proclamation of good news, either oral or written, typically
announcing a positive event of public importance, such as victory in
battle, the accession of a king, the death of an enemy, the
deification of an emperor, or victory in the games.
Circle 7 Quran Book of Noble Drew Ali's
teachings
Council of JerusalemDated around the year 50, this group decided that
Gentile converts to Christianity were not obligated to
keep most of the Mosaic law, including the rules
concerning circumcision.
Dead Sea ScrollsA collection of 972 texts discovered between 1946 and
1956 at Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank. They were
found in caves about a mile inland from the northwest
shore of the Dead Sea, from which they derive their name
DhikrEssentially, this practice is a form of prayer in which the Muslim
will express his or her remembrance of God either within or overtly
this may come in the form of recitation or simply always
remembering God in one's heart. The word is commonly translated
as "remembrance" or "invocation".
Early immigrant MuslimsThey may date back to the later 16th century, when
captured Muslim soldiers were deposited on the coas
of North Carolina and elsewhere in the South. Many
came as slaves.
Elijah MuhammadAn African-American religious leader, who led the Nation
of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a
mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali;
and his son Warith Deen Mohammed.
Estevanico Born in Morocco, he was the first knownperson born in Africa to have arrived in the
present-day continental United States.
Evangelicalism A world-wide Protestant Christian historicalmovement that began in the 1730s with the
emergence of the Methodists in England.
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First Muslims in the
Americas
When they first came is unclear. Many historians
claim that the earliest Muslims came from the
Senegambian region of Africa in the early 14th
century.
FundamentalismThe demand for a strict adherence to orthodox
theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction
against Modernist theology, primarily to promote
continuity and accuracy.
The Fundamentals A set of 90 essays in 12 volumespublished from 1910 to 1915 by the Bible
Institute of Los Angeles.
George HensleyAn American Pentecostal minister best known for popularizing the
practice of snake handling. He experienced a religious conversion
around 1910: on the basis of a literal interpretation of scripture, he
came to believe that the New Testament commanded all Christians
to handle venomous snakes.
Gerald GardnerAn English Wiccan who was instrumental in bringing
the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca to public
attention, writing some of its definitive religious text
and founding the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca.
Global Islam (demographics) Islam has 1.62 billion adherents, makingup over 23% of the world population.
Gnostic ChristianityUsed by scholars with a wide variety of meanings and
levels of specificity. Sometimes the term refers only
to those Sethians who used the term to describe
themselves.
Gospel of the FSMA satirical book written by Bobby Henderson that
embodies the main beliefs of the parody religion the
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or
Pastafarianism.
Gospel of Thomas A well preserved early Christian, non-canonicalsayings-gospel which many scholars believe
provides insight into the Oral gospel traditions.
Hadith A saying or an act or tacit approval ordisapproval ascribed either validly or
invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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HajjOne of the largest annually occurring pilgrimages in the
world, and one of the five pillars of Islam, a religious duty
that must be carried out by every able-bodied Muslim who
can afford to do so at least once in his or her lifetime.
Hare Krishna A Gaudiya Vaishnava religious organisation.It was founded in 1966 in New York City by
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.
Hebrew BibleA term used by biblical scholars to refer to the
Tanakh, the canonical collection of Jewish texts,
which is the common textual source of the several
canonical editions of the Christian Old Testament.
HellenizationThe historical spread of ancient Greek culture or
Hellenistic civilization, and, to a lesser extent,
language, over foreign peoples conquered by Greece
or in its sphere of influence.
Hijra The migration or journey of the Islamicprophet Muhammad and his followers
from Mecca to Medina.
Historical JesusReconstructions, which are distinct from the question of the
existence of Him, are based on historical methods including critica
analysis of gospel texts as the primary source for his biography,
along with consideration of the historical and cultural context in
which he lived.
Inerrant Not liable to error
Intelligent DesignA form of creationism promulgated by the Discovery Institute, a
politically conservative think tank based in the United States. The
Institute defines it as the proposition that "certain features of the
universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent
cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."
Islam in the United States
(demographics)
At the highest estimates, the percentage of
Muslims in the United States would
represent about 2 percent of the population.
Islamic Calendar A lunar cycle consisting of 12months in a year of 354 or 355 days
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Islamophobia A prejudice against, hatred towards, orirrational fear of or racism towards
Muslims.
Jalal al-Din RumiPopularly in the English-speaking world he is known simply as
Rumi and was a 13th-century Persian poet, jurist, theologian, and
Sufi mystic. Central Asian Muslims as well as the Muslims of South
Asia have greatly appreciated his spiritual legacy in the past seven
centuries.
