7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
1/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
2/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
T u j t f e f F i r c z
Bevbsbnjh yhtBevbedbnjh
]lh Bs j fkbd Lhr b tfah c i t lhKfrcce s fem tlh He s jfvhm
Fi r b dfes be Ofk f bdf
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
3/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
Dcpyrbalt Tujtfef Fircz
]lh rbalt ci Tujtfef Fircz tc nh bmhetbibhm fs futlcr ci
tlbs wcrg lfs nhhe fsshrthm ny lhr be fddcrmfedh wbtl shdtbce 11 fem1< ci tlh Dcpyrbalt, Mhsbaes fem fthets Fdt !" 4fdfujhy unjbslhrs )tm#
.= Dfefmf T8ufrh
Dfefry 9lfri
)cemce
!* =)(
rbethm > (cuem be rhft (rbtfbe
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
4/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
5/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
6/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue
(Kfy tlh Tuprhkh Drhftcr Njhss fjj tlcsh wlchxthemhm lhjp)
Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue04fy Fjjfl rhwfrm ycu6 tc fjj tlcsh
wlc h2themhm tlhbr lhjp be fey &feehr tc mhdcestrudt fem
rhdcestrudt tlh dcestrudthm pfst be hstfnjbslbea tlh 'sjf&bd
pfrfmba& be ?f&fbdfe lbstcry#
7hsphdtiujjy, ' sfy, Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc Mr# Tfjhlf
4fl&ccm, Mbrhdtcr ci tlh 'estbtuth ci 4usjb& 4becrbty
Fiifbrs, )cemce, :;# 5$hr tlh yhfrs, tlh bethreftbcefjjy
rhputhmOcurefj ci Kusjbk Kbecrbty Fiifbrsci tlh 'estbtuth lfspunjbslhm sh$hrfj frtbdjhs rh$hfjbea tlh lbmmhe 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah
ci ?f&fbdf# ' tlfeg tlhOcurefjicr nhbea tlh tcrdlnhfrhr ci f
ehw bethrprhtb$h lbstcry ci ?f&fbdf#
't bs wbtl arhft fm&brftbce, ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbruetc
4r# /frrug (be# 4ulf&&fm Fnmujjfl 0]lcrcjm Mh4hrdfmc6
icr lbs h2dhjjhet fem wcemhriuj arfplbd mhsbaes icr tlh nccg#
3cur wcrg sphfgs ci ycur arhft mhptl ci bethjjhdtufj
dcedhptufjbzftbce ci tlh hetbrh rhshfrdl# 9btlcut ycur
dcetrbnutbce, tlh wcrg wcujm nh jfdgbea tlh fpphfj femhetlusbfs& ci tlh rhfmhrs# 3cur wcrg rh&bems &h ci ycur
wcrms, @' wbjj eh$hr icrab$h ycu bi ycu mc ect jht &h mc tlh
dc$hr icr ycur nccg# 'emhhm, ycu lf$h mceh &crh tlfe tlh
dc$hrN ycu lf$h jhit ycur &frg ce h$hry dlfpthr, ehhmjhss tc
&hetbce tlh hmbtbea ci tlh dlfpthrs# 4fy ycu nh rhwfrmhm
icrh$hr
fjhrbh Mb2ce, ec rhwfrm bs arhfthr tlfe tlh ceh irc&
^fnnuj Fjfkbe 0)crm ci tlh 9crjms6# ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
7/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
Glfbruetc ycu icr nhbea wbtl &h sbedh tlh jfst mhdfmh nctl be
accm tb&hs fem nfm# 9btl ycu fem ycur lusnfem, Fj$be Mb2ce,
' lf$h trf$hjjhm ifr fem wbmh be ?f&fbdf, up tlh lbjj fem mcwe
tlh lbjj, betc tlh nuslhs fem ce tlh lbalwfys shfrdlbea cut
'sjf&bd trfmbtbces fem bestbtutbces, tfgbea pbdturhs ci sbaepcsts,
jbsthebea tc jcdfj mbfjhdts fem crfj thstb&cebhs, fjj wbtl tlh fb&
ci icrtbiybea tlh 'sjf&bd pfrfmba& be ?f&fbdfe lbstcry# %h$hr
icr f &c&het, mbm ycu mcunt ycur 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah fs f
mhsdhemhet ci tlh arhft 4frcces# 3cur rcjh fs f @mh$bjHs
fm$cdfth dlfjjheabea &y ibembeas lhjphm &h tc strheatlhe &y
mhihesb$h frau&hets# ]c ycu, ' cwh, f sbedhrh @tlfeg ycu icr
tlh arhft pfrt ycu pjfyhm be lcstbea tlh twcImfy sy&pcsbu& cetlh 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces be ?f&fbdf be .--- ft tlh
%crtlhre Dfrbnnhfe :eb$hrsbty, 4femh$bjjh, ?f&fbdf# 3cu
bebtbfthm tlh punjbd mbsdcursh ce f ehw bethrprhtftbce ci
?f&fbdfe lbstcry, ceh tlft nrbeas prbmh fem mbaebty tc tlh
phcpjh ci Firbdfe crbabe, f lbstcry wlbdl sphfgs ci
hejbalthe&het ci tlh Firbdfes# ]c Fj$be Mb2ce, ' sfy Ofzfg
FJJFL Glfbrue# Mhjbaltiujjy, ycu fddc&pfebhm fjhrbh tc
tfgh &h h$hrywlhrh ' wfethm tc ac icr &y rhshfrdl# 4y
icctwcrg be tlh ?f&fbdfe thrrfbe wcujm ect lf$h nhhe pcssbnjhwbtlcut ycu twc arhftIlhfrthm phcpjh, fjhrbh fem Fj$be
]c 4rs# bjhhe (bf&ny, ' h2prhss &y mhhphst fpprhdbftbce
icr pfbestfgbeajy hmbtbea &y &feusdrbpt# 3cu frh f truh
bespbrftbce tc &fey ci us wlc dry @wcji ft tlh s&fjjhst ci
mbstrhss# 3cu frh &y thfdlhr fem bt bs lfrm icr &h tc heu&hrfth
tlh &fey tlbeas tlft ' lf$h jhfret irc& ycu# ' wbjj rh&h&nhr
ycu wbtl fm&brftbce fem fmcrftbce# 3cu stbjj lf$h f jct tc ab$h
tc lu&febty#Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue!
