ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN THE CONCERNS IN THE
CHILDBEARING CLIENTCHILDBEARING CLIENTDeveloped by Developed by
D. Ann Currie , R.N., M.S.N.D. Ann Currie , R.N., M.S.N.
20122012
ENIVRONMENTAL FACTORSENIVRONMENTAL FACTORS
• EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS AGENTS OR FACTORS
• OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
• HOME
• COMMUNITY
• RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSOCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
• EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS HAZARDOUS AGENTS IN DIFFERENT WORK SETTINGS THAT CAN EFFECT THE INDIVIDUAL,THE DEVELOPING FETUS,THE PREGNANCY’S OUTCOME,NEONATE, AND REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSOCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
• WOMEN ARE A PART OF THE LABOR FORCE
• THE NUMBER OF WOMEN ARE INCREASING IN THE LABOR FORCE BETWEEN 18-64
• WOMEN ARE IN CIVIL AND MILITARY JOBS
• VARIOUS TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS.
EPAEPA
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY- FEDERAL AGENCY.
• IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH MAYBE HAZARDOUS
• INDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
• PROTECTION OF PUBLIC AND WORKERS
EPAEPA
• HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS AGENTS
• STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS AGENTS
• MSDS-MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS-BY LAW EACH COMPANY MUST HAVE THESE AVAILABLE FOR EMPLOYEES TO READ ON EACH CHEMICAL/HAZARDOUS AGENT.
• DEPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
HAZARDOUS AGENTS AND HAZARDOUS AGENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THEIR EFFECTS ON
REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOHALOGENATED HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONSHEAVY METALSHEAVY METALS
ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTSIONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION
PESTICIDESPESTICIDESHERBICIDESHERBICIDES
ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOETHYLENE OXIDE-ETO
• USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL-FOR ANTIFREEZE,POLYESTER FIBER, FILMS, & DETERGENTS.
• USED IN STERILIZING EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOETHYLENE OXIDE-ETO
• USED A FUMIGANT IN MEDICAL PRODUCTS,FOODSTUFFS,IN LIBRARIES,& MUSEUMS
• EXPOSURE- HX OF EXPOSURE DURING ALL STAGES OF CELL DIVISION IS IMPORTANT
• EFFECTS- MAY PRODUCE MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OR SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS
HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS
• USED IN THE LAUNDRY AND DRY CLEANING INDUSTRIES AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES.
• EXPOSURE- OF THE MOTHER OR FATHER TO TERACHOROETHYLENE,VINYL CHLORIDE, CHOROPRENE MAY PRODUCE NEGATIVE EFFECTS.
HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS
• EFFECTS- EXPOSURE TO THESE AGENTS HAVE MUTAGENIC,TERATOGENIC, OR CARINOGENIC EFFECTS.
• MATERNAL &/or PATERNAL EXPOSURE BEFORE PREGNANCY MAY HAVE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PRGNANCY
HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTSHYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS
• EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY CAN HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON THE PREGNANCY OR FETUS.
• LOSS OF PREGNANCY.
• EARLY FETAL DEATH
• SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.
• STILLBORNS
• BIRTH DEFECTS.
HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS.HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS.
• WOMEN ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE EFFECTS OF THESE SUBSTANCES.
• INCREASED RISK OF CANCER IN WOMEN EXPOSED TO THESE AGENTS.
CADMIUMCADMIUM
• USED IN BATTERIES,PIGMENTS/PAINTS, SOLDERING LIQUIDS, SEMICONDUCTORS, PHOTOCELLS, INSECTICIDES, AND FUNGICIDES.
• *cadmium is in cigarettes b/o insecticides used in growing tobacco
CADMIUMCADMIUM
• EXPOSURE ANYTIME DURING PREGNANCY ESPECIALLY IN FIRST TRIMESTER CAN NEGATIVE EFFECTS.
• EFFECTS-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS PREMATURE BIRTHS
• CAN DECREASE MALE FERTILITY
LEADLEAD
• USED IN GASOLINE, BATTERIES,PAINTS, INK, CERAMICS/POTTERY, AMMUNITION, AND TEXTILES.
• EXPOSURE CAN OCCUR IN STAIN GLASS ARTISTS,AUTOMOTIVE&/or AIRCRAFT PAINTERS TOO.
• EXPOSURE AT ANYTIME IN PREGNANCY
LEADLEAD
• EFFECTS-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS PREMATURE BIRTHS,EARLY FETAL DEATHS, FETAL DEATHS,IMPAIRED NEUROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT,COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT(MENTAL RETARDATION)
MERCURYMERCURY
• USED IN MECURY VAPOR LAMPS,PAINT,AND THERMOMETERS.
• EXPOSPURE AT ANYTIME TO AGENT DURING PREGNACY ESPECIALLY FIRST TRIMESTER.
• EFFECT-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS, DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES,AND CP
ORGANIC SOLVENTS- ORGANIC SOLVENTS- BENZENEBENZENE
• USED IN CHEMICAL LABORATORIES.
• EXPOSURE TO AGENTS CAN PRODUCE-TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OR CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS.
