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Introduction to Oracle9i : SQL Ravi Tejaswi Dhulipalla
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Agenda of the Today¶s session
SQL Intro
SQL Select
SQL Where
SQL Insert
SQL Update
SQL Delete SQL Order By
SQL AND & OR
SQL IN
SQL Between
SQL Alias
SQL Join
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SQL Introduction
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Objectives
SDLC
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Strategy and Analysis
Study and analyze the business requirements. Interview users and managers toidentify the information requirements. Incorporate the enterprise and application
mission statements as well as any future system specifications. Build models of the system. Transfer the business narrative into a graphical
representation of business information needs and rules. Confirm and refine themodel with the analysts and experts.
Design
Design the database based on the model developed in the strategy and analysis phase.
Build and Document
Build the prototype system. Write and execute the commands to create the tables andsupporting objects for the database.
Develop user documentation, Help text, and operations manuals to support the use
and operation of the system.
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Transition
Refine the prototype. Move an application into production with user acceptance testing, conversion of existing data, and parallel operations. Make anymodifications required.
Production
Roll out the system to the users. Operate the production system. Monitor its performance, and enhance and refine the system.
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Data: Pieces of information are called data .
Data Base : A database is an organized collection of information.
DBMS: To manage databases, you need database management systems
(DBMS). A DBMS is a program that stores, retrieves, and modifies data in
the database on request.
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Data Models:
Models are a cornerstone of design. Engineers build a model of a car to workout anydetails before putting it into production. In the same manner, system designersdevelop models to explore ideas and improve the understanding of the databasedesign.
Purpose of Models
Models help communicate the concepts in people¶s minds. They can be usedto do the following:
Communicate
Categorize
Describe
Specify
Investigate Evolve
Analyze
Imitate
The objective is to produce a model that fits a multitude of these uses, can beunderstood by an end user, and contains sufficient detail for a developer to build adatabase system.
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Entity: A thing of significance about which information needs to be known.
Examples are departments, employees, and orders.
Attribute: Something that describes or qualifies an entity. For example, for
the employee entity, the attributes would be the employee number, name,
job title, hire date, department number, and so on. Each of the attributes is
either required or optional. This state is called optionality.
Relationship: A named association between entities showing optionality and
degree. Examples
are employees and departments, and orders and items.
E
R Model :An Entity Relationship (ER) model is an illustration of variousentities in a business and the relationships between them. An ER model is
derived from business specifications or narratives and built during the
analysis phase of the system development life cycle
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Benefits of ER Modeling:
Documents information for the organization in a clear, precise format
Provides a clear picture of the scope of the information requirement
Provides an easily understood pictorial map for the database design
Offers an effective framework for integrating multiple applications
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Guidelines for Primary Keys and Foreign Keys
You cannot use duplicate values in a primary key.
Primary keys generally cannot be changed.
Foreign keys are based on data values and are purely logical, not physical,
pointers.
A foreign key value must match an existing primary key value or else be
null.
A foreign key must reference either a primary key column.
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Objective
Select
Where
Insert Update
Delete
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Describe Table Structure
Describe <table name>;
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Manipulating Data
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SQL JOINS
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Using the SQL: 1999 syntax, you can obtain the same results as were shown inthe prior pages.
In the syntax:
table1.column - Denotes the table and column from which data is retrieved
CROSS JOIN - Returns a Cartesian product from the two tables
NATU
RAL JOIN - Joins two tables based on the same column name JOIN table
USING column_name - Performs an equijoin based on the column name
JOIN table ON
table1.column_name -Performs an equijoin based on the condition in theON clause
= table2.column_name LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER
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Thank you
Reach me at [email protected]
