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• INTRODUCTION OF NDT
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• NDT METHODS•Penetrant Inspection
•Magnetic Particle Inspection•Eddy Current Inspection
•Ultrasonic Inspection•Radiograpic Inspection
Dye Penetrant Inspection
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Surface breaking defects only detected
Penetrant applied to the component and drawn into the defects by capillary
action
Applicable to all non- porous and non absorbing materials.
Penetrants are available in many different types
Water washable contrast
Solvent removable contrast
Water washable fluorescent
Solvent removable fluorescent
Post-emulsifiable fluorescent
Dye Penetrant Inspection
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Dye Penetrant Inspection
!e use Non Destructive Testing "NDT# $en $e $is to
assess te integrity o% a structure $itout destroying it
Types o% NDT used are&
Dye penetrant inspection "PT#
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
Radiograpic inspection "RT#
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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Dye Penetrant Inspection
Sur%ace 'rea(ing de%ects only detected
Penetrant applied to te co)ponent and dra$n
into te de%ects 'y capillary action
*pplica'le to all non+ porous )aterials,
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Dye Penetrant Inspection
First te $or( )ust 'e cleaned torougly- ten a
penetrant is applied %or a speci%ied ti)e
Once te contact ti)e as elapsed- te penetrant isre)o.ed and a de.eloper is ten applied
*ny penetrant tat as 'een dra$n into a crac( 'y capillary
action $ill 'e dra$n out into te de.eloper
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Dye Penetrant Inspection
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Step 1. Pre-Cleaning
Cleaning preparation is very important on this method.
Usually solvent removal is been used
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Step 2. Apply penetrant
After the application of the penetrant the penetrant is normally
left on the components surface for appro!imately "# minutes
$dwell time%. &he penetrant enters any defects that may be
present by capillary action
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Step 3. Clean off penetrant
After sufficient penetration time $dwell time% has been given'
e!cess removal penetrant stage take place. A damped lint free
tissue with solvent is used to clean the e!cess penetrant.
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Step 3. Apply developer
After the exess penetrant is been removed! a thin layer
of developer is applied.A penetrant dra"n out by reversed
apillary ation.
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Step #. $nspetion % development time
nspection should take place immediately after the developer
has been applied .Any defects present will show as a bleed
out during development time.
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Step &. Post-Cleaning
After the inspection has been performed post cleaning is
re(uired to prevent corrosion.
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Apply Penetrant Clean then apply
Developer
Result
Dye Penetrant nspection
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Colour ontrast Penetrant
'luoresent Penetrant(leed out vie"ed
under a U)-A light
soure
(leed out vie"ed
under "hite light
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Dye Penetrant nspection
Colour ontrast Penetrant
Simple to use
ne!pensive
)uick results*an be used on any non-
porous material
Portability
+ow operator skill re(uired
Surface breaking defect
only
little indication of depths Penetrant may contaminate
component
Surface preparation critical
Post cleaning re(uired
Potentially ha,ardous
chemicals
Advantages Disadvantages
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*ny /uestions*ny /uestions
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• Penetrant dwell times areusually
A.1-5 minutes
B.1-30 minutes
C.5-60 minutes
D.60-100 minutes
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• !en %luorescent penetrant inspection is
per%or)ed- te penetrant 0 )aterials are %or)ulated
to glo$ 'rigtly and to gi.e o%% ligt at a$a.elengt&
*,Close to in%rared ligt
1,Close to te $a.elengt o% 2+raysC,Tat te eye is )ost sensiti.e to under di)
D,ligting conditions In te red spectru)
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• Which type of penetrant is auorescent penetrant?
A.Type IB.Type II
C.Type III
D.Type IV
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• !en re)o.ing $ater $asa'le penetrant te
)a2i)u) $ater pressure 3 sould 'e&
*,45 psi1,67 psi
C,57 psi
D,87 psi
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• De.elopers co)e in a .ariety o% %or)s and can 'e
applied 'y&
• *,Dusting
1,Dipping
C,Spraying
D,*ll o% te a'o.e
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• It is $ell recogni9ed tat )acining- oning-
lapping and and sanding 5 $ill result&
*,In a 'etter penetrant inspection
1,In a longer d$ell ti)e in order to produce ade:uate
penetration o% te penetrantC,;onger d$ell ti)es
D,Metal s)earing
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• !ic de.eloper %or) is used %or nona:ueous Type
I de.eloper<
• For) a
• For) '
• For) c• For) d
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• !ic penetrant )etod is easiest to use in te
%ield<
• *,Fluorescent- post+e)ulsi%ia'le
1,=isi'le dye- $ater $asa'le
C,=isi'le dye- sol.ent re)o.a'le
D,Fluorescent- $ater $asa'le
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Which type of penetrant is mostsensitive?
A.Type IB.Type II
C.Type III
D.Type IV
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Sur%ace and sligt su'+sur%ace detection
Relies on )agneti9ation o% co)ponent 'eing tested
Ferro+)agnetic )aterials only can 'e tested
Metods o% applying a )agnetic %ield- yo(e- per)anent )agnetand prods,
*ny de%ect $ic interrupts te )agnetic %ield- $ill create alea(age %ield- $ic attracts te particles
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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Colletion of in*
partiles due to
lea*age field
Prods
+C or AC
,letro-magnet
yo*e +C or AC
Cra* li*e
indiation
Cra* li*e
indiation
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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The types of magnetic media used are:
1) Wet in 1) Wet in 4#4# Dry po!derDry po!der 3#3#
"luorescent in "luorescent in
Te $eld lengt )ust 'e crossed at >7? 'y te )agnetic %ield
* )agnetic in( is applied $ic $ill concentrate in areas o%
%lu2 lea(age- as tose caused 'y %la$s
First te $or( )ust 'e cleaned and a $itener applied %or
contrast, * )agnetic %lu2 is ten applied 'y per)anent )agnet-
electro )agnet- or straigt current
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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Contrast paint #agnet $ %n Result
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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Surface and slight sub-surface detection
elies on magneti,ation of component being tested
/erro-magnetic materials only can be tested
A magnetic field is introduced into a specimen being tested
0ethods of applying a magnetic field' yolk' permanentmagnet' prods and fle!ible cables.
/ine particles of iron powder are applied to the test area
Any defect which interrupts the magnetic field' will create aleakage field' which attracts the particles
Any defect will show up as either a dark indication or in thecase of fluorescent particles under 12-A light a green3yellowindication
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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Colletion of in*
partiles due to
lea*age field
Prods
+C or
AC
,letro-
magnet
yol* +C or
AC
Cra*
li*e
indiati
on
Cra*
li*e
indiati
on
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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A ra* li*eindiation
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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Alternatively to contrast inks' fluorescent inks may be usedfor greater sensitivity. &hese inks re(uire a 12-A light source
and a darkened viewing area to inspect the component
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
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/ypial se0uene of operations to inspet a
"eld
*lean area to be tested
Apply contrast paint
Apply magnetisism to the component
Apply ferro-magnetic ink to the componentduring magnetising
nterpret the test area
Post clean and de-magnatise if re(uired
Magnetic particle inspection "MT#
M ti P ti l I ti
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Magnetic Particle Inspection
Advantages
Simple to usene!pensive
apid results
+ittle surface
preparation re(uired
0ore sensitive thanvisual inspection
+isadvantagesSurface or slight sub-surface detection only
0agnetic materials
only4o indication of
defects depthsDetection is re(uired
in two directions
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*ny /uestions*ny /uestions
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Ultrasonic inspection
"UT#
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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Tis detection )etod uses ig %re:uency sound $a.es-
typically a'o.e 4MH9 to pass troug a )aterial
* pro'e is used $ic contains a pie9o electric crystal to
trans)it and recei.e ultrasonic pulses and display te signals on
a catode ray tu'e or digital display
Te actual display relates to te ti)e ta(en %or te ultrasonic
pulses to tra.el te distance to te inter%ace and 'ac(
*n inter%ace could 'e te 'ac( o% a plate )aterial or a de%ect
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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*ny i)per%ections $ill re'ound te sound $a.es causing a
signal to occur on te catode ray tu'e
* pro'e is ten applied $it te correct angle %or te $eld
preparation and sound $a.es are trans)itted
First te $or( )ust 'e cleaned torougly- ten a couplant is
applied to increase sound trans)ission
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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Apply Couplant &ound !ave
&ignal re'ounded&ignal re'ounded
from (ac of fusionfrom (ac of fusion
CRT display
Result
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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defet
1 2 3 # &
defet
eho(a* "all
eho
C/ +isplayCompression Probe
aterial /h*
initial pulse
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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• To understand and
appreciate te
capa'ility andli)itation o% UT
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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Sub-surface detection
&his detection method uses high fre(uency sound waves'
typically above 506, to pass through a material
A probe is used which contains a pie,o electric crystal totransmit and receive ultrasonic pulses and display the signals
on a cathode ray tube or digital display
&he actual display relates to the time taken for the ultrasonic
pulses to travel the distance to the interface and back
An interface could be the back of a plate material or a defect
/or ultrasound to enter a material a couplant must be
introduced between the probe and specimen
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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+aminations detected using compression probes
Pulse echo
signals
A scan Display
1& Set' Digital
*ompression probe &hickness checking the material
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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defect
7 "7 57 87 97 #7
defect
echo
*& Display*ompression Probe
0aterial &hk
initial pulse:ack wall
echo
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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U/ Set!
+igital
Pulse eho
signals
A san +isplay
Compression probe/hi*ness he*ing the material
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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initial pulse
defect echo
defectdefect
defect
7 "7 57 87 97 #7
*& Display
7 "7 57 87 97 #7
initial pulse
defect echo
*& Display
@ S(ip
Full S(ip
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Angle Probe
U/ SetA San
+isplay
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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1 2 3 # &
initial pulse defet eho
C/ +isplay
sound path
Angle Probe
defet
Surfae distane
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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Advantages
apid results
Sub-surface detection
Safe
*an detect planar defect
*apable of measuring the depth
of defects 0ay be battery powered
Portable
+isadvantages &rained and skilled operator
re(uired e(uires high operator skill ;ood surface finish re(uired Difficulty on detecting
volumetric defect *ouplant may contaminate 4o permanent record
Ultrasonic inspection "UT#
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*ny /uestions*ny /uestions
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Radiograpic inspection "RT#
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The principles of radiography
A or Ba))a radiation is i)posed upon a test o'ect
Radiation is trans)itted to .arying degrees dependant
upon te density o% te )aterial troug $ic it is
tra.elling
Tinner areas and )aterials o% a less density so$ as
dar(er areas on te radiograp Tic(er areas and )aterials o% a greater density so$ as
ligter areas on a radiograp
*pplica'le to )etals-non+)etals and co)posites
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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The types of radiation used in industrial radiography:
1) * rays +from Cathode Ray Tu'e)
) ,amma rays +from a Radioactive %sotope)
*ny i)per%ections in line $it te 'ea) o% radiation $ill 'e
so$n on te %il) a%ter e2posure and de.elop)ent
* %il) is placed inside a cassette 'et$een lead screens,
It is ten placed to te rear o% te o'ect to 'e radiograped
* radiograpic source- is e2posed to te $or( and %il) %or a
pre+calculated ti)e
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Industrial Radiograpy
• A + Rays
Electrically generated
• Ba))a Rays
Benerated 'y te decay
o% unsta'le ato)s
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Industrial Radiograpy
• A + Rays
Electrically generated
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Industrial Radiograpy• Ba))a Rays
Benerated 'y te decay o% unsta'le
ato)s
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Source
adiation beam mage (uality indicator
Radiograpic Inspection
0 7 % e 0 D
&est specimenadiographic film
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Source
adiation beam mage (uality indicator
adiographic film with latent image after e!posure
0 7 % e 0 D
&est specimen
0 7 % e 0 D
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Density - relates to the
degree of darkness
*ontrast - relates to the degree of difference
Definition - relates to the degree of sharpness
Sensitivity - relates to the overall (uality of the
radiograph
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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4',12
Step % 5ole type $6$ 7ire type $6$
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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7ire /ype $6$
Step%5ole /ype $6$
I)age /uality IndicatorsI)age /uality Indicators
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Radiograpic Tecni:ues• Single !all Single I)age "S!SI#
+ %il) inside- source outside
• Single !all Single I)age "S!SI# panora)ic+ %il) outside- source inside "internal e2posure#
• Dou'le !all Single I)age "D!SI#+ %il) outside- source outside "e2ternal e2posure#
• Dou'le !all Dou'le I)age "D!DI#+ %il) outside- source outside "elliptical e2posure#
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Single $all single i)age S!SI
)s should be placed source side
/ilm
/ilm
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Single $all single i)age S!SI panora)ic
• )s are placed on the film side
• Source inside film outside $single e!posure%
/ilm
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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/ilm
Dou'le $all single i)age D!SI
• )s are placed on the film side
• Source outside film outside $multiple e!posure%
• &his techni ue is intended for i e diameters over "77mm
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Dou'le $all single i)age D!SI
adiograph
dentification
$+ 11
• 1ni(ue identificationEN !07
• ) placing
A (• Pitch marks
indicating readablefilm length
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Dou'le $all single i)age D!SI
adiograph
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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/ilm
Dou'le $all dou'le i)age D!DI elliptical e2posure
• )s are placed on the source or film side
• Source outside film outside $multiple e!posure%
• A minimum of two e!posures
• &his techni(ue is intended for pipe diameters less than "77mm
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Dou'le $all dou'le i)age D!DI
Shot A adiograph
dentification
$+ 12
• 1ni(ue identification
EN !07
• ) placing
1 2
• Pitch marksindicating readablefilm length
# 3
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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Dou'le $all dou'le i)age D!DI
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AdvantagesPermanent record
+ittle surface preparation
Defect identification
4o material type
limitation
+isadvantages
6armful radiationDetection on defect
depending on orientationSlow resultse(uired license to operate
Radiograpic Testing "RT#
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*ny /uestions*ny /uestions
Radiograpic Testing "RT#