Kingdom Vegetabilia: plants
Introduction to Botany. Lecture 29
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
November 12th, 2010
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plants
Outline
1 Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Life cycle of mosses
(picture from the board)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Three main groups (subphyla)
Hepaticae—liverworts. Three classes, most primitive areHaplomitriopsida. Body has dorsal and ventral parts,sporogon bag-like, without columella, spores with elaters.Bryophytina—true mosses. Six classes, most importantare Sphagnopsida (peat mosses), Polytrichopsida (haircapmosses) and Bryopsida. Body radial, sporogon long, withcolumella, spores without elaters.Anthocerotophytina—hornworts. One class. Bodyflattened, sporogon long, green, with columella andstomata, spores with elaters.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Haplomitrium gibbsiae, primitive liverwort
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Elaters of liverworts (Lepidozia sp.)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Sphagnum sp. (Bryophyta, Sphagnopsida) withsporogons
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Dawsonia superba (Bryophyta, Polytrichopsida)—thelargest moss with vascular system
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Bryum capillare (Bryophyta, Bryopsida)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Leiosporoceros dussii (Bryophyta,Anthocerotopsida)—primitive hornwort
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Pteridophyta: ferns and allies
≈ 12,000 species and six classesSporic life cycle with sporophyte predominanceGametophyte is often reduced to prothallium (smallhornwort-like plant), some Pteridophyta have male andfemale gametophytesHave true roots (only whisk ferns, Psilotopsida areexception)Homoiohydric plants (same as seed plants)Sporophyte always starts development from embryolocated on gametophyteHave true xylem and phloem, but do not have secondarythickening (exceptions: fossils and extant Isoëtes andBotrychium)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Pteridophyta classes
Subphylum Lycopodiophytina (lycophytes)
Class Lycopodiopsida
Subphylum Pteridophytina (monilophytes)
Class Equisetopsida (horsetails)Class Psilotopsida (whisk ferns)Class Ophioglossopsida (ophioglossalean ferns)Class Marattiopsida (giant, or marattialean ferns)Class Pteridopsida (“true” ferns)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Lycopodiopsida
Four main genera (Huperzia, Lycopodium, Selaginella andIsoëtes) and ≈ 1000 speciesSeparate, microphyllous* lineage of Pteridophyta (allother groups are megaphyllous)Sporangia associated with leaves and often formstrobilus*. Spermatozoon typically with two flagella (like inmosses). Homosporous genera have achlorophyllous,mycoparasitic underground gametophyte.In the past, were dominant trees of Carboniferous tropicalswamp forests (lepidodendrids) and their remains becamea coalTwo genera, Selaginella (spike moss) and Isoëtes(quillwort) are heterosporous.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Tropical lycophyte, Huperzia linifolia
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Phylloglossum drummondii, one of smallest lycophytes
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Aquatic lycophyte Isoëtes sp.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Chicago 300 Million Years Ago (lepidodendrids)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Equisetopsida
Small group of one genus, Equisetum with ≈ 30 speciesLeaves are reduced into scales, stems are segmented,photosynthetic. Have specific stele—artrostele withspecific central, valecular and carinal canals (similar tostele of some grasses)Sporangia associated with specializedleaves—sporangiophores. Spores have attached elaters.Gametophyte minute, usually dioecious but plants arehomosporous
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Strobili and sporangiophores of Equisetum arvense
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Equisetum giganteum
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Equisetum sp. elaters
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Artrostele
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Psilotopsida
Small tropical group of two genera, Psilotum andTmesipteris and 7 speciesHave protostele (like lycophytes), underground long-livedgametophytes but multiflagellate spermatozoa (likehorsetails and all ferns). Sporangia unite into synangia.Leaves may absent (Psilotum) and replaced with enatia.Externally remain fossil rhyniophytes, the oldest extinctPteridophyta
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Hawaiian Psilotum complanatum
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
New Zealand Tmesipteris tannensis with doublesynangium
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Ophioglossopsida
Small group of three genera (Ophioglossum, Botrychiumand Helminthostachys) and ≈ 75 speciesAlways have underground rhizome and abovegroundbisected leaves: one half is the leaf blade and other half issporangiophore. Gametophytes grow undergroundSome (Botrychium, grape fern) have secondary thickeningof underground rhizome.Ophioglossum vulgatum, adder’s tongue fern, has2n = 1360, the largest chromosome number ever.
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Ophiloglossum vulgatum, 2n = 1360 hero
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Helminthostachys zeylanicum (Ophioglossopsida)
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Kingdom Vegetabilia: plantsBryophyta: mossesPteridophyta: ferns and allies
Summary
Bryophyta are only plants with gametophytepredominance.Among Bryophyta, Hepaticae is a most primitive groupclosest to green algae.Pteridophyta consist of two lineages (subphyla):microphyllous lycophytes and megaphyllous molinophytes
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Appendix For Further Reading
For Further Reading
Th. L. Rost, M. G. Barbour, C. R. Stocking, T. M. Murphy.Plant Biology. 2nd edition.Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2006.Chapters 22 and 23.
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