BENCHMARK SC.912.L.18.1Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lowerthe activation energy of biochemical reactions.
Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.
Activation energy is like a wall that is needed to be climbed!!!!So the enzyme simply lower the wall.The factors that affect enzyme activity are limitedto concentration, pH, and temperature. All Enzymes have an ideal concentration, pH, and temperature which they work best at. They become denatured when those factors are increased or decreased. Within the range of those 3 factors enzymes work better when the concentration, pH, and temperature are adjusted for optimal performance. These factors are a way your body turns off enzymes.
Students will identify and/or describe the basic molecular structureof carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids.
Students will describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids,proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms.
Students will explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a
biochemical reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of environmental
factors on enzyme activity.
Know the structure and function of all 4 macromolecules • Within cells, small organic molecules called monomers are joined together to form
larger molecules, known as Macromolecules. Monomers============ MacromoleculesGlucose(monosaccharide)===============Sugar(carbohydrate)Amino acid=============ProteinFatty acids==============Lipid
• Each cell has thousands of different kinds of macromolecules. • Macromolecules vary among cells of an organism, vary more within a species, and vary
even more between species.
• Carbohydrates - short term energy storage; structure of some organisms• Lipids - (also known as fats) - long term energy storage• Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) - the instructions the cell uses to build proteins• Proteins (Polypeptides): The highly variable macromolecules that make each organism
unique
Used for energy in all organisms and for structure in plants.
Carbohydrates
Sugars & Starches
Sugar• Function: Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for
building molecules • Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O – 1:2:1
ratio• Glucose, fructose, and galactose is the most common monosaccharide• Structure: though often drawn as a linear skeleton, in aqueous solutions they form rings
• Di- = two
• Examples: Lactose (milk sugar) & Sucrose
Disaccharides (sugars) =2 monosaccharides linked
together.
• Poly- = Many • Glycogen = Used as energy
storage in animals.
• Cellulose = Used to form the cell wall of plants.
• Chitin- is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of many fungi
Storage and Structure Polysaccharides
3 or more monosaccharides linked.
Storage of Polysaccharides• Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers• Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids •
The white thingy is polysaccharide !!!
Glucosemonomer
0.5 µm
Plant cells
MicrofibrilCell walls
Cellulose microfibrilsin a plant cell wall
Cellulosemolecules
LE 5-8
• Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages can’t hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose
• Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber• Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose• Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these
microbes
And from???????? X believe it or not!!!!!! Lobster carapace with portabella ,yummy!
Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic(water hating) molecules
• Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers
• The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water
• Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
• The most biologically important lipids are fats, sterols and phospholipids.
Lipids Used for long-term energy
storage.
The first group is Fats
Saturated FatNo Double Bonds only single bonds between Carbons (C-C)
Unsaturated FatDouble Bonds between the Carbons (C=C)
Saturated fats are solids at room temperature. (fat and butter)
Unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature. (Oils)
Second group Phospholipids
• When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior
• The structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes• Phospholipids are the major component of all cell membranes
You must be able to recognize the structure for EOC
Steroids
1. Considered lipids because they are hydrophobic!!2. Consist of 4 fused rings3. Cholesterol is a steroid
Nucleic Acids
DNA – your genetic code sugar is deoxyribose missing Oxygen
RNA – used to make proteins
DNA & RNA = Polymers of nucleic acids
Nucleotide = monomer of nucleic acids.
• DNA – di=2 (α-helix) carries the information on how to make proteins. Mostly 2 strands. (1-strand DNA (ssDNA) found in viruses) • RNA is directly involved in making proteins. Mostly 1 strand. (2-strand RNA (dsRNA) found in viruses )
Nucleotide has 3 parts:
- phosphate
- 5-carbon sugar
- nitrogen base.
Base Pairing Rule
At Coral Gables A=T C=G
Protein
Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
• Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells• Protein functions include enzymes*,structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and
defense against foreign substances• Different functions=different shapes
Structure of Amino Acids
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids.
The major building block in living things. Muscles, enzymes, antibodies, cell structure
• Protein = Polypeptide (polymer) comprised of monomers (amino acids). There are 20 different amino acids.
• Amine Group (NH2)-Basic• Carboxylic Acid Group (COOH) –
Acidic• The center asymmetrical carbon is
called the alpha carbon. • The R group (think random) is
variable for each amino acid! Also called the side chain.
Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. The sequence of amino acids converts into 1 of 2 forms
» α-helix
» β-pleated sheets
Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)
Quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
Not found in all proteins
Same bonds/interactions as tertiary level
Identify the Amino acid structures below.
Protein Denature
• Denaturation• Protein unravels and loses its native conformation
• Structure & Function• Change in the protein’s structure = loss of function
• Denaturation occurs:1. Organic solvent2. Any chemical that disrupts the tertiary structure3. Heat (excessive)
As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. Thestomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the small intestinehas a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digestsproteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters thesmall intestine?
A. It becomes inactive.B. It begins to replicate.C. Its shape changes to engulf large proteins.
D. Its activity increases to digest more proteins.