' cwh f sbedhrh Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc Afihz
4clf&&fm Fnmuj 9fllfn icr aubmbea &h tlrcual tlh Acjy
LurHfe tc pbdg tlh rbalt $hrshs be crmhr tc futlhetbdfth &y
rhshfrdl ibembeas# %h$hr mbm ycu ifbj tc rhdbth fem dbth tlh
$hrshs icr djfrbibdftbce# 3cur rhfmbehss fem ycur f$fbjfnbjbty
wbtl lu&bjbty fem f s&bjh cr f jfual &fmh &y mfuetbea tfsg
hfsy# 3cu lf$h lhjphm &h tc icrtbiy &y frau&hets wbtl tlh
Mb$beh 7h$hjftbce#
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
8/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
F lhfrtbhstOfzfg FJJFL Glfbruetc Tlhbgl 4usf ]bBfeb
icr h2thembea tc &h lbs lhjp be trfesjftbea tlh ef&hs ci tlh
Tpfebsl fem Firbdfe 4frcce jhfmhrs# 3cu fjwfys jbsthehm tc
&h wbtl pftbhedh fem dfj&ehss fem lhjphm &h tc icr&ujfth &y
tlcualts wbtl spbrbtufj besbalt wlbjh h2f&bebea tlh 'sjf&bd
trfmbtbces ci tlh Firbdfe ?f&fbdfe phcpjh# 3cur 3crunfe
nfdgarcuem fem ycur sdlcjfrslbp be Frfnbd fem 'sjf&bd stumbhs
&fmh &h &crh dceibmhet be dcemudtbea &y rhshfrdl wbtl ycur
lhjp#
]c &y LurHfebd fem Frfnbd thfdlhr, Tbsthr )hbjf Fiifeh, '
sfy wbtl f s&bjhOfzfg FJJFL Glfbrue# 3cu frh &y thfdlhr
fem ' eh$hr ihjt h&nfrrfsshm tc dfjj ce ycu icr djfrbibdftbce ciFrfnbd thr&s cr icr suaahstbces ci Frfnbd thr&s be jbhu ci
eajbsl wcrms# 3cu fjwfys fpprcfdlhm &y 8uhrbhs wbtl f
shesh ci lu&cur fem lu&bjbty# 3cu lhjphm &h dlccsh &fey ci
tlh thr&s icr sc&h ci tlh tbtjh pfahs#
rcihsscr hrheh Tlhplhrm, &y dcjjhfauh, ' cwh ycu f
sbedhrh tlfeg ycu icr be$btbea &h tc bethreftbcefj dceihrhedhs
fem jcdfj prhshetftbces tc h2pcsh &y wcrg ce tlh 'sjf&bd
lhrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces be ?f&fbdf# /cr ycur fpprhdbftbce ci f
ehw bethrprhtb$h lbstcry ci ycur lhrbtfah, ' sfyOfzfg FJJFLGlfbrue#
Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbruetc tlh 'sjf&bd Dujturfj Dhetrh fem
tlh Dhetrfj 4fsBbm ci )cemce icr lf$bea f whhgIjcea
h2lbnbtbce ce &y wcrg tbtjhm Bsjfk be Ofkfbdf? Irck
Dcjuknus tc tl rset be .--
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
9/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
&y sh&befr prhshetftbces icr punjbd mbsdcursh# ]lrcual tlh
'estbtuth, tlh FirbdfeIDfrbnnhfe Mbfspcrf be tlh :; nhdf&h
fwfrh ci tlbs lbmmhe fsphdt ci tlhbr lhrbtfah#
4yrf Tf&&frf, ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue icr puttbea
&y wcrg ce ycur whnsbth, jcea nhicrh ycu gehw &h# 3cur
mbjbahet sdrutbey fem ycur fm$bdh tc strheatlhe &y frau&hets
wbtlcut h&ctbce sphfg ci ycur wbsmc& fem gecwjhmah fem tlh
urahedy tc mhnueg tlh &ytls be lbstcry# 3cur mhihedh ci &y
wcrg rh$hfjs ycur jc$h icr tlh"bbe, 'sjf
]c &y uedjh fem fuet, Mr# 9flbmIuzIOf&fe fem 7fnbf
Of&fe wlc trhfthm &h fs tlhbr mfualthr fem &fmh &h &cst
dc&icrtfnjh murbea &y $bsbts tc )cemce icr rhshfrdl femprhshetftbces ft $frbcus bestbtuths fem dhetrhs, ' sfy f wfr&
fem lhfrtyOfzfg FJJFL Glfbrue# (ctl ci ycu lf$h tfualt &h
sc &udl fncut 'sjf& tlrcual jcea mbsdussbces# Fnc$h fjj, '
dlhrbsl tlh nccgs, wlbdl ycu lf$h ab$he &h tlrcual tlh yhfrs,
&fgbea &h fwfrh ci tlh jfthst jbthrfturh ny 'sjf&bd sdlcjfrs#
]c &y pfrhets, rcihsscr Mr# 4ulf&&fm Fnmuj Fzbz fem
%ur ?flfe (hau&, ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrueirc& tlh dcrh
ci &y lhfrt icr dujtb$ftbea be us tlh nhst ci 'sjf&bd $fjuhs, @mc
accm fem icrnbm h$bj, ihfrbea eceh nut F))FA 0T9]6 femfnbmbea ny tlh thfdlbeas ci rcplht 4ulf&&fm 0TF96# 3cu
lf$h h8ubpphm us wbtl tlh nhst f$fbjfnjh hmudftbce tc &hht tlh
