Introduction to MIS 1
Copyright © 1998-2002 by Jerry Post
Introduction to MIS
Chapter 12
Systems Development
Introduction to MIS 2
Systems Development
Operations
Tactics
Strategy
Ent
erpr
ise
info
rmat
ion
syst
emD
ecis
ion
supp
ort
syst
emT
rans
actio
npr
oces
sing
Systems development life cycle
End user development
Prototyping
Introduction to MIS 3
Outline Challenges in Building Information Systems Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Alternatives to SDLC
Prototyping Teamwork Extreme Programming End-User Development
Analyzing Systems Process Analysis Object-Oriented Design Cases: Government Agencies Appendix: Visual Basic
Introduction to MIS 6
$
1998 2001
2002
Runaway Projects Technical measures
2 - 5 times over budget 2 - 5 times behind schedule Missing technical objectives
Design problems Duplication of efforts Incompatibilities User/designer conflicts
Introduction to MIS 7
Cafasso 1994
Success & Failure Reasons for Success
User Involvement Executive management
support Clear requirements Proper planning Realistic expectations
Reasons for Failure Lack of user input Incomplete requirements Changing requirements and
specifications Lack of executive support Lack of technical skills
Introduction to MIS 8
Existing System
Systems Maintenance: Incremental changes
Feasibility &Planning
SystemsAnalysis
SystemsDesign
SystemsImplementationProblems &
ImprovementsNew System
Proposal
Goals & plans
Business requirements
Technical Design
problemsrevisions problems revisions
Systems Development Life Cycle
Introduction to MIS 9
Blue Print/Planning
Development Controls Detailed work plan Performance targets Practices & procedures User input & control
Introduction to MIS 10
Customer Order Entry
Enter Salesperson Data
Enter/Change Customer Data
Enter Items Ordered
Review and Print Forms
Look up Item Numbers
Check Inventory Status
Special Orders
Customer Order Copy
Shipping List
Back Order List
Design Tools Visual Table of Contents
Introduction to MIS 11
Purpose, Classification, Object Orientation, Decomposition
Comparison of Diagrams Data Flow Diagram
Show process and flow of data.
Process No Increasingly detailed levels
of process. Structure Chart or VTOC
Show modules and usage flow.
Module structure No By program structure or
usage steps.
Entity Relationship Diagram Describe Data structures. Yes By entities or object
inheritance.
Introduction to MIS 12
Stage Procedure Approx. Pct. Of Effort
AnalysisFeasibilityRequirementsConceptual Design
5155
DesignPhysical DesignProgrammingProcedure Develop.
202510
Implementation Conversion 15
Maintenance & ReviewReviewMaintenance
5not included
G. Davis and M. Olson, Management Information Systems 1985.
SDLC Effort
Introduction to MIS 13
Education and training
ChangingBusiness operations
Systems Implementation Final testing Involve users Education and training Flexibility Recognize how the system
will affect the business Encourage users to change Implementation plans
Introduction to MIS 14
old new
old
new
newnewnew
new
Direct cutover
Parallel
Pilot
new
Phased
olddept or component 1
dept or component 2
dept or component 3
dept or component 4
store 1
store 2store 3
store 4
Implementation Options
Introduction to MIS 16
SDLC Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages
Control & targets Formality Financial controls User input Documentation Testing Ease of maintenance
Disadvantages Increased costs Increased time Hard for DSS Requires definitions up front Rigid
Introduction to MIS 17
Build Initial Prototype
Use Prototype
Modify PrototypeRequest changes
New Version
MIS Designer
Initial Interview
Process repeats until:
1) User is satisfied2) User and designer give up3) Formal system is built from prototype4) Need for application is removed5) Process never ends
PrototypingUser
Introduction to MIS 18
Prototyping Evaluation Advantages
Get a working system earlier User has more input Designed to be modified
Problems Need 4GL trained MIS staff Too many users Too many analysts Never finish "Loss" of management
control
Best uses Single user Reports Input screens Self-contained applications
Introduction to MIS 19
Object Orientation Properties Methods Inheritance Polymorphism
Business Objects and Processes
Object Orientation
Introduction to MIS 20
Object Classes
Customers
Name
Address
Phone
Change AddressAdd New Customer
Delete Customer
Commercial
Contact
Account Representative
Assign Account Rep Frequent
ContactAccount Representative
Year Started
Assign Account Rep
Individual
Object
Properties/Attributes
Methods/Functions
Object Example
Introduction to MIS 21
SDLC versus Object Oriented
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Requirements Analysis Design Implementation
% t
ime
SDLC
Object Oriented
SDLC v. Object Oriented
Introduction to MIS 22
Events Methods Objects
SaleRecord Sale
Update Inventory
Notify Customer Service
Transaction LogAccounts & LedgersInventoryCustomersEmployees (commissions)
InventoryOrder/JIT
Notify Suppliers
Schedule Payment
Accounts & LedgersSuppliersShipping/Receiving
Installation& Maintenance
Objects & Events
Introduction to MIS 25
End-user Development Advantages
Faster Cheaper Get what you want
Disadvantages/Problems Lack of documentation Individual/personal differences Pre-packaged software limitations Takes User time
Introduction to MIS 26
End-user DevelopmentWhen to Call for Help
Many people use the system PC versus central computer Need documentation Individual user differences Need to train users
Commercial software limits User time is expensive Mission critical application
Additional testing Many modifications Need security & control
Need to integrate Use corporate data Tie to existing software Connect to network
Database Integrity Avoid duplicate data Changes to corporate data
Introduction to MIS 27
Who Should Develop Systems? MIS
Size: Many users Complexity: Different
departments Long development time
SDLC large project controls Cost of user time
Critical Information Major changes to central
data base Formal testing
Expensive hardware Formal feasibility Compatibility
Specialized knowledge
End User One-time code Can purchase pre-packaged
solutions Highly trained users
How Can MIS Help? Easy access to
data/database Advice and help Testing & quality control Training & tutorials Support/Help Center
Introduction to MIS 28
SDLC RAD Objects JAD Prototyping End User
Control formal MIS standards joint user user
Time frame long short any medium short short
Users many few varies few one or two one
MIS staff many few split few one or two none
Trans./DSS Trans. both both DSS DSS DSS
Interface minimal minimal Windows crucial crucial crucial
Document.& Training vital limited in objects limited weak none
Integrity &Security vital vital in objects limited weak weak
Re-usability limited some vital limited weak none
Choosing Methodologies
Introduction to MIS 29
Basic Systems
Input Process Output
A Systems Approach to Process Analysis Systems
Input, Process, Output Divide and Conquer Goals and Objectives Control and Feedback Diagramming Systems Common Systems Problems
Introduction to MIS 30
System boundary: The Zoo
MembersDonorsVisitors
Other Zoos
EducationVisitor Counts
EducationalMaterials
BabyAnimals
Registration Papers
Health DataTheZoo
Money
SuppliersRequests& Comments
Animal FeedInvoices
Introduction to MIS 31
Subsystems: The Zoo
AnimalCare
Donor &Public
Relations
ManageFacilities
ProduceManagement
Reports
ManageHuman
Resources
Introduction to MIS 33
Data Flow Diagram Objects
External Entity
Data Flow
Feedback and Control Data
External Entity
Process
Data Store (file)
Data Flow
Feedback and Control Data
Introduction to MIS 34
The Zoo: Level 0public/
zoo visitors donors
zoo boostermembers
1donor and
public relations
2produce
mgt. reports3
managehuman
resources
4animalcare
5managefacilities
other zoos& breeders
certificationagenciesmanagement
money &requests
PR datareceiptsetc.
public requests
needs & budgets animal requests
health research
maintenanceschedule
maint. &buildingrequest
specialist request
employeeschedule
specialist request
emp. schedule
emp. reports
employees
animal status
hours,benefits,etc.
pay data, requests
receipts
Usagereports
Managementreports
Introduction to MIS 35
The Zoo: Level 1public/zoo visitors
donorszoo boostermembers
1.2handledonor
requests
1.1produce PR & outreachprograms
1.3org. boosterservices &meetings
1.4track needsand donorprograms
1.5produce
accounting& reports
adopt an animalfiles
receipts
money &comments
PR datareceiptsetc.
money &requests
newsletternotices, etc.
money &suggestions
boosterrequests
needs &plans
public requests
needs & budgets
needs & plans
donorrequestsdonor
lists
expenses & budget
money, data,visitor statistics
accountingreports
public requestsanimalneeds
Introduction to MIS 36
Systems: Data Dictionary Processes
Animal Care Description Donor & Public Relations . . . Employee Relations . . .
Entities Certification Agencies . . . Donors . . .
Data Accounting Reports . . . Certification Reports . . .
Introduction to MIS 38
System Problems
Do not include data flows between external entities. Drop the line or make one of the entities internal.
A process cannot invent data. It must have a data flow coming in to it.
A process cannot be a black hole--data must flow out of the process. Maybe it should be a file instead.
Manufacturer Customer
Sell ProductsInvoices sales receipt
orderspurchase orders
warranty registration
Modify Reports
weekly report
daily sales
Save Reports
Store reports
Inventory list
Introduction to MIS 39
Boundaries
DistributeEducational
Materials
CreateEducational
Materials
Visitors
Problem Boundary
Problem: Shortages of Educational Materials
Zoo system boundary
Introduction to MIS 40
Common Systems Problems
Defective subsystems Wrong Data Errors in Data Missing feedback and
control Not responding to
environment
ReceiveOrders
CheckCustomer
Credit
CheckOrders
for Errors
Introduction to MIS 41
IdentifyingCause
& Effect
donorszoo boostermembers
money &requests
public requests
needs & budgets
adopt an animalfiles
money &suggestions newsletter,
notices,etc.
donor listsdonor requests
needs &plans
needs &plans
booster requests
expenses & budget donor list &animal needsanimal needs
& plans
ProblemsSome animal budgets have excess $Some animal budgets have no money
1.2Handledonor
requests
1.3Booster
services &meetings
PR datareceiptsetc.