• TERATOGENIC EFFECTS CAN HAPPEN DURING EARLY UNDIFFERENTIATION PHASE.
IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION
• USED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTICAL PROCEDURES IN THE HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY
• AIRPORT SECURITY
• SECURITY FOR BUILDINGS.
• X-RAYS…...
IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION
• TIME OF EXPOSURE MAY EFFECT THE PREGNANCY/FETUS
• MAY EFFECT FERTILITY IN BOTH MEN AND WOMEN.
• IF PREGNANT-A WOMENS EXPOSURE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1.5 RAD DURING PREGNANCY.
•
IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION
• EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE-HIGH DOSES- SPONTANEOUS ABORTION, LATE FETAL DEATH, NEONATAL DEATH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, MICROCEPHALY,MENTAL RETARDATION,INCREASE RISK OF CHILHOOD MORTALITY
• INCREASE RISK OF CANCER
IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION
• EFFECTS-DECREASE FERTILITY IN MEN AND WOMEN.
• CHROMOSONAL ABERRATIONS
• LOW DOSES- ALTERED SEX RATIO, CHILDHOOD MALIGANCIES,CHILDHOOD MORTALITY
VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALSVIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS
• ??? DANGER OF VDT IS INCONCLUSVE FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED
PESTICIDES-CHORINATED PESTICIDES-CHORINATED HYDROCARBONS-HYDROCARBONS-
CHLORDANECHLORDANE• USED IN CONTROLLING UNWANTED
INSECTS IN CROPS, HOME, BUSINESS.• FARMWORKERS MAYBE EXPOSED
MORE• EXPOSURE AT ANY STAGE OF
PREGNANCY.• EFFECTS-MUTAGENIC,
CARCINOGENIC,TERATOGENIC.& DECREASE FERTILITY.
HERBICIDES-2T,4T,5THERBICIDES-2T,4T,5T
• USED IN CONTROLLING UNWANTED VEGETATION--WEEDS.
• EXPOSURE IN FIRST TRIMESTER.
• EFFECTS- TERATOGENIC, SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS.
• *agent orange-herbicide used in Vietnam- reproductive problems and other health problems-DM,GI problems, etc.
WASTE ANESTHETIC WASTE ANESTHETIC AGENTS- AGENTS-
HALOGENATED GASESHALOGENATED GASES• USED IN HEALTH CARE AREAS SUCH
AS HOSPITALS/SURGERY,DENTAL OFFICES,VETERINIAN CLINICS FOR ANESTHETIA
• EXPOSURE IN ANY STAGE INCLUDING BEFORE PREGNANCY. * ALSO ALL HEALTH CARE WORKERS SHOULD HAVE CBC, LIVER STUDIES.
WASTE ANESTHETIC WASTE ANESTHETIC AGENTSAGENTS
• EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE-EARLY FETAL DEATHS, ALTERED SEX RATIO,LATE FETAL FETAL DEATHS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHTS,BIRTH DEFECTS,MUTAGENIC,TERATOGENIC,CARCINOGENIC, DECREASED FERTILITY IN MEN
• GASES TEND TO DECREASE B VITAMINS
NOISENOISE
• AMOUNT OR LEVEL ?
• SEEN IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES,HEAVY MACHINERY/EQUIPMENT OPERATION,ENVIRONMENT,AND PERFORMING(ROCK CONCERTS)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_xe1UnaZeg
NOISENOISE
• EXPOSURE-TO MORE THAN 85 DECIBELS(dB),CUMULATIVE EXPOSURE
• UNCERTAIN WHICH TIME IS MOST CRITICAL----POSSIBLY ALL STAGES.
NOISE EFFECTSNOISE EFFECTS
• SGA-GROWTH RESTRICTION
• LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
• PREMATURITY
• CHILD HAVING HIGH FREGUENCY HEARING LOSS
• DECREASED FERTILITY
• SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
• CONGENITAL ABNOMALIES
NOISE LEVELSNOISE LEVELS
• 30DB-QUIET LIBRARY/SOFT WHISPER
• 40DB-QUIET OFFICE/BEDROOM AWAY FROM TRAFFIC
• 50DB-LIGHT TRAFFIC,REFRIGERATOR.
• 60DB-AIR CONDITIONER@20FT.,CONVERSAT- ION,SEWING MACHINE
• 70DB- BUSY TRAFFIC, NOISY RESTAURANT-CONSTANT.
NOISE LEVELSNOISE LEVELS
• 80DB-SUBWAY,HEAVY CITY TRAFFIC,ALARM CLOCK @ 2ft.,FACTORY NOISE-*DANGEROUS IF MORE THAN 8HRS.
• 90DB- TRUCK TRAFFIC,NOISY HOME APPLIANCES,SHOP TOOLS,LAWN MOWER- * DANGEROUS IF MORE THAN 2HRS.
NOISE LEVELSNOISE LEVELS
• 100DB- CHAINSAW, BOILER SHOP PNEUMATIC DRILL- *dangerous if more than 2 hrs.