dlfjjheahs ci tlh h$hrIdlfjjheabea wcrjm# 4fy h$hry njhssbea
fddruhm irc& tlbs wcrg nh rhwfrmhm tc nctl ci ycu, b&&heshjy
fem hthrefjjy
]c &y nrctlhr, Afsfe 4fl&um 'ne Fzbz, ' sfy f sbedhrh
Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue# 3cu lf$h nhhe f mhjbaltiuj bespbrftbce
tc nrhfgbea mcwe tlh wfjjs ci ifjshlccm fem uplcjmbea tlh
]rutl# ' fjsc fdgecwjhmah ycur hmbtbea ci &y wcrg# Ofzfg
FJJFL Glfbrue tc &y sbsthrs, Tujtfef Mbjrunf Fzbz fem
Tujtfef 4fliuzf Fzbz icr tlhbr hemjhss hedcurfah&het fem
bespbrftbce tc nrbea tlh wcrg tc irubtbce# Mbjrunf, &y cjmhr
sbsthr, ycu lf$h lhjphm &h trh&hemcusjy be slfpbea &y
cwhrcbet wcrg ce 'sjf&, fem 4fliuzf, &y ycueahr sbsthr,
ycu fjwfys bespbrh &h spbrbtufjjy# 4fy ycu twc sbsthrs nh
hemjhssjy rhwfrmhm
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
10/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
Tbsthr 7fuslfefl 4uwwfggbj, ycu lf$h bespbrhm &h
tlrcual tlh yhfrs tc rh$hfj tlh mbstcrtbces wlbdl pjfauh ycur
lbstcry fem tc rhdcestrudt tlh trutl fncut tlh arhftehss ci ycur
icrhiftlhrs, tlh 4usjb&s ci 9hst Firbdf# F sbedhrh Ofzfg
FJJFL Glfbrue, tc ycu, Tbsthr 7fuslfefl#
F wfr& fem f lhfrtihjt Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc 4r#
Tfbiuj 'sjf& icr &fgbea frrfeah&hets icr &y jcea rbmhs betc
tlh dcuetrysbmh icr tlh mhjb$hry ci jhdturhs tc sdlccjs ce 'sjf&
be ?f&fbdf# 3cu eh$hr ifbjhm tc ghhp fey ci &y rh8uhsts# 4fy
ycu nh rhwfrmhm irc& tlbs wcrg
7hnhddf Ttfpjh, ycu ibjjhm &y lcush wbtl jfualthr fem
af$h &h Bcy fem bespbrftbce tc dc&pjhth &y wcrg# /cr ycurh$hryIlcur dlhdgIup ce lcw ' wfs mcbea fem ycur hiicrt tc
ftthem tc tlh sjbalthst prcnjh& ' lfm wbtl &y jfptcp, ' sfy f
wfr& fem fiihdtbcefth tlfeg ycu# Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue,
7hnhddf
]c fjj tlcsh wlc lhjphm &h be tlh $frbcus jbnrfrbhs, tlh
unjbd 7hdcrms 5iibdh, )cemce, :;, tlh 4fbe )bnrfry ci tlh
:eb$hrsbty ci tlh 9hst 'embhs, tlh %ftbcefj Frdlb$hs ci
?f&fbdf fem tlh 'estbtuth ci ?f&fbdf, ' cwh ycu fjj f $hry
sphdbfj tlfeg ycu#Ofzfg FJJFL GlfbrueOfzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc tlh futlcrbtbhs ci tlh Dfrbnnfe
#ufrtrjyicr tfgbea tlh bebtbftb$h tc nrbea tlh lbmmhe trutl tc
bts rhfmhrs#
]c &y drbtbds, ' wbsl tc stfth tlft ycur drbtbdbs&s af$h &h
strheatl fem mhthr&beftbce tc rh$hfj tlh hejbalthehm trutl ci
tlh icrhiftlhrs ci tlh phcpjh ci ?f&fbdf ci Firbdfe crbabe#
Abstcry bs cphe tc ehw bethrprhtftbce wbtl tlh rh$hjftbce ci
ehw scurdhs fem rh$cjutbcefry sdbhetbibd &htlcmcjcabhs sudl
fs M%F# 't bs tlh lbstcrbfesH belhrhet rbalt tc rh$hfj tlh trutl
fem &hht tlh dlfjjheahs ci tlh rhfdtbcefrbhs# ' jhf$h &y drbtbds
wbtl tlh icjjcwbeaG
9h cualt ect tc nh h&nfrrfsshm ci fpprhdbftbea tlh
trutl fem ci cntfbebea bt wlhrh$hr bt dc&hs irc&, h$he
bi bt dc&hs irc& rfdhs mbstfet fem eftbces mbiihrhet
irc& us# %ctlbea slcujm nh mhfrhr tc tlh shhghr ci tlh
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
11/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
trutl tlfe tlh trutl btshji, fem tlhrh bs ec mhthrbcrftbce
ci tlh trutl, ecr nhjbttjbea hbtlhr ci ceh wlc sphfgs bt
cr dce$hys bt#
0Fnu 3usui 3fH8un FjI;bemb, "tl Dhetury 4usjb&
lbjcscplhr, Tdbhetbst, 4ftlh&ftbdbfe, Dlh&bst fem
lysbdbfe dbthm irc& Tfjb& ]# T# FjIAfssfeb 0Dlbhi
mbtcr6, $%%$ Be&etbces? Kusjbk Lrbtf' be (ur
)crj*, 4fedlhsthr, :;G /cuemftbce icr Tdbhedh
]hdlecjcay fem Db$bjbzftbce, .--+, p# "=#6
Tujtfef Fircz
4cef, ;beastce,
?f&fbdf, 9#'#
.-!!
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
12/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
rcjcauh
]lh Mhdcestrudtbce fem ^hdcestrudtbce ci tlhDcestrudthm fst
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
13/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
]lh urcphfe rhbae ci thrrcr be Firbdf tlft nhafe sunsh8uhet
tc tlh hem ci 4usjb& rujh be tlh 'nhrbfe hebesujf be !*".,
dcetbeuhs tcmfy be tlh wcrjmwbmh @wfr ce thrrcr sbedh .--!#]lh +udrf Kfssf 0f thr& ushm ny tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes tc
&cdg tlh wlbth pjfetftbce &fsthrs be ?f&fbdf6 ci tlh twhetyI
ibrst dhetury frh tlh ciisprbea ci tlh +udrf Kfssf ci
yhsthryhfr#!]lh acfjs ci yhsthryhfr belhrhetjy rh&fbe tlh sf&h
J tlh mh$hjcp&het ci tlh whsthre wcrjm ft tlh h2phesh ci tlh
rhscurdhs ci Firbdf fem Fsbf# 9lbjh lu&fe jfncur wfs
h2pjcbthm icr tlh &fbethefedh ci tlh pjfetftbce hdcec&bhs be
tlh F&hrbdfs jhfmbea tc tlh bemustrbfjbsftbce ci tlh whsthrewcrjm nhtwhhe tlh ibithhetl fem tlh hbalthhetl dheturbhs, tlh
sur$b$fj fem shdurbty ci tlh cbjInfshm db$bjbsftbce ci tlh
mh$hjcphm dcuetrbhs ft prhshet mhphems ce tlh dcetrcj ci tlh cbj
fem efturfj afs mhpcsbts ci Fsbf fem Firbdf# ]lh nrutfj stcrbhs,
tlh facebhs fem suiihrbeas hemurhm ny tlh $bdtb&s ci yhsthryhfr
fem ci tcmfy frh icr tlh &cst pfst lbmmhe irc& bethreftbcefj
punjbd mbsdcursh fem mhnfth# ]lhy frh pcrtrfyhm fs tlh
Kuedb$bjbshmH, mh$cbm ci mhdcru& fem lu&fe mbaebty femwbtlcut fey shesh ci eftbcefjbs& cr pftrbctbs&, wlbjh tlh
phrphtrftcrs ci tlh drb&h frh mhpbdthm fs nhehifdtcrs ci
db$bjbsftbce, dfrrybea tlh nhfdce ci mh&cdrfdy fem tlh
prbedbpjhs ci irhhmc& fem h8ufjbty ifr fem wbmh# ]lh stcrbhs ci
lhrcbs& fem $fjcur ci tlh $bdtb&s ci whsthre h2pjcbtftbce be
tlh twhetyIibrst dhetury rh&fbe lbmmhe uemhr tlh jfnhj ci
@thrrcrbs& fem @fdts ci thrrcr, jbgh tlh stcrbhs ci Firbdfe
sf$fahry fem cnhfl ci tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes# ]lhsh fdts ci
lcjcdfust fem ahecdbmh frh Bustbibhm ny whsthre &bjbtfry
prcwhss uemhr tlh aubsh ci @tlh wlbth &feHs nurmhe tc db$bjbsh
tlh uedb$bjbshm, @tlh sur$b$fj ci tlh ibtthst, fem @prhh&ptb$h
strbgh# Tudl fdts jfdg jhafj mhdhedy nut frh sfedtbcehm ny tlh
6+udrfbs f mbstcrtbce ci tlh Frfnbd thr&s ushm be tlh Acjy LurHfe tc
mhecth tlh icssbjbzhm scujs ci &he wlc dcesbmhr tlh&shj$hs tc nh shjiIsuiibdbhet# Thh tlh Acjy Lurfe, urft Fj-+f.frfl, icr tlh spbrbtufj
hsshedh ci tlh thr&+f.frfl#
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
14/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
bethreftbcefj crafebsftbces J tlh )hfauh ci %ftbces fem bts
suddhsscr tlh :ebthm %ftbces fem tlh 'ethreftbcefj Dcurt ci
?ustbdh J icr&hm ny tlh whsthre b&phrbfj dcjcebfj pcwhrs tcdcjjhdtb$hjy pjuemhr tlh whfjtl ci tlh mh$hjcpbea wcrjm be tlh
ef&h ci &fbetfbebea bethreftbcefj shdurbty#
9btl whsthre lhah&cebd rujh sbedh tlh ibithhetl dhetury,
tlh dcestrudthm pfst ci tlh Firbdfe Mbfspcrf be tlh F&hrbdfs
lfs nhhe f stcry ci &ytl fem ifjshlccm ci urcphfe dcjcebfj
lhrcbs& nfshm ce frrcafedh fem prbmh, wrbtthe fem tcjm ny tlh
urcphfes wlcsh scdbhtbhs rh&fbehm cejy dujturfj fem hetbtbhs
fem eh$hr rhfdlhm tlh stfth ci lbal &frg db$bjbsftbce,
dlfrfdthrbshm ny bethjjhdtufj hejbalthe&het fem &fthrbfjprcarhss# ]lhbr &balt bs &bjbtfry prcwhss nfshm ce ncrrcwhm
sdbhedh fem thdlecjcay fem ect dujturfj suphrbcrbty nfshm ce
fdgecwjhmah&het ci lu&fe mbaebty fem tcjhrfedh ci eceI
whsthre dujturhs# ]lhbr fdts ci nfrnfrbty fem sf$fahry fafbest
tlhbr $bdtb&s whrh rhdcrmhm fs fdts ci db$bjbty fem tlhbr b&phrbfj
dcjcebfjbs& fs @b&phrbfjbs& ci rbalthcusehss# hrphtrftcrs ci
drb&h fafbest lu&febty h&hrah fs mbsdc$hrhrs, lu&febtfrbfes,
hejbalthehm nhehifdtcrs fem spcescrs ci fncjbtbce be tlh
mcdu&hetftbces ci tlh ciibdbfjs wlbdl lf$h beijuhedhm tlh
sdlcjfrslbp ci nctl tlh urcphfes fem tlh ciisprbea ci tlhbr
$bdtb&s wlc lf$h uemhraceh tctfj trfesicr&ftbce# %c ceh wfs
tlhrh tc dlfjjheah tlh trutl ci whsthre lbstcrbcarfply fem
lbstcrbdfj wrbtbeas#
]lh stcrbhs ci tlh $bdtb&s ci urcphfe hesjf$h&het J tlh
9hst Firbdfe 4usjb&s, tlhbr accm tb&hs fem nfm fem tlhbr
sbedhrh mh$ctbce tc tlh Tuprh&h Drhftcr, ^fnnuj-Fjfkbe, lf$h
ect nhhe ue$hbjhm h$he ny tlh &cst sbedhrh mhsdhemfets ci tlhhesjf$hm Firbdfe 4usjb&s# 7ftlhr tlh $bdtb&s J tlh 4usjb&s
ci 9hst Firbdf J lf$h nhhe jfnhjjhm fs tlh bebtbftcrs fem
dcjjfncrftcrs ci tlh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be Firbdfes# /cr tlh
&cst pfst, hesjf$h&het mbm ect fjjcw tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh tc
jhf$h nhlbem tlhbr wrbtthe rhdcrms, ecr whrh tlhy fjjcwhm tc
thfdl tlhbr dlbjmrhe# Ahrcbs& fem fdts ci $fjcur fem mhdhedy ci
tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh whrh &bsdcestruhm ny tlh prhBumbdbfj
urcphfes fem pheehm tlrcual tlh jheshs ci cnhfl fem
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
15/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
wbtdldrfit# ]lbs urcphfe phr$hrsbce ci tlh Firbdfes lfs eh$hr
nhhe fmh8ufthjy dlfjjheahm ny tlh ciisprbea ci tlh hesjf$hm
Firbdfes wlc lf$h uemhraceh tctfj &htf&crplcsbs ny whsthre
dujturh fem urcphfe Dlrbstbfe nhjbhis, nfshm ce rhdcI7c&fe
dujturh, wlbdl frh ifr mbiihrhet irc& tlh crbabefj thfdlbeas ci
rcplht ?hsus bne Kfryfk 0sce ci 4fry6 be jbeh wbtl tlh
&cectlhbs& ci rcplht Fnrflf ]lh jfdg ci 'sjf&bd
sdlcjfrslbp fem tlh prhBumbdh fafbest 'sjf& fem tlh 4usjb&s ft
jfrah, bestbjjhm ny tlh fpfj futlcrbtbhs fem tlhbr fsscdbfths, frh
nfrrbhrs tc tlh dcestrudtbce ci tlh truh bmhetbty ci tlhbr pfst#
Tdlcjfrslbp lfs ifbjhm tc fttrbnuth 'sjf& ft tlh dcrh ci tlh
Firbdfe uebty tc rhsbst hesjf$h&het fem hstfnjbsl lu&fembaebty# 7hpuaefetjy, tlh h$bjs ci cnhfl fem wbtdldrfit frh tlh
mhibebea hjh&hets ci Firbdfeehss be tlh wrbtbeas ci tlh Firbdfe
Mbfspcrf futlcrbtbhs J tlh urcphfe dcestrudts tc phrphtufth
tlh dcestrudthm &ytls fem jhahems#
]lh mhdcestrudtbce ci tlh dcestrudthm pfst ci tlh Firbdfe
Mbfspcrf rh$hfjs fe hejbalthehm stcry ci tlh Firbdfes, stfrtbea
wbtl tlh 4ccrs irc& FjIFemfjusbf wlc pjfyhm fe lbstcrbd rcjh
be tlh fm$heturcus $cyfahs ci Dcju&nus, jhf$bea tlhbr &frg
ny dfjjbea tlh 9hst 'embhs, tlh Dfrbnnhfe# Dfrbn, fe Frfnbdthr& &hfes KehfrnyH cr KehbalncurbeaH# 't bs lbaljy prcnfnjy
tlft tlh bsjfems be tlh 9hst 'embhs nhbea sc ehfr tc hfdl ctlhr
whrh ab$he tlh ef&h Dfrbnnhfe ny tlh 4ccrbsl ef$baftcrs, tc
bedjumh fjj tlh bsjfems be tlh rhabce# Tb&bjfr bs tlh rh$hjftbce ci
tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes# ]lh &fBcrbty whrh ci 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah
cr lfm dc&h uemhr sc&h mharhh ci 'sjf&bd beijuhedh be 9hst
Firbdf icr fj&cst f tlcusfem yhfrs prbcr tc tlh bebtbftbce ci tlh
]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be Firbdfes#
]lh prhshet wcrg lfs tlrhh pfrts, ef&hjyG frt 5ehG ]lh
stfnjbsl&het ci tlh 'sjf&bd frfmba& be ?f&fbdf, 9hst 'embfe
AbstcryN frt ]wcG ]lh 'sjf&bd Ahrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces be
?f&fbdfN fem frt ]lrhhG ]lh esjf$hm 4usjb&s ce tlh
jfetftbces be ?f&fbdf#
frt 5eh dcetfbes sh$he dlfpthrs fem ftth&pts tc hstfnjbsl
tlh 'sjf&bd pfrfmba& be ?f&fbdf fem 9hst 'embfe lbstcry fem
lhrbtfah# Ft tlh prh&bsh ci tlh mhdcestrudtbce ci tlh
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
16/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
dcestrudthm pfst, bs tlh 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah ci FjIFemfjusbf fem
9hst Firbdf, wlbdl icr&s tlh ahehsbs ci tlh &fBcrbty ci tlh
icrhiftlhrs ci tlh prhshet mfy phcpjh ci Firbdfe lhrbtfah be
?f&fbdf# ]lh wcrg ftth&pts tc mhdcestrudt tlh hstfnjbslhm
dcestrudtbce ci tlh pfst, wlbdl bs nfshm ce ciibdbfj mcdu&hets,
hddjhsbfstbdfj rhdcrms, &bssbcefry rhpcrts, trf$hjjhrsH fddcuets,
pjfethr lbstcrbfes, hmbthm efrrftb$hs fem mbfrbhs ci f ihw
hesjf$hm phcpjh# Drbtbdfj fefjysbs ci dceth&pcrfry lbstcry
rh$hfjs fe fdgecwjhmah&het ci tlh prhshedh ci hesjf$hm
4usjb&s be tlh pjfetftbces, nut tlh h&plfsbs bs ce fedhstrfj
wcrslbp fem ce htlebdbty ny sunsh8uhet 9hst 'embfe
sdlcjfrslbp#Dlfpthrs twc fem tlrhh be frt 5eh, bjjustrfth tlh lbal
pcbets ci 'sjf&bd db$bjbsftbce fem bts dcetrbnutbce tc uslhrbea be
&cmhre urcph fem tlh rcjh pjfyhm ny 'sjf& be 9hst Firbdf
fem %crtl Firbdf be tlh sprhfm ci jbthrfdy, h2pfesbce ci trfmh
fem tlh hstfnjbsl&het ci f jhafj suppcrt systh& upce wlbdl
rhsthm tlh dhetrfjbshm pcjbtbdfj uebts, rhsphdtb$hjy# ]lh
mhdcestrudtbce prcdhss mbs&bsshs tlh @uedb$bjbshm dcestrudthm
pfst ci tlh irhh fem tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes fem be bts pjfdh
h&hrahs tlh b&fah ci hejbalthehm dujturhm Firbdfes, fem$fjbmfths tlh djfb& tlft 'sjf& sprhfm be 9hst Firbdf phfdhiujjy
tlrcual trfmhrs, &bssbcefrbhs fem farbdujturbsts# ]lh rhshfrdl
rh$hfjs tlft tlh prhmc&befedh ci 4usjb&s be 9hst Firbdf fem
tlhbr h&plfsbs ce tlh pursubt ci sdlcjfrslbp fem jhfrebea, fem
tlhbr mbsrhafrm icr f stfembea fr&y fem f &bjbtfry icrdh &fmh
tlh& hfsy prhy tc tlh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh# Tb&bjfr wfs tlh
sbtuftbce be fjIFemfjusbf 4usjb& gbeamc&s fem '&phrbfj Dlbef
wlbdl suddu&nhm tc whsthre &bjbtfry &balt nhdfush ci tlhbr
bemujahedh be sdlcjfrslbp fem dujturh fem ehajhdtbea tc nubjm
fe fmh8ufth mhihedh systh& nfshm ce &bjbtfry lfrmwfrh tc
mhihem db$bjbsftbce irc& tlh &frfumbea urcphfe pcwhrs#
Drbtbdfj h2f&beftbce ci tlh ifdtcrs rhspcesbnjh icr tlh
&htf&crplcsbs ci tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh fem tlhbr ciisprbea
h2pcsh tlh spbrbtufj ahecdbmh dfrrbhm cut ny tlh Dlrbstbfe
dlurdl be bts pcjbdy ci prcsjhtbsftbce ci tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh
tlrcual icrdhiuj nfptbs& fem Dlrbstbfe hmudftbce# ]lh mhftl ci
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
17/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
tlh ibrst ahehrftbce ci hesjf$hm 4usjb&s fem tlh jfdg ci
'sjf&bd sdlcjfrslbp fmmhm tc tlh prcdhss ci tctfj
trfesicr&ftbce ci tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes irc& nhbea 4usjb&s tc
tlhbr ciisprbea, dfjjhm drhcjhs, nhdc&bea mcdbjh Dlrbstbfes#
9lbjh tlh dcestrudthm pfst pcrtrfys tlh phrphtrftcrs ci tlh
]rfesftjfetbd trfmh fs spcescrs ci fncjbtbce, tlh mhdcestrudtbce
rh$hfjs tlh rcjh pjfyhm ny tlh 4usjb& jhfmhrs ci 9hst Firbdf
be dlfjjheabea tlh urcphfe sjf$h trfmhrs tlrcual stfth fr&bhs
icr&hm fs f rhsujt ci tlh/blf*df&pfbaes ci tlh jfth hbalthhetl
fem ebehthhetl dheturbhs icr tlh pcjbtbdfj uebibdftbce ci tlh
irfa&hethm scdbhtbhs# ]lh whfjtl ci 4caluj 'embf fem '&phrbfj
Dlbef lf$h nhhe nrcualt betc tlh h8uftbce icr f nhtthruemhrstfembea ci tlh uemhrjybea ifdtcrs icr tlh fncjbtbce ci tlh
pjfetftbce systh& nfshm ce tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes, wlbdl wfs
ec jceahr prcibtfnjh icr tlh bemustrbfjbsftbce ci (rbtfbe fem
urcph#frt ]wc mhdcestrudts tlh hstfnjbslhm 4frcce lbstcry#
5rfj thstb&cebhs fem prh$fjhet bestbtutbces rh$hfj tlh 'sjf&bdlhrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces, mbs&bssbea tlh hstfnjbslhm ectbce ci4frcces nhbea fedhstrfj wcrslbpphrs mhhp betc tlh prfdtbdh ci
cnhfl# F&cea tlh &fey iuemf&hetfj 'sjf&bd trfmbtbcesprhshet be 4frcce scdbhtbhs sudl fs tlh 'sjf&bd prfyhr arcuemJ tlhOuku0flAcjh, &feehrbs&, if&bjy prfdtbdhs, fem tlh jfemsysth& nfshm ce tlh 'sjf&bd prbedbpjhs ci spcbjs ci wfr, sphfgci tlh 4frcces fs jb$bea h2f&pjhs ci 'sjf&, whjjI$hrshm be tlhmbdtfths ci tlh Acjy LurHfe# ]lrcual 4frcce jhfmhrslbp,'sjf& dlfjjheahm tlh icrdhs ci beBustbdh fem hstfnjbslhm tlhmbaebty ci tlh scuj tlrcual trhfty rbalts wbtl tlh mhihfthm(rbtbsl futlcrbtbhs#
]lh stumy hems wbtl tlh mhdcestrudtbce ci tlh stcry ci tlhhesjf$hm phcpjh be tlh pjfetftbces be ?f&fbdf# /cr tlhrhdcestrudtbce ci f trutliuj pfst, ceh wlbdl hstfnjbslhs tlh truhbmhetbty ci tlh Firbdfe Mbfspcrf sth&&bea irc& tlh]rfesftjfetbd trfmh, tlh sdlcjfrslbp pheehm ny tlh hstfnjbslhmfutlcrbtbhs ci tlh whsthre wcrjm ce tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes lfsnhhe &beuthjy mbsshdthm tlrcual tlh jhes ci 'sjf& femdcrrcncrfthm wbtl 'sjf&bd trfmbtbces prh$fjhet tlrcualcut tlhdcuetry# ]lh wcrg slcws lcw tlh 'sjf&bd tlrhfm wc$he
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
18/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
tlrcual tlh mb$hrsh htlebd Firbdfe arcupbeas, &hjthm fwfy tlhmbiihrhedh, mbssb&bjfrbtbhs fem mbstbedtbces, fem ncuem tcahtlhrtlh belhrhet hjh&hets ci scdbfj dclhsbce, fem dc&&cefjbtbhs beif&bjy pftthres fem scdbfj ehtwcrgs# ]lh mhihedh ci tlh mbaebtyci tlh scuj ci tlhsh hmudfthm hesjf$hm 4usjb&s irc& 9hstFirbdf be ?f&fbdf uebthm tlh& be tlh pursubt ci f dc&&ce acfjci dlfjjheabea cpprhssbce# ]lh mbaebty ci tlh scuj ci tlhhesjf$hm Firbdfes wfs hstfnjbslhm, nut tlh jfdg ci 'sjf&bdsdlcjfrslbp fem sdlcjfrs &fmh tlh mhsdhemfets ci tlh Firbdfe4usjb&s cnjb$bcus tc 'sjf
]lh h&hrabea rhdcestrudthm lbstcry tlrcual tlhmhdcestrudtbce ci tlh dcestrudthm pfst betrcmudhs ehw thr&s
fem dcedhpts be tlh lbstcrbcarfply ci tlh 9hst 'embhs# ]lhshthr&s frh Frfnbd be crbabe fem tlh dcedhpts frh tlh ueb$hrsfjjyfddhpthm 'sjf&bd prbedbpjhs nfshm ce tlh Acjy LurHfe fem tlhthfdlbeas ci rcplht 4ulf&&fm 0TF96# ]lh thr&s femdcedhpts lhjp h2pjfbe tlh 'sjf&bd icr& ci wcrslbp, nhlf$bcurfjfttbtumhs, if&bjy pftthres fem prfdtbdhs, tlh pcjbtbdfj systh&,jfem cwehrslbp, fem tlh efturh ci rhsbstfedh tc nrbea fe hem tctlh cpprhssb$h hesjf$h&het systh& be ?f&fbdf#
]lh wcrg rfbshs bssuhs, wlbdl frh icr iurtlhr 8uhst icr
sdlcjfrslbp fem mbsdcursh ifr nhycem tlh urcphfehejbalthe&het fem jhfrebea nut ce h2pfemhm ajcnfj $bsbce femjhfrebea#
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
19/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
F!] "#H
!stf"jbslbe# tlh $sjfkbd frfmb#k be %fkfbdfefem &hst $embfe 'bstcry
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
20/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
$lf%thr &
]lh $ebedb"bjbty ci $sjfk be %fkfbdfe fem &hst$embfe 'bstcry
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
21/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
7hshfrdl ce 'sjf& be ?f&fbdf bs f lu&njh nhabeebea jfybea tlh
icuemftbce icr mhhphr fefjyshs fem uemhrstfembea ci tlh
4usjb&s, nctl irhh fem hesjf$hm irc& fjIFemfjusbf, Tpfbe, fem
9hst Firbdf, wlc cddupbhm f ueb8uh fem mc&befet pjfdh
wbtlbe tlh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be Firbdfes# ]lh shhm ci 'sjf&
scwe ny tlh 4usjb&s irc& fjIFemfjusbf, ft ibrst fs &frbehrs ci
Dcju&nusHs mbsdc$hry hetcurfah fem, sunsh8uhetjy, fs
hesjf$hm 4ccrs, arfmufjjy prcpfafthm tlrcual tlh hesjf$hm
4usjb&s irc& 9hst Firbdf betc tlh pjfetftbce hdcec&y ci
?f&fbdf# ]lh gecwjhmah, thdleb8uhs fem sgbjjs nrcualt ny
tlhsh 4usjb&s betc tlh %hw 9crjm dcetrbnuthm hecr&cusjy tc
tlh mh$hjcp&het ci 9hsthre db$bjbzftbce, &cst ci wlbdl lf$hnhhe ehajhdthm be rhdcrmhm lbstcry# 9lbjh slbppbea fem
dc&&hrdbfjbzftbce ci 9hsthre urcph fem tlh F&hrbdfs
prcsphrhm muh tc tlh b&&hfsurfnjh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be
Firbdfes icr fj&cst ib$h luemrhm yhfrs, farbdujturfj sdbhedh
fem fnc$h fjj, bemustrbfjbzftbce ci tlh 9hst cwh tlhbr arcwtl
fem mh$hjcp&het tc tlh fppjbdftbce ci sdbhedh fem thdleb8uhs
ci Firbdf nrcualt ny tlh hesjf$hm# ]lh plysbdfj jfncur ci tlh
hesjf$hm Firbdfes, tlh &fBcrbty ci wlc& whrh, h$bmhetjy, ci
'sjf&bd lhrbtfah, drhfthm tlh dfpbtfj fem hdcec&bd whfjtl citlh 9hst#
]lh efturh ci tlh struaajh cr rhsbstfedh 0/blf*6dfrrbhm cut
ny tlhsh hesjf$hm 4usjb&s fafbest tlh fnc&befnjh sjf$h
systh& mbiihrhm uemhr mbiihrhet dbrdu&stfedhs# 4fey tccg
ijbalt cr rfe fwfy 0lb/rf6 irc& tlh pjfetftbces fem icr&hm tlhbr
cwe dc&&uebty 0ukkfl6, gecwe fs 4frcce dc&&uebtbhs, f
ihfturh tlhe dc&&ce be tlh %hw 9crjm pjfetftbce hdcec&y#.
5phe sjf$h nhjjbahrhedbhs ce tlh pjfetftbce hstfths be ?f&fbdf
duj&befthm be fe bsjfemIwbmh rhnhjjbce be !7bdlfrm rbdh 0hm6,Kfrcce cdbtbs? ^nj jf& Dckkuebtbs be tl
Fkrbdfs, (fjtb&crh fem )cemceG ?cle Acpgbes :eb$hrsbty, !""+, bs f
dc&prhlhesb$h stumy ci tlh 4frcce Tcdbhtbhs be tlh %hw 9crjm#
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
22/23
BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH
fb&hm tc mhstrcy tlh phrebdbcus sjf$h bestbtutbce, wlbdl mhebhm
tlh hesjf$hm tlh mbaebty ci tlh scuj# Tudl besurrhdtbces dfrrbhm
cut ny tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes, wlbdl whrh dc&&ce tlrcualcut
tlh (rbtbsl 9hst 'embhs, pcshm shrbcus shdurbty prcnjh&s fem
faarf$fthm tlh fjrhfmy ifjthrbea pjfetftbce hdcec&bhs# ]lh
&bjbtfry befmh8ufdbhs ci tlh (rbtbsl 7hm Dcfts be tlh ifdh ci
tlh 'sjf&bd spbrbt ci tlh hesjf$hm 4usjb&s tcahtlhr wbtl tlh
ifbjbea pjfetftbce hdcec&bhs dc&phjjhm tlh b&phrbfj (rbtbsl
ac$hre&het tc nrbea fe hem tc sjf$hry be ?f&fbdf fem be tlh
(rbtbsl 9hst 'embhs be !
7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz
23/23
P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI
]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]
tlh 'sjf&bd dujturh ci tlh arhft 4calujs lfs fjsc herbdlhm tlh
jbihstyjhs ci ?f&fbdf fem tlh 9hst# 'e$hstbaftb$h rhshfrdl ce
'sjf& be ?f&fbdf bs he$bsfahm tc strheatlhe tlh 'sjf&bd
pfrfmba& be tlh stumy ci tlh Mbfspcrf be ?f&fbdf fem ny
h2thesbce be tlh wbmhr 9hst 'embhs fem tlh F&hrbdfs#
]lh prhshedh ci 'sjf& be tlh icr& ci h2bstbea lbstcrbdfj
bestbtutbces fem $hrefdujfr dujturh be f prhmc&befetjy njfdg
Dlrbstbfe dcuetry bs fe hyhcphehr tc rhshfrdlhrs wbtl 'sjf&bd
nfdgarcuems tc uehfrtl tlh stcry ci tlh luemrhms ci tlcusfems
ci 4usjb&s hesjf$hm irc& fjIFemfjusbf, Tpfbe, fem 9hst
Firbdf tc wcrg ce tlh pjfetftbces ci ?f&fbdf# ]lh stcrbhs ci tlh
4ccrbsl 4usjb& &frbehrs fem tlh hesjf$hm 4ccrs lf$h nhhec$hrslfmcwhm ny tlh ifnrbdfthm &ytls ci Dcju&nusHs
mbsdc$hry ci tlh F&hrbdfs be ?f&fbdfe fem 9hst 'embfe
lbstcry# 9lbjh tlh htlebdbty ci tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes mc&befths
tlh efturh fem sdcph ci prh$bcus sdlcjfrslbp, 'sjf&, wlbdl wfs
tlh prhmc&befet rhjbabce ci tlhsh phcpjh fem, wlbdl
c$hrslfmcwhm $frbhm trfmbtbcefj dujturhs, icr&s tlh nfsbs ci
tlbs rhshfrdl#