Is life conceivable Is life conceivable without without chemotaxis ?chemotaxis ?
Dr. habil. Kőhidai László2011.
Trichinella spiralis (1)Trichinella spiralis (1)
+ +20 - 80
200 - 400
+ +
<
Trichinella (2)Trichinella (2)
+ +
+
Trichinella (3)Trichinella (3)
Insects (1)Insects (1)
Responses to pheromones: in sec.-sResponses to pheromones: in sec.-s- direction of flying- direction of flying- speed- speed- pattern (zick-zack)- pattern (zick-zack)
Modulation of odorant receptors is durable Modulation of odorant receptors is durable 1-2 min. - 20-95 min.1-2 min. - 20-95 min.
ipsenol, ipsdienol, cis-verbenolipsenol, ipsdienol, cis-verbenol
Dose ranges of responses are wideDose ranges of responses are wide
Insects (2)Insects (2)
Heat-dependent responsesHeat-dependent responses
20 20 ooCC
26 26 ooCC
+steepness of flyingsteepness of flying
Different types of migrations/flying:Different types of migrations/flying:
schemakinezisschemakinezis zikk-zakkzikk-zakktropotaxistropotaxis look-leaplook-leapklinotaxisklinotaxis
Insects (3)Insects (3)
CockroachCockroach
pheromonespheromones inducing inducing aggregationaggregation
ammónia, methylamine, di-, trimethylamineammónia, methylamine, di-, trimethylamine
1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-propanol 1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-propanol effective ineffective in 10 pM10 pM(50-1000x more active then other substances)(50-1000x more active then other substances)
Differences in responses to Differences in responses to diffusediffuse and and surface associated surface associated pheromonespheromones
Effect of gamonesEffect of gamones
Androgamone II.Androgamone II.
Androgamone I.Androgamone I.
Gynogamone I.Gynogamone I.
Gynogamone IIGynogamone II..
CoagulationCoagulation
HyaluronidaseHyaluronidase
Parts of female sexual organs releasing Parts of female sexual organs releasing chemoattractantschemoattractants
Cervical mucusCervical mucus
Cavity of uterusCavity of uterus
Follicular fluideFollicular fluide
Cumulus cellsCumulus cells
Intact, still not fertilized oocyteIntact, still not fertilized oocyte
Components of follicular fluideComponents of follicular fluide
Composition is sexual cycle dependantComposition is sexual cycle dependant LHLH Progesterone (1-100 Progesterone (1-100 g/ml)g/ml) Adrenalin (0.001 mg/mllAdrenalin (0.001 mg/mll Oxytocin (0.01 U/ml)Oxytocin (0.01 U/ml) Insulin (repellens)Insulin (repellens) KallikreinKallikrein Anti-thrombin III. Anti-thrombin III.
= spermium receptor= spermium receptor Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP=ANF)Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP=ANF) 1000 Da, heat-stable protein1000 Da, heat-stable protein
Other factors synthesized by the female organs Other factors synthesized by the female organs and influencing the chemotaxis and influencing the chemotaxis
pHpH
some proteasessome proteases
resact – Caresact – Ca2+2+ [mM] [mM]
speract – guanylate cyclasesperact – guanylate cyclase
chemoattractant substance perelased from chemoattractant substance perelased from
the vegetative pole of oocytethe vegetative pole of oocyte
Brown algaeBrown algae Ectocarpene 0.89 – 8.9 nmol/lEctocarpene 0.89 – 8.9 nmol/l
the the --electone-distribution is essentialelectone-distribution is essential
Spermiums and chemotaxis (1) Spermiums and chemotaxis (1)
Population of spermiums is rather Population of spermiums is rather heterogeneousheterogeneous
The respiratory response induced by follicular fluide: The respiratory response induced by follicular fluide:
70 % positive70 % positive !!!!!!20 % negative20 % negative
Responsiveness is changing by the age of cells:Responsiveness is changing by the age of cells:
earlyearly maturedmatured agedaged
only these cells express normal responsivenessonly these cells express normal responsiveness
Spermiums and chemotaxis (2) Spermiums and chemotaxis (2)
CaCa2+2+ has a role in: has a role in: chemotaxischemotaxiscell respiratory proc. cell respiratory proc. acrosome reactionacrosome reactioncortocal reactioncortocal reactionfertiléizationfertiléizationcell adhesioncell adhesion
Calmodulin – NAD-kinase – exocytosisCalmodulin – NAD-kinase – exocytosisphosphatases, phosphorylationphosphatases, phosphorylation
guanylate cyclase cGMPguanylate cyclase cGMP
cGMP-depend. CacGMP-depend. Ca2+2+ channel channelCaCa2+2+ influx when spermium reaches the oocyte influx when spermium reaches the oocyte
Spermiums and chemotaxis (3) Spermiums and chemotaxis (3)
Methylation systemMethylation system
tailtail – protein carboxyl-methylase – protein carboxyl-methylasehead – tailhead – tail – MAP – MAP
decreased phospholipid methylation (min. 40%)decreased phospholipid methylation (min. 40%)
cAMP-dependent phosphorylationcAMP-dependent phosphorylation
Protein kinase inhibitors are blockers of the system Protein kinase inhibitors are blockers of the system (42 kD kináz)(42 kD kináz)
Spermiums and chemotaxis (4) Spermiums and chemotaxis (4)
Common receptor-gene family in Common receptor-gene family in odorantodorant receptors receptors and in and in spermiumspermium
fMLF and BOC-fMLPfMLF and BOC-fMLP (10 (10-9-9 – 10 – 10-8-8 M) M) works as chworks as chemoattractantemoattractant not only in leukocytes not only in leukocytes BUT in spermiums, too. BUT in spermiums, too. (leukocyte accumulation is induced in the female (leukocyte accumulation is induced in the female
genital tract)genital tract)
p-nitrophenyl-glycerolp-nitrophenyl-glycerol (PNPG) 10 (PNPG) 10-5-5 M is M is repellentrepellent in spermiums – contraceptive applicationsin spermiums – contraceptive applications
Characterization of pheromonesCharacterization of pheromones
Work on the individuals of the Work on the individuals of the same speciessame species Influence the Influence the sexual behavioursexual behaviour Effects are expressed via pheromone-Effects are expressed via pheromone-receptorsreceptors signaling is signaling is G-protein-linkedG-protein-linked Influence development of hierarchy in the populationInfluence development of hierarchy in the population
qualitativequalitativedifferencesdifferences
quantitativequantitative
Excreted in: Excreted in: feaces, urine, sweet and other body-fluidsfeaces, urine, sweet and other body-fluids Determined by Determined by MHC-genesMHC-genes
the same the same H2H2 (male-female) prefer each other (male-female) prefer each other
Pheromones (2) Pheromones (2)
MiceMice
Estrus-inhibitionEstrus-inhibition
Anestrus Estrus (sensible period lasts 5 days,Anestrus Estrus (sensible period lasts 5 days,but mating desensibilizes it)but mating desensibilizes it)
Non-self male excretes pheromonesNon-self male excretes pheromonesin the in the urineurine
Pheromones (3) Pheromones (3)
Level of heterozygocy Level of heterozygocy is increasedis increased
Pheromones in lower levels of phylogeny (1)Pheromones in lower levels of phylogeny (1)
7 transmembrane receptor7 transmembrane receptor G-protein-linkedG-protein-linked Clathrin haevy-chain dependent internalizationClathrin haevy-chain dependent internalization
Tetrahymena pyriformisTetrahymena pyriformis
Attractant: Attractant: tricosenetricosene ; imprinting ; imprinting ++
Repellent: Repellent: bornyl acetatebornyl acetate ; imprinting ; imprinting 00
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae
In In Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae pheromones guide: pheromones guide:
- development of - development of mating projectionsmating projections
- intracellular migration of - intracellular migration of nucleusnucleus
Presence of N- and O-oligosaccharidesPresence of N- and O-oligosaccharides
-agglutinin-agglutinin (cell adhesion) – in the core region (cell adhesion) – in the core region 80-95% O-oligosach80-95% O-oligosach..
pheromones pheromones -agglutinin-gene-agglutinin-gene
cell-cell contactscell-cell contacts
Pheromones in lower levels of phylogeny (2)Pheromones in lower levels of phylogeny (2)
Pheromones in lower levels of phylogeny (3)Pheromones in lower levels of phylogeny (3)
Fungi – Fungi – Allomyces macrogynusAllomyces macrogynus
Sirenin Sirenin (1 pM – 1 (1 pM – 1 M)M) acts on gametsacts on gamets
HH++, K, K++, NH, NH44++, Na, Na++, Ca, Ca2+2+, Mg, Mg2+2+, La, La3+3+
- ions are - ions are repellent repellent itself itself - they can neutralize effects of each-other in competition- they can neutralize effects of each-other in competition
Practical applications of pheromonesPractical applications of pheromones
Artificial feritlization /inseminationArtificial feritlization /insemination
Anti-helminticAnti-helmintic
Insect repellentInsect repellent
Self – Non-self ?Self – Non-self ?
Male – Female ?Male – Female ?
„„T-shirt” testT-shirt” test
Pheromones in human (1)Pheromones in human (1)
Determination capacity of own-odor 75%Determination capacity of own-odor 75%
Distinguish male/female (female scores are better)Distinguish male/female (female scores are better)
Newborns – recognition of lactating breastNewborns – recognition of lactating breast
2 days2 days 002 weeks2 weeks + but no differentiation+ but no differentiation6 weeks6 weeks + mother preference+ mother preference
MatingMating
PheromonesPheromones
DogDogage (days)age (days) self self non-selfnon-self
20-2420-24 >>
31-36, 66-7231-36, 66-72 ~~
52-5652-56 malemale
Pheromone in hidePheromone in hide
The chair labelledThe chair labelled with male pheromonewith male pheromone was preferred by was preferred by female induvidualsfemale induviduals