Jewish Social Classes The social structure of Judaims is reliant onpeople doing the commandments themselves
and owning their responsibilites.
Jewish/Christian Sects Characterized by combining theconfession of Jesus as Christ with
continued adherence to Jewish practices.
Jews and Christians as
Dhimmi
A book by Bat Ye'or. The book was
first published in French in 1980.
John CalvinAn influential French theologian and pastor during
the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure
in the development of the system of Christian
theology later named after him.
John the Baptist An itinerant preacher and a majorreligious figure mentioned in the
Canonical gospels and the Qur'an.
Khadijah The first wife of the prophet
Muhammad.
Krishna The eighth incarnation of thesupreme God Vishnu in Hinduism.
LevantKnown as the region of Syria or the Eastern
Mediterranean, and is a geographic and cultural
region consisting of the "eastern Mediterranean
littoral between Anatolia and Egypt".
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Literalism The interpretation or translation of theexplicit and primary sense of words in the
Bible.
Louis Farrakhan The leader of the syncretic and mainlyAfrican-American religious movement
the Nation of Islam.
Luther's ideasEmphasized the doctrine of justification by grace through faith.
This emphasis on "faith alone" was a significant shift in
perspective. In particular, it undercut the selling of "indulgences,"
artifacts sold by the church as symbols of religious devotion.
Malcolm X An African-American Muslimminister and human rights activist.
Mark 16:17-18And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall
they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; They shall
take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not
hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover.
Martin LutherA German monk, Catholic priest, professor of
theology and seminal figure of a reform movement in
16th century Christianity, subsequently known as the
Protestant Reformation.
MeccaThe birthplace and site of Muhammad's first revelation of the
Quran. Regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a
pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslim
Also home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest
site, as well as being the center of the Islamic universe.
Medina The second holiest city in Islam afterMecca and the burial place of the Islamic
Prophet Muhammad.
MihrabA semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that
indicates the "qibla" that is, the direction of the
Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims
should face when praying.
Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri The founder of the Bah'
Faith.
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Moorish Science TempleAn American religious organization founded in the
early 20th century by Timothy Drew with messages o
self-determination, personal transformation,
indigenous identity in the Western Hemisphere, etc.
Muezzin The person appointed at a mosque to lead,and recite, the call to prayer for every even
of prayer and worship in the mosque.
MuhammadA religious, political, and military leader from Mecca who unified
Arabia into a single monotheistic religion under Islam. He is
believed by Muslims to be a messenger and prophet of God, and is
almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent
by God for mankind.
Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al
Wahhab
An Arabian Islamic Salafi scholar. His pact with Muhammad bin
Saud helped to establish the first Saudi state and began a dynastic
alliance and power-sharing arrangement between their families
which continues to the present day.
Muslim slaves This group's religion was first developedout of the slavery practices of pre-Islamic
Arabia.
Nation of IslamA syncretic new religious movement founded in Detroit, Michigan
by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad in July 1930. Its' goals are to
improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of
African Americans in the United States and all of humanity.
NeopagansA group of contemporary religious movements
influenced by or claiming to be derived from the
various historical pagan beliefs of pre-modern
Europe.
Noble Drew AliHe was born on January 8, 1886 in North Carolina, USA. Account
of his ancestry variously described him being the son of two former
slaves who was adopted by a tribe of Cherokees or the son of a
Moroccan Muslim father and a Cherokee mother.
OrientalismA term used by art historians and literary and cultural
studies scholars for the imitation or depiction of aspects o
Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures (Eastern
cultures) by writers, designers and artists in the West.
Orthodox Christianity These branches of Christianity express their belief tohave an unbroken connection to the faith, doctrineand practices of the ancient Christian church.
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PaulOriginal name of Saul of Tarsus was a Christian
missionary who took the gospel of Christ to the first-
century world. He is generally considered one of the
most important figures of the Apostolic Age.
PentecostThe Greek name for the Feast of Weeks, a prominent feast in the
calendar of ancient Israel celebrating the giving of the Law on
Sinai. It became a feast commemorating the descent of the Holy
Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ, (120 in
all) as described in the Acts of the Apostles.
Pentecostalism A renewal movement within Christianity that placesspecial emphasis on a direct personal experience ofGod through the baptism with the Holy Spirit.
Philosophy of JesusThe philosophy of being, to epistemology, the
philosophy of knowing, to anthropology the
philosophy of man, and the philosophical ethics and
politics.
Pope Pius IX Born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti,was the head of the Catholic Church from
16 June 1846 to his death in 1878.
Post 9/11 challenges for
American Muslims
Over the past 11 years, American Muslims have fought not
just the hate and stereotypes and the profiling from those
outside the community, we've also had major fights within
the Muslim community.
Protestant ChristianityIt has been defined as "[one] of several church denominations
denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the
Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the
priesthood of all believers, and the primacy of the Bible as the only
source of revealed truth" .
Protestant Reformation The schism within Western Christianity initiatedby John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, John
Calvin, and other early Protestants.
Quran The central religious text of Islam, whichMuslims believe to be the verbatim word
of God.
Rabbinic JudaismBecame the predominant stream within the Jewish diaspora
between the 2nd and 6th centuries, with the redaction of the oral
law and the Talmud as the authoritative interpretation of Jewish
scripture and to encourage the practice of Judaism in the absence o
Temple sacrifice and other practices no longer possible.
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RamadanThe ninth month of the Islamic calendar; Muslims
worldwide observe this as a month of fasting. This
annual observance is regarded as one of the Five
Pillars of Islam.
RestorationismRefers to the attempt to correct perceived
shortcomings of the current church by using the
primitive church as a model to make over early
Christianity.
Roman EmpireThe post-Republican period of the ancient Roman
civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of
government and large territorial holdings around the
Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
SalatThe practice of formal worship in Islam. Its importance for
Muslims is indicated by its status as one of the Five Pillars of Islam
To perform it, Muslims must be in a state of ritual purity, which is
mainly achieved by ritual ablution, according to prescribed
procedures.
Saudi Arabia The largest Arab state in Western Asia by land area,constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, andthe second-largest in the Arab world (after Algeria).
Sawm An Arabic word for fastingregulated by Islamic jurisprudence.
Second Temple Was an important Jewish Holy Temple which stoodon the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the SecondTemple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE.
Second Vatican Council Informally known as Vatican II)addressed relations between the Roman
Catholic Church and the modern world.
Septuagint Is a translation of the Hebrew Bible andsome related texts into Koine Greek.
Serpent HandlersA religious ritual in a small number of Pentecostal
churches in the U.S., usually characterized as rural
and part of the Holiness movement. The practice
began in the early 20th century in Appalachia.
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Shahadah An Islamic creed which declares belief inthe oneness of God and acceptance of
Muhammad as God's prophet.
Shar'ia The moral code and religious
law of Islam.
ShaykhsAn honorific in the Arabic language that literally means "elder" an
carries the meaning "leader and/or governor". It is commonly used
to designate the front man of a tribe who got this title after his
father, or an Islamic scholar who got this title after graduating
from the basic Islamic school.
Shia Muslims Represent the second largest
denomination of Islam.
Social Ethics A major branch of philosophy,encompasses right conduct and good life.
Srila PrabhupadaA Gaudiya Vaishnava teacher and the founder-achary
of the International Society for Krishna
Consciousness, commonly known as the "Hare
Krishna Movement".
Strict Monotheism Someone who believes that there is, alwaysbeen, and always will be only one God, but
disbelieves in the ideology of the Holy Trinity
Sufism The inner, mystical
dimension of Islam.
SunnahThe way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims
on the basis of the teachings and practices of Islamic
prophet Muhammad and interpretations of the
Quran.
Sunni Muslims Is the largest branch of Islam; its adherents arereferred to in Arabic as "people of the tradition of
Muhammad and the consensus of the Ummah".
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TaNaK A name used in Judaism for
the canon of the Hebrew Bible
Umayyad Caliphate The second of the four major Islamiccaliphates established after the death of
Muhammad.
W. D. Fard The founder of the Nation of
Islam.
WahhabismAn ultra-conservative branch of Sunni Islam, (though some people
dispute that a Wahhabi is a Sunni). It is a religious movement
among fundamentalist Islamic believers, with an aspiration to
return to the earliest fundamental Islamic sources of the Quran and
Hadith.
Warith Deen MohammadA progressive African American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher
Muslim revivalist and Islamic thinker who disbanded the original
Nation of Islam in 1976 and transformed it into an orthodox mainstream
Islamic movement, the World Community of Al-Islam in the West which
later became the American Society of Muslims.
WiccaA modern pagan, witchcraft religion. It was developed
in England during the first half of the 20th century
and it was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald
Gardner, a retired British civil servant.
William Seymour An African American minister, and aninitiator of the Pentecostal religious
movement.
ZakatAlms-giving is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based
on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do
so. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to
ease economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality.