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Intellectual Property Rights An Introduction
T.C. JamesDirector Ministry of Commerce & IndustryIndia
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Objective and Plan of Presentation
ObjectiveTo give a general introduction to the conceptof Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)
Plan of PresentationRationale of Protection
Different kinds of IPRs
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Definition of Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property shall include the rights relating to literary, artistic and scientific works, performances of performing artists, phonograms, and
broadcasts,
inventions in all fields of human endeavour scientific discoveries Industrial designs trademarks, service marks and commercial names and
designations protection against unfair competitionand all other rights resulting from intellectual activity in
the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields.(WIPO Convention)3
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Rationale: Rewarding individual
Principle of natural justiceCreator has a right to economic reward
Creator has a right to control the use of hiscreationEvolution of society, economy andtechnology necessitated a transparentsystem
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Basic Principle
Contract between creator and sovereignstateProtection for revelation
Balance between rights of creator and public interest
Rights and limitations and exceptions
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Art. 27 of Declaration of Human
Rights
1. Everyone has the right to participate inthe cultural life of the community, to enjoythe arts and to share in scientificadvancement and its benefits2. Everyone has the right to the protection
of the moral and material interests resultingfrom any scientific, literary or artistic
production of which he is the author.6
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Major Intellectual Property
Copyright and Related RightsIndustrial Property
PatentsIndustrial DesignsTrademarksGeographical IndicationsLayout Designs/Topographies Integrated Circuits
Trade SecretsProtection of New Plant Varieties
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IP Laws of India
Act Department
Copyright Act, 1957 Higher Education
Patents Act, 1970 Industrial Policy & Promotion
Design Act, 2000 Industrial Policy & Promotion
Trademarks Act, 1999 Industrial Policy & PromotionGeographical Indications of Goods (Registration
and Protection) Act(1999)Industrial Policy & Promotion
Semi-conductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design
Act, 2000
Information Technology
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act, 2001
Agriculture and Cooperation
Competition Act Corporate Affairs
Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Environment and Forests
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What is Copyright?
Copyright is a legal term describing rightsgiven to creators for their literary andartistic works
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Scope of Copyright
Original Literary, Dramatic, Musical andArtistic WorksWork: Ideas expressed in material form
Cinematograph FilmsSound Recordings
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Rights
Two Kinds of RightsMoral Rights
To protect personality of author
Economic RightsTo bring economic benefits
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Moral Rights
Right of AuthorshipRight of Integrity Digital Manipulation No Right for Display
Inalienable Rights
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Economic Rights
Right of Reproduction Making copies e.g. an edition of a novel Storage in computer memory
Right of Distribution/Issuing Copies Digital Distribution
Right of Communication to the Public Public Performance Internet Communication
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Economic Rights
Adaptation Rights Conversion into another form e.g. literary to
drama Abridgement Picturizations, comic formats
Right to make a cinematograph film orsound recording
Translation Rights
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Economic Rights
Rental Rights Only for computer programs, cinematograph
films and sound recordings Exception: Not applies to a computer program
where program itself is not the essential objectof rental
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Resale Rights
Authors right to claim a share of the proceeds of each public resale of originalcopies of works of fine art or originalmanuscripts within the term of protectionResale price to exceed Rs. 10,000
Share to be fixed by Copyright Board Maximum 10%
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Ownership of Rights
Literary author Drama DramatistMusic Composer
Artistic work Artist e.g. Painter, sculptor,architectPhotograph Photographer Author of Computer Program Person whocauses the work to be created Cinematograph film producer Sound Recording - producer
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Author as Owner of Rights:
Exceptions
In the course of employment employer Employment by newspaper, magazine employer has publishing right; other rightswith author Photograph, painting, cinema for valuable
consideration person who pays money
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Author as Owner of Rights:
Exceptions
Lecture delivered in public PersondeliveringGovernment Work GovernmentPublic Undertaking Work publicundertakingWork of International Organization International Organization
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Securing Copyright
Formality free protectionVoluntary Registration (S. 44 & 45)
Registration does not as a matter of lawestablish that what is registered is in factand in law copyrightable subject matter
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Remedies for infringement
Civil suits for injunctions, damages,accountsCourt of jurisdiction: District Court wherecopyright owner resides or does businessCognizable offenceSeizure without warrant by Sub-Inspector
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Penalties and Punishments
First offence six months imprisonment andRs.50,000/- fineSecond offence one year imprisonment and
Rs.1,00,000/- fineMaximum three years imprisonment andRs.2,00,000/- fine
Knowing use of infringing copy of a computer programme attracts seven days imprisonment andRs.50,000/- fine
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What is not Infringement?
Fair dealing for private use, research,criticism, review, reportingJudicial proceedingsWork of legislatureDuring course of instructions andexamination
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What is not Infringement?
Performance in an educational institutionPerformance by an amateur club
Making three copies of a book, notavailable, for library useReproduction of public materialUse in religious or official ceremoniesincluding marriage processions
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Duration of Copyright
Literary, dramatic, Musical and Artistic Works published during life time of author: Life + 60years
All Other Works: 60 years from date of publication Posthumous, Anonymous Works Works of Government and Organizations Cinema and Sound Recording Photograph
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RELATED RIGHTS
Rights granted by law to communicators ofworks to the public Performers Broadcasting Organizations
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Performers Rights
Recording, broadcasting andcommunicating to the public of a live performancePresumption of transfer of performersright to cinematographic film producer
Duration: 50 years
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Rights Of Broadcasting
Organisations
Broadcast Reproduction RightRe-broadcasting, Recording andCommunicating to the Public of aBroadcastDuration: 25 Years
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What is a PATENT?
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an
invention, which is a product or a processthat provides a new way of doing something,or offers a new technical solution to a
problem The limited monopoly right granted by
the state enables an inventor to prohibitanother person from manufacturing, using orselling the patented product or from usingthe patented process, without permission.
Period of Patents - 20 Years29
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WHAT CAN BE PATENTED?
Inventions in all fields of technology,whether products or processes, if theymeet the criteria of
Novelty;
Non-obviousness (inventive step);Industrial application (utility).
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Conditions of Patentability
Novelty: Invention not known to publicprior to claim by inventorInventive Step: Invention would not beobvious to a person with ordinary skill inthe art
Industrial Application: Invention can bemade or used in any useful, practical
activity as distinct from purely intellectualor aesthetic one 31
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INVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLE
A machine whose primary or intended use orcommercial exploitation of which could becontrary to Public order or morality or which
causes serious prejudice to human, animal orplant life or health or to the environment :Gambling machine
device for house-breakingBiological warfare material or deviceTerminator gene technology
embryonic stem cell33
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INVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLE
Mere Discovery of a Scientific Principle
or Formulation of an Abstract Theoryor discovery of any living thing or nonlivingsubstance occurring in nature
Discovery adds to the human knowledge bydisclosing something ,not seen before, whereas,
Invention adds to human knowledge by suggesting anaction resulting in a new product or new processe .g. Archimedes Principle, SuperconductingPhenomenon as such not patentable ,However,An apparatus /method for technological 34
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INVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLET
The mere discovery of a new form of a knownsubstance which does not result in theenhancement of the known efficacy of that
substance ORthe mere discovery of any new property or newuse for a known substance OR
of the mere use of a known process, machineor apparatus, unless such known process
results in a new product or employs atleast one new reactant. 35
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INVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLE
A s ubstance obtained by mere admixture resulting
only in the aggregation of the properties of thecomponents thereof or a process for producingsuch substanceFor example , Not patentable-
Paracetamol (Antipyretic) +Brufen (analgesic) = A drug(antipyretic & analgesic )
A mixture of sugar and some colorants in water toproduce a soft drink is mere admixture
But, a mixture resulting into synergistic properties ofmixture of ingredients however, may be patentable
e.g Soap, Detergents,lubricants etc 36
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INVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLE
Mere arrangement or re-arrangement or
duplication of known devices ,each functioningindependently of one another in a known way
for example -. A Bucket fitted with torch, An Umbrella with fan A Clock and radio in a single cabinet A flour-mill provided with sieving
G) Deleted [ Methods ofTesting]
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Not patentable
Method of Agriculture or Horticulture
e. g. Cultivation of algae ,Producing new form of a known plant,
preparation of an improved soil
However, Agricultural Equipmentsare patentable
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A f di i l i l
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Any process for medicinal, surgical,curative, prophylactic, diagnostic,
therapeutic or other treatment of human beingsor
a similar treatment of animals to render them freeof disease or to increase their economic value orthat of their products
For example:o Removal of cancer tumor o Removal of dental plaque and carries ,o Surgical processes,o Processes relating to therapy,o Method of vaccination,o Blood transfusion
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However ,Method performed on tissues or fluidspermanently removed from the body
Surgical,therapeutic or diagnostic Apparatusor instrument
are not excluded from patentability
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Inventions Not Pa tentable
j) Plants & animals in whole or any partthereof other than micro- organisms ,but including seeds, varieties and speciesand essentially biological process forproduction or propagation of plants & animals
For example ,Clones and new varieties of plants:- Not patentable
Microorganisms, per se: Not patentable ,A process for production of plants or animalsif it consists entirely of natural phenomena
such as crossing or selection- essentially biological- not patentable 41
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l) A literary,dramatic, musical or artistic work orany other aesthetic creation includingcinematographic work and television productions
These subject-matters fall under the copy-right
protection
A mere scheme or rule or method of performing
mental act or method of playing gameExamples
Scheme for learning a language , Method for solving acrossword puzzle , Method of learning a language,Method of teaching /learning - Not patentable
Novel apparatus for playing game or carryingout a scheme patentable
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Presentation of information
Examples
Any manner or method of expressing
information , whether by spoken words,Visual display, symbols ,diagrams or informationrecorded on a carrier
Topography of integrated circuits . An invention which, in effect, is the
Traditional Knowledge or an aggregationor duplication of known properties of traditionally known component orcomponents
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Traditional Knowledge is already in publicdomain, and hence , not p tent bleHowever, any value-addition usingTraditional Knowledge leading to a newprocess or product ,possessing novelty,inventive step and industrial applicability,
can be p tent ble
Inventions relating to atomic energy falling withinthe section 20(1) of the ATOMIC ENERGY ACT, 1962 .
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Industrial Designs
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What is an Industrial Design?
An industrial design is the ornamental oraesthetic aspect of an article which mustappeal to the eye . The design may consistof three-dimensional features, such as theshape or surface of an article, or of two-
dimensional features, such as patterns,lines or colour
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What is a Registrable Design?
Design means only the features of shape,configuration, pattern, ornament orcomposition of lines or colours applied to
any article whether in two dimensional orthree dimensional or in both forms, by anyindustrial process or means, whether
manual,mechanical or chemical, separateor combined, which in the finished articleappeal to and are judged solely by the eye .
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Consumer Products
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Pharmaceutical Product
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Textile & Jewellery
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Who may apply?
Any person claiming to be the proprietor The person for whom the design is executedfor a consideration
The person who has acquired the design right The author
Ri ht f th R i t d P i t
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Rights of the Registered Proprietor
The proprietor of the registered designhas the exclusive right to apply a designto any article in the class in which the
design is registeredPeriod of protection is ten years
extendable by 5 years..
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What is Excluded?
Any mode or principle of construction oranything which is in substance a meremechanical device
Trade mark Property mark
Artistic work
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What is not registrable?
A design which is not new or originalA design which has been disclosed to the
public anywhere in the world prior to thefilingA design which is not significantly
distinguishable from known designs orcombination of known designs
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What is not registrable?
A design which comprises or containsscandalous or obscene matter A design which is contrary to public orderor morality
NOT REGISTRABLE ARTICLES
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NOT REGISTRABLE ARTICLES
Calendar, certificates,forms, greeting cards,leaflets,Maps, building plan,medals
Labels,tokens,stampsReligious symbolsMere mechanical contrivance
Building and construction or real estateFlags,emblems,or signs of any country, computer icons Partsof articles not manufactured and soled separately
Layout designs of integrated circuits Basic shape, variationscommonly used in the tradeMere workshop alteration
Mere change in sizeAny principle or mode of construction of article 58
P l f i
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Penalty for piracy
If anyone contravenes the copyright in a design-
he is liable for every offence to pay a sum notexceeding Rs.25,000/- to the registered proprietorsubject to a maximum of Rs.50,000/- recoverableas contract debt in respect of any one design.The suit for infringement, recovery of damage
etc; should not be filed in any court below thecourt of District Judge
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4711 (Cologne)
TRADEMARKS
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What is a trademark?
A trademark is a distinctive sign whichidentifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific personor enterprise.
TRADE MARK
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TRADE MARK
A name of an enterprise or a M ark capable ofbeing represented graphically, distinguishing thegoods or services of one person from those of otherse. g. , LUX , Godrej, TVS ,Telco 555, APPLE
Trade Mark can be -
o sign , words, letters, numbers,o drawings, pictures, emblem,o colours or combination of colours,
o shape of goods,o graphic representation or packaging oro any combination of the above
as applied to an article or a product.62
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TRADE MARK
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TRADE MARK
Service Marks include banking, education, finance ,insurance, real estate ,entertainment,repairs, transport ,conveying news and information, advertising etc
Certification Trade marks : Certified by the Proprietoras having characteristics like geographical origin,
ingredients, quality e.g. AGMARK,WOOLMARKCertification mark cannot be used as a trade mark .
Certifies that the goods on which it is appliedare made of 100% wool. It is registered in 140countries and licensed to the companies whichassure that they will comply with the strictstandards set out by the Woolmark company ,the owner of the mark. 64
COLLECTIVE MARK
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COLLECTIVE MARK
COLLECTIVE MARK is a Mark that distinguishesthe goods -or services of members of associationfrom marks of other undertakingsWho owns collective Mark ?
Association of personsIt could be manufacturers, producers, suppliers,traders or other profession bodies like institute ofchartered accountants, test cricketers associationetc.
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WELLKNOWN MARKS
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WELLKNOWN MARKS
Coca Cola for soft drinkToblerone (Triangular-
shaped chocolates)Trade Names
Godrej- Furniture, Refrigerators, Storewell, Compactor etc
GE- Bulbs
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L f ll k b d
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Logo of some well known brands
Logo of Washing Powder ofHindustan Lever
Logo of iodised salt of HindustanLever
Logo of Lipton tea
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Forms of TM
Visual: Words, letters, numerals,devices including drawings andsymbols or 2-D representations of
object or a combination of two or moreof these, colour combinations or colour per se , 3-D sign as shape of goods or
packaging. Audio: Sounds, Musical Notes
Olfactory: Smells68
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CRITERIA OF TM PROTECTABILITY
Distinctive (basic function):
- inherent (e.g.RIN), or
- acquired by usage (e.g. TATA)Non-deceptive ( to avoid misleading)Not contrary to public order, morality
Special Requirements
A mark is registered for specified classes ofgoods or services.
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What is protected and
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What is protected and
whats not? Right to use TM in relation to goods/services as registered are protected (IfTM consists of several parts, protection
is for TM as a whole)State Emblems, Official Hallmarks,
Emblems of IntergovernmentalOrganizations cannot be used as TM.
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OFFENCES & PENALTIES
For any person, falsely applying TM or Selling orproviding services to which TM or false TradeDescription is applied-- Imprisonment for 6 months to 3 yrs and fine Rs.50000 to 2 lakh
For Second or Subsequent convictions,-
The enhanced penalty - Imprisonment for
1 year to 3 years and fine Rs 1 lakh to 2 lakh
RELIEF in Infringement and Passing off -
Injunction, Damages, Accounts of Profit An order for destructing or erasing labels and marks 71
GEOGRAPHICAL
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Paithani weaving
GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS
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What is a Geographical
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What is a Geographical
Indication?Geographical Indication is a n indication whichidentifies goods as agricultural goods,natural goods or manufactured goods as
originating, or manufactured in theterritory of country, or a region or localityin that territory, where a given quality ,
reputation or other characteristic of suchgoods is essentially attributable to itsgeographical origin.
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Explanation clarifies that GI need not be ageographical name
E.g. Alphonso, Basmati
Goods include goods of handicraft or ofindustry and also foodstuff.
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Registration
Provides for registrationOf GIs, Proprietors & Authorized Users[S.6(1)]
Valid for 10 years; renewable ad nauseum(S. 18)
Registration p rima facie evidence ofvalidity (S. 23)
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Who can Register?
Producer Any association of persons or producers, or Any Organization/authority established byor under any lawwhich represent the interests of the producersof the concerned goods [S.11(1)]Producer includes trader
Authorized User [S.17(1)]
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Rights
Exclusive right to use the GeographicalIndication on the goods
Right to obtain relief for infringement of
the Geographical Indication
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Working of the Act
Act brought into force on 15 September 2003
GI Registry established at Chennai
152 applications so far
104 products registered
No authorised user registered so far
No foreign product registered so far
One foreign application (Pisco) publishedApplications for Champagne and Scotch Whisky under process
No appeals against the decisions of the Registrar of GIs so far.
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Darjeeling Tea
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Kangra Tea
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Nanjangud Banana
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Coorg Orange
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Pochamppalli Ikat
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Mysore silk
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Bhavani Jamakkalam
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Kasuti Embroidery
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Kota Doria
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Kullu Shawl
Bidriware
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Bidriware
h
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Channapatna toys
M dh b i P i i
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Madhubani Paintings
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MADURAI SUNGUDI
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MADURAI SUNGUDI
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ORISSA IKAT
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ORISSA IKAT
PHULKARI EMBROIDERY
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PHULKARI EMBROIDERY
K i Sil Fili
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Karimnagar Silver Filigree
ROSE WOOD INLAY OF
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MYSORE
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Mysore sandal soap & oil
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ARANMULA KANNADI (METAL
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MIRROR)
Registered Proprietor:
Viswabrahmana Aranmula Kannadi NirmanSocietyViswabrahmana Buildings
S. Fort, Aranmula, Kerala
NAVARA RICE
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NAVARA RICE
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PALAKKADAN MATTA RICE
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MALABAR PEPPER
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ALLEPPEY COIR
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BRASS BROIDERED COCONUT SHELLCRAFT OF KERALA
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CRAFT OF KERALA
SCREWPINE CRAFTS OF KERALA
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MADDALAM OF PALAKAD
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MADDALAM OF PALAKAD
ALLEPPEY GREEN CARDAMOM
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ALLEPPEY GREEN CARDAMOM
POKKALI RICE
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Integrated Circuit
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Layout Designs
What is Layout Design?
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What is Layout Design?
Layout of transistors and other circuitelements, including lead wiresconnecting such elements and
expressed in any manner in asemiconductor integrated circuit (IC).
Why to protect?
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Why to protect?
IC Layouts are creations of humanmind;There is lot of investment of time and
money in the creation but copying isvery cheap;Fertile area with new circuit designsmade every day to cater forminiaturization and novel applications.
Why special protection?
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Why special protection?
There may not be novelty so cannot bepatented;Copyright protection does not returnthe investments since commercial lifeof a design is limited.
Protection is against
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Protection is against
Act of reproducing a layout design fullyor in parts;Importing, selling or distributing
commercially a protected layout designor IC incorporating it.
But identical design createdindependently by third party is
not prohibited.
Trade Secret
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Trade Secret
The best keptsecret till date
Trade Secrets
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Trade Secrets
Some inventions, data, informationcannot be protected by any of theavailable means of IPRs. Suchinformation is held confidential as atrade secret.Trade secret can be an invention, idea,survey method,manufacturing process,experiment results, chemical formula,recipe, financial strategy, clientdatabase etc.
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How to guard Trade Secret?
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How to guard Trade Secret?
Restricting number of people having accessto secret informationSigning confidentiality agreements with
business partners and employeesUsing protective techniques like digital datasecurity tools and restricting entry into area
where trade secret is worked or heldNational legislations provide protection inform of injunction and damages if secretinformation is illegally acquired or used.
Plant Varieities Protection
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Plant Varieities Protection
THE PROTECTION OF PLANT VARITIESAND FARMERS RIGHTS
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AND FARMERS RIGHTS
Registrable varieties and criteria: New Varieties
Novelty, Distinctiveness, uniformity and stability
Extant varietiesDistinctiveness, uniformity and stability
Persons who can Register Breeders, farmers, universities, agricultural institutes
Period of protection15 years for annual crops18 years for trees and vines
Rights of Breeders
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Rights of Breeders
Production
SaleMarketingDistributionExportImport
However, if the breeders variety is essentially derived from a farmers variety, the breeder cannot give anyauthorisation without the consent of the farmers or communities from whose varieties the protected variety isderived.
Farmers Rights
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Farmers Rights
To save, use, sow, re-sow, exchange, share or sell his
farm produce including seed in the same manner as hewas entitled earlier (Seeds for sale should not be branded)To full disclosure of the expected performance of the
Seeds or planting material by the plant breeder. Wherethese fail to perform in the manner claimed by the
breeder, the farmer may claim compensation from the
plant breeder .
Researchers Rights
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Researchers Rights
Free and complete access to protected materials for research use indeveloping new varieties of plants.
However, authorisation of the breeder is required whose repeated use of such variety as parental line is
necessary for commercial productionof such other newly developed variety.
Benefit Sharing
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Benefit Sharing
For a variety registered, NGOs or individuals can claim a
share of benefits that may arise from itscommercialisation on behalf of any village or localcommunity;Any individual or NGO can make a claim on behalf of avillage or local community for the contribution that theyhad made in the evolution of any variety registered under the Act.
Amount of Compensation as determined by the PlantVariety and Farmers Rights Authority should bedeposited by the breeder in the National Gene Fund.
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THANK YOU
For further information pl. contact atE-mail: [email protected]
Website:http://jamesthanickan.tripod.com
mailto:[email protected]://jamesthanickan.tripod.com/http://jamesthanickan.tripod.com/mailto:[email protected]