1.4Track needs
& donorprograms
Introduction to MIS 42
Object name:
Object attributes/properties:
Object functions/methods:
Interest RateMonthly Fees
Pay InterestCompute ChargesPrint Quarterly Statement
Number Beginning BalanceName Ending BalanceClient Current BalanceManager Interest RateDate Opened
Open Acct Accept DepositsClose Acct Withdrawal
Pay Interest
Lowest Balance in MonthBad Check ChargesAuthorized Signature
Print Monthly StatementSend Bad Check NoticePay InterestBudget Saver
Savings
Account
Checking
Money Market
Senior Citizen CD Fixed Fee
Student
Volume
Object-Oriented Design Encapsulation Object Hierarchies Inheritance Polymorphism
Introduction to MIS 43
Rolling Thunder Order Entry Process
Bicycle
BikeParts
BikeTubes
Components
Order EntryClerk
Customer
Retail Store
Retail data
Customer
Choices
BikeSizes
Est. si
zes
Pricing
Select
Select
New order
Introduction to MIS 44
Rolling Thunder Manufacturing Process
Bicycle
BikeParts
BikeTubes
Components
TubeMaterial
QOH
FrameAssembler Painter
Installer
Install
Build P
aint
Inst
all
QOH
Customer
CustomerTransaction
Ship
Introduction to MIS 45
Rolling Thunder Purchasing Process
PurchaseOrder
PurchaseItemsPurchase Order
Employee
Rec
eive
ComponentsQOH
Dock employeeManufacturer
ManufacturerTransaction
Payable
Introduction to MIS 46
Some Classes for Rolling ThunderCustomer
CustomerIDPhoneFirstNameLastNameAddressZIPCodeCityIDBalanceDue
CustomerBicycle
SerialNumberCustomerIDModelTypePaintIDFrameSizeOrderDateStartDateShipDateShipEmployeeFrameAssemblerPainterConstructionWaterBottle…CustomNameLetterStyleIDStoreIDEmployeeID…
CustomerBikeTubes
SerialNumberTubeNameTubeIDLength
BikeParts
SerialNumberComponentIDSubstituteIDLocationQuantity…
Manufacturer
ManufacturerIDManufacturerNameContactNamePhone…
Components
ComponentIDManufacturerIDProductNumberRoadCategoryLengthHeightWidthWeightDescriptionListPriceEstimatedCostQuantityOnHand
1
**
1
*
*1
1
1*
Introduction to MIS 49
Cases: Federal Aviation AdministrationInternal Revenue Service
What is the company’s current status?
What is the Internet strategy?
How does the company use information technology?
What are the prospects for the industry?
www.faa.gov
www.irs.gov
Introduction to MIS 50
Appendix: Visual Basic Programming Logic
Computations Variables Internal functions
Conditions Loops Input Output
Math functionsAbs Absolute valueAtn Arc TangentCos CosineExp ExponentialFix Returns integer portionInt Converts to integerLog LogarithmRnd Random numberSgn Signum (-1, 0, 1)Sin SineSqr Square rootTan Tangent
String functionsStrComp Compare two stringsLCase, UCase Convert to lowercase or uppercaseLen Find length of a stringFormat Format a stringInStr, Left, LTrimMid, Right, RTrim, Trim Manipulate strings.
Introduction to MIS 51
VB: ConditionsIf (condition) Then
statements if true
Else
statements if false
End If
If (Sales > 1000) Then
Bonus = 100
Else
Bonus = 0
End If
Select Case Customer
Case Customer = ‘Corporate’
Discount = 0.05
Case Customer = ‘Government’
Discount = 0.10
Case Else
Discount = 0.01
End Select
Introduction to MIS 52
VB: Loops
total = 0For month = 1 To 12
total = total + SalesForMonth(month)Next month
month = 1sales = 0Do Until (sales > 100000)
sales = sales + SalesForMonth(month)month = month + 1
Loop
Introduction to MIS 53
VB: Input and OutputCould use: InputBox, MsgBox, and Printer object.
Generally just use data in the application.
In this example, the form collects the data and displays the result.
Introduction to MIS 54
VBA: Excel ExampleSub Macro1()' Keyboard Shortcut: Ctrl+Shift+U For Each c In Selection c.Value = PCase(c.Value) Next cEnd Sub
Function PCase(txt)' Convert a text value to proper case Dim i As Integer txt = LCase(txt) Mid(txt, 1, 1) = UCase(Mid(txt, 1, 1)) i = 2 Do While (i > 0) And (i < Len(txt)) i = InStr(i, txt, " ") If (i > 0) And (i < Len(txt)) Then Mid(txt, i + 1, 1) = UCase(Mid(txt, i + 1, 1)) i = i + 1 End If Loop PCase = txtEnd Function
ALTA 143SNOWBASIN 154BRIGHTON 113PARK CITY 115DEER PARK 120SOLITUDE 137
Alta 143Snowbasin 154Brighton 113Park City 115Deer Park 120Solitude 137