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Microprocessor
Presentedby
Jit Saha
1st Year M.Tech CSE
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Content
1. What is microprocessor
2. Analogy between microprocessor and human
brain3. Microprocessor building block
4. Microprocessor control signal
5. Instruction set6. Factors influencing microprocessorsperformance
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Content-contd
7. key architectural trends in microprocessor
8. Microprocessor generation9. Indian microprocessor in future
10.Application of microprocessor
11. Reference
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1.What is microprocessor
Multipurpose ,programmable, clock driven
Reads binary instruction from a storage device Binary data as i/p and process data according
to instruction
Made up from a semiconductor, Silicon
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2.Analogy between microprocessor
and human brain
Way of getting input
Processing of information sending processed information.
Speed or efficiency
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Registers
Registers
3.Microprocessor building block
Instruction
Cache
Arithmetic
& LogicUnit
Control
UnitBus
Interface
Unit
DataCache
Instruction
Decoder
I/O
RAM
Memory
Bus
System
Bus
FloatingPoint
Unit
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Bus Interface Unit
Receives instructions & data from mainmemory
Sending instruction to the instruction cache, &data to the data cache
Receives the processed data and sends it to themain memory
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Instruction Decoder
Receives the instructions from instruction
register
Decodes them into a form ,understandable by
the processing units
It passes on the decoded instruction to the
control unit
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Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
Works with integer number
Performs arithmetic and logical operation
Modern uPs have two almost identical ALUs
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Floating-Point Unit (FPU)
known as the Numeric Unit
Support 32 to 64 bit floating point operation
Required for doing graphics, engineering andscientific work
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Registers
Made of collection of flip-flop
used for temporary storage
Two types User visible register
Control and status register
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Registers-contd
User visible registers
General purpose
Address
Condition codes
Control & status register
Program counter
Instruction register Memory address register
Memory buffer register
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Control Unit
The brain of the microprocessor
Manages the whole microprocessor
Tasks include fetching instructions & data,
storing data, managing input/output devices
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4.Microprocessor control signal
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5.Instruction Set
Microprocessor execute itby the language itknows
Low-level, simple instructions
Each uP family has its unique instruction set
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6.Factors influencing microprocessors
performance
clock frequency
word-width caching algorithm and the right cache size
functional units
architecture
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7.Key Architectural Trends
Technology enhancements
Faster transistors
More transistors (Moores Law)
architectural directions
Memory hierarchies
Instruction level parallelism
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Key Architectural Trends-contd
Introducing cache memory
Increasing cache size
Introducing Multilevel caches(L1,L2,L3)
Advances in caching techniques
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Key Architectural Trends-contd
Overlapping execution in a pipeline
Issuing multiple instruction per clock
Dynamic schemes
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8.Microprocessor Generations
First generation: 1971-78 (16-bit, 50k transistors)
Third Generation: 1985-89
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer/RISC,>100k transistors)
Fourth Generation: 1990-
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9.Indian microprocessor in future
Initiative by Indian
government
The name Zerone, initial
investment $200m
Motivation comes from
the security reason
Based on Suns Open
Sparc open source design
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10.Application of microprocessor
Instrumentation
Control
Communication
Office Automation and Publication
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11.Reference
Books Microprocessor architecture, programming, and
applications with the 8085 by Ramesh S. Gaonkar
Microprocessor by v ram URL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microproces
sors http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-
government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/
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content
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://techtickerblog.com/2009/07/17/indian-government-to-develop-india-microprocessor/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor