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5 NEWS & NEW PRODUCTS
INTERNET
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15 Engish-Myanmar Dictionay taMumif;
18 Chrome Virus udk Manual owfMunhfjcif;
22 AD'D,kdzkdiftm;vkH;udk ajymif;EkdifwJh Format Factory
IT FEATURES
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35 HTML Opitional Tag, Fonts, Alignment taMumif;
43 OSI Layer 7 taMumif;
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INTERVIEW
61 Twitter yl;wGJwnfaxmifol Biz Stone ESihf awGUqkHjcif;
SPECIAL REPORT
50 pdwfBuKduftokH;jyKEkdifrnfh uGefysLwmykH&dyf
SCHOLARSHIP
66 AIT-KAAD paumvm;&SpfyftaMumif;
ENVIRONMENT
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vQyfppfxkwfpuf&kH
ENGLISH
73 A WEB OF THE COMPUTERS
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80 Any tD'D,Hrsm;
ARTICLES
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88 odyÜH0w¬Kr[kwfawmhonf puf&kyfwkdY\wkdufyGJacwf
104 tDvufx&Gef;epf? ausmufoifykef;rsm; vmNyD?
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BUSINESS
91 2010 tvGef jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;arQmfvihfcsufrsm;
96 Stock Market rdwfquf (2)
APPLICATIONS
99 'DZkdif;tvGJrsm;
57 1 Minute Install OS
REFERENCES
102 tifwmeufoHk; twdkaumufpum;vHk;rsm;
Editor-In-Charge
Kyaw Kyaw Oo
Editors
Nay Min, Shein Tin,
Ko Ko Ye, Win Mar Tin
Contributors
Htay Win Hnint, Linn Thike Nyunt
Logo
Naing Thit Ni
Cover Design
Nay Min
Layout Design
Nay Thwe Thit, Hnin Hnin
DTP
Zunn Pwint Computer
Publisher
Min Min Zaw
Cover Permission
0
Film
Color King Color Speration
Printer
Thiri May Offset
Binding
Thiri May Binding
Accountant
U Tin Shein
Production
Win Mar Tin
Distribution
Hnin Ei Khaing, Khine Thazin Htun
Marketing
Win Paing Tun
Circulation
1000
Price
1500 kyats
Office
Asia Plaza, No. 25, Ground Floor,
Kyauktada Township, Yangon,
Myanmar.
Ph: 09 50 43164, 09 50 98606
Email : [email protected]
website : www.knowledgebridge.net
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jyoEkdif&ef BudK;pm;xm;ygonf/ tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk odvkdygu email: knowledgebridge07@
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Barcamp Yangon 2010’s First Day Discussion
Topics and Presenters
1. Converting multi formatted fonts to Zawgyi without
changing anything. (Ye Myat Thu)
2. “Podcasting” Broadcasting yourself to the world.
3. I Love Ubuntu (Ko Ko Ye)
4. Online Myanmar Poem 2.0 (Poet Thit Sar Ni)
5. .Net framework Infrastructure (NayMyo Aung)
6. Optical Communications: Fiber Optics & Copper Cables
by Ye Kyaw Min
7. Learn Python (Mike Amy)
8. Django “A Python web frame work for perfectionist
with deadlines” (John Berns)
9. Web Single Sign on with SAML
10. Unicode etc (Zaw Htut)
11. Jomala CMS, Easy Easy by Agga
12. Opensource: Very Basic (Lwin Maung Maung)
13. Mysteryzillion by Sithu
14. OpenSource, Cambodia by Nobert Klein
15. IT and Ethic by Kyaw Thiha
16. Web Develop: PHP by Htay Win
17. Social Media & Civic Engagement by Thet Aung
18. Wifi and Wireless by Tin Htoo Khaing
19. Mobile Web Development with iPhone by HtooTayZar
20. Technology for Disaster Resistance by Nay Yan Oo
21. How is Barcamp in Japan, SG, India, Africa by Preetam
22. Smart Card System by Nay Tun
Barcamp Yangon 2010’s Second Day Topics and
Presenters
1. My way of Searching: Let share your ways and find
together by Po Naing Lin (Tweety) Exiter
2. SPIP CMS by MinnYoonThit, Wane and YannLynnAung
3. How to communicate & Educate by Ye Naing Tun
4. SQL Injection Attack and ASP.Net web application by
Nay Myo Aung
5. GPU, DirectX, All you need to know about Graphic Card?
6. My Photo Show: Techniques, Ideas and Experiences
by Soe Zeya Tun
23-1-2010 (paeaeY)ESihf 24-1-2010(we*FaEGaeY)wGif &efukefNrdKU? vdIifNrdKUe,f&Sd MICT Park wGif
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ESihf uHprf;rJay;jcif;uvnf; pGJaqmifrIwpfck jzpfcJhygonf/ www.barcampyangon.org wGif 0ifa&muf
Munhf½Iaom tcg bm;urfhwGif vkyftm;ay;toif;tzGJUtaejzihf Tech Support Team, Front Desk Team,
Admin Team, Media Team, Translator Team [lí zJGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/ xkdyGJwGif OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;cJholrsm;rSm
- 7. mmgenius blog service and wordpress by Thar Phyo
8. HD for Film Industry and Media Jobs in Asia by Wunna
Kyaw
9. All about Java by Sahin Oztuk
10. Website in Color by Nang Nyi
11. I love Ubuntu: Work with you by Ko Ko Ye
12. MITR by MITR
13. Future Technologies by MinThuKhant & AungKhant Ko
14. YGNFC Fan Club by YGNFC Fan Club
15. Making Money with online Business by Gipsy
16. Twitter Font Embedding with CSS Web Design by HTZ
17. Digital Privacy and Security by Myat Lone and Barnyar
18. Smart Card System by Nay Tun
19. How to build and Opensource Community in Myanmar
(John Berns)
20. Semi-Pro Blogging by Yangonese
21. Ning Social Network: by MMIT Development
22. Rual Wireless Network and Cloud Computing by Kyi
Thar and Young Guys
23. Computer Professional and Change by U
24. Open Knowledge in Cambodia by Nobert Klein
25. Cyber Security Incident and Threats by U Aung Zaw
Myint
26. Myanmar Unicode by U Ngwe Tun
27. About Barcamp Yangon and IT Development in Myanmar
(Pannel Discussion) with International Barcampers
28. All about Java (include SCJP, JEE6, Design Pattern) by
UML
29. Creating Enterprises Online and the concept of
Enterprise 2.0 by Thuta Aung
30. How to Find Location by GPS by TIM
31. Discussion Experience Marketing by Erik Oo
32. WEP hack by Yaung Sein
33. Win Registry by Sai Kyaw Swar Wai
34. Wordpress Quick Install @ Web Zu Zu Aung
35. 2D Cartoon Animation by Ye Win
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11
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12
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13
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15
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16
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17
Dictionary Lookup Program ay:wGif ESpfcsufuvpfjyD; ukd,fodcsifwJh
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I am 23 Female Delhi(India)
Your asl please?
Waiting for you, view my private cam
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what are you doing?
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View my webcam (private secured
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22 F India
and you?
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yes
who is there?
Chrome Virus udk
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Hey Please help me to test my new
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privateCam. exe
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Edkifygw,f/ Message awGuawmh rwlygbl;/ wcsdKUu
Link yg ydkYw,f/ tcsdKUudkawmh rdwfqufw,f india uyg
qdkNyD;/
Task Manager, Folder Option, Registry Editor
awG zGifhvdkY r&awmhygbl;/
Drive awGzGif hvdk Y&rSm r[kwfygbl;/ (tcsdKU
Version rsm;wGif zGifhEdkifonf/)
Virus wdkY&JUxkH;pHtwdkif; ppawGYjcif;rSm b,f
Anti-Virus rS rEdkifygbl;/ aemufydkif; Kaspersky eJY
NOD32 &JU Removal awGokH;&if zsufypfEdkifvmygw,f/
odkYaomf Virus udkufNyD;rS Anti-Virus wifzdkYqdkwm cufcJyg
w,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY Anti Virus rwif&ao;wJh
pufawGrSm Chrome Virus wuf&ifyJjzpfjzpf Chrome
udk rEdkifwJh Anti-Virus wifxm;&ifyJjzpfjzpf udk,fwdkif
Manual owfEdkifatmif vufawGUykHpH a&;ay;vdkuf
ygw,f/
Chrome Virus owfr,fqdk&ifowfr,fqdk&ifowfr,fqdk&ifowfr,fqdk&ifowfr,fqdk&if
yxrqkH; Gtalk eJ Y Yahoo Messenger, MSN
awGudk tukefydwfypfvdkufyg/
NyD;&if Hidden jzpfaewJhzdkifawGtwGuf RRT
(Remove Restrictions Tool) okH;NyD; Folder Option awG
jyefazmfygr,f/ RRT udk arwåmvufaqmif Application
CD xJrSm xnfhay;xm;ygw,f/ RRT udk Run vdkuf&if
avmavmq,f ajymif;vJEdkifwJh option awGudk a&G;
cs,fEd ki frSm jzpfygw,f/ Folder Hidden Option,
Regestry Editor eJY Task Manager udk a&G;cs,f&ygr,f/
NyD;&if Hidden Folder awGudk azmfay;vdkufyg/
Explorer > Tools > Folder Option> View Tab > rSm
Show Hidden File and Folder udk a&G;ay;NyD; Hide
Protected Operation System file (Recommand) udk
cP trSefcspfav; jzKwfxm;vdkufyg/
Chrome Virus zdkifawGudk zsufypfygr,f/ Virus
t"du&SdwJh ae&mawGuawmh %SystemDrive% eJY
20
%Windir% rSmyg/ %SystemDrive% qdkwmuawmh C:
rSm Windows wifxm;&if C: udkqkdvdkwmjzpfjyD; D:
rSmwifxm;&if D: Drive udk qdkvdkwmyg/ %Windir%
uawmh Windows wifxm;wJhae&mudknGef;wmyg/
ykHrSefqdk&ifawmh C:\Windows\ udkqdkvdkygw,f/ odkYaomf
wifxm;wJh ae&may:rlwnfNyD; D:\Windows jzpfae
Ed kifovdk 2ckokH;ckcG Jwifxm;&if C:\Windows.0 eJ Y
C:\Windows.2 pojzifh &SdaeEdkifygw,f/
tJ'D Virus awGudk zsufwJhtcgrSm Access Denied
ay:NyD; zsufr& jzpfwwfygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf Unlocker
eJY unlock vkyfNyD;rS Delete vkyf&ygr,f/ NyD;&if system32
qdkwJh Folder atmufu Autorun.ini zdkifudkvnf; &SmNyD;
zsufypf&ygr,f/
NyD;&if tjcm; Drive awGxJu Virus awGudkvnf;
zsufypf&ygr,f/ C: D: E: eJY MP3, MP4, Memory Stick
awGxJrSm&S dwJ h Virus awGaygh/ Chrome.exe, New
Folder.exe, autorun.inf qdkNyD; okH;zdkifavmuf &Sdwwf
ygw,f/
'DtqifhtwGuf a&;xm;wJh BAT zdkif&Sdygw,f/
tukefvkH;udk wpfcgwnf; zsufypfEdkifygw,f/ 'DxJrSm
G: txdyJ jyxm;ygw,f/ udk,fhrSm &SdwJh Drive Letter
awG xnfhay;Edkifygw,f/
'gudk notepad rSm&dkufNyD; run.bat eJY odrf;ay;yg/
copy kb.bat C:\
copy kb.bat D:\
copy kb.bat E:\
copy kb.bat F:\
copy kb.bat G:\
start C:\kb.bat
start D:\kb.bat
start E:\kb.bat
start F:\kb.bat
start G:\kb.bat
21
cls
pause
del /q C:\kb.bat
del /q D:\kb.bat
del /q E:\kb.bat
del /q F:\kb.bat
del /q G:\kb.bat
cls
exit
aemufxyf kb.bat wpfzdkif xyfa&;&ygr,f/
@echo off
attrib -h -s -a autorun.inf
attrib -h -s -a chrome.exe
attrib -h -s -a autorun.ini
del /s /f /q autorun.inf
del /s /f /q chrome.exe
del /s /f /q autorun.ini
cls
cd C:\windows\system32
attrib -h -s -a chrome.exe
attrib -h -s -a autorun.ini
attrib -h -a -a setting.ini
cls
exit
kb.bat eJY run.bat udk wpfae&mrSm xm;NyD;
run.bat udk Double Click vdkuf&kHygyJ/
aemuf Folder taeeJYuawmh System Volume
Information eJYY RECYCLER ESpfck &Sdygw,f/ tJwmawG
zsufay;&ygr,f/
Startup rSm zsuf&ygr,f/
Windows + R eJY Run Box udkac:NyD; msconfig
vdkY&dkufyg/ tJ'DtxJrSm Chrome udk&SmNyD; jzKwfypfyg/
NyD;&if Restart csckdif;ygvdrfhr,f/ Restart rcsygeJYOD;
Registry udkjyifNyD;rS Restart csyg/
Registry rSm 0ifjyifr,fqdk&if
Windows + R uaeay:vmwJh Run Box rSm
regedit vdkY &dkufyg/ Registry rSm
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\
Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon udk &SmNyD;
aemufu explorer.exe chome.exe rSm Double Click
NyD; chrome.exe udk zsufypfvdkufyg/
NyD;&if Windows Restart csNyD; Virus &Sdr&Sd jyef
vnf ppfaq;yg/ 'gqdk&if Chrome Virus udk udk,fwdkif
Manual owfEdkifygNyD/ tjcm;aom Virus wufaevdkY
udk,fwdkifudk,fus Manual owfcsifw,fqdk&ifawmh
KnowledgeBridge.net &JU Online Box uae awmif;qdk
Edkifygw,f/
ud kud k& Jud kud k& Jud kud k& Jud kud k& Jud kud k& J
KNOWLEDGE IS EVERYWHERE
uRefawmfwkdY\ Knowledge Bridge Magazine tm; www.knowledgebridge.net
vpOf 0ifa&mufMunhf½I zwfMum;Ekdifygonf/
tGefvkdif;pmzwfolrsm;ESifU ta0;a&muf jrefrmrsm;odkh
22
uRefawmfwdkU[m 'DaeUacwf acwfay: tDvuf
x&Gef;epf toHk;taqmifypönf;awGukd wpfae&m
r[kwf wpfae&m? wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf; xdawGU
vm&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk xdawGUoHk;pJGvmwJh acwfay:
tDvufx&Gef;epfypönf;awGxJrSm uGefysLwm? Mobile
zkef;? MP3/Mp4 Player? Digital Camera ponfjzifh
azsmfajza&;oHk;? vkyfief;oHk; ud&d,mypönf; trsKd;pHk
yg0ifMuygw,f/ tJ'Dypönf;awGxJrSm o,faqmifoHk;pJG
MuwJh Media vdkYac:wJh File trsKd;tpm;awG[mvnf;
trsKd;pHk uJGjym;wnf&SdaeMuygw,f/ MP3? MP4 Player
awGrSm Audio eJY Video Media File awGudk t"du odkrDS;
oHk;pJGMuygw,f/ Digital Camera awGrSmawmh Image
zdkifawGukd t"du odkrDS;o,faqmifMuygw,f/
Audio? Video? Image ponfjzifh rD'D,mzdkif
yHkpHtrsdK;tpm;awG trsKd;rsKd;&SdMuovdk Audio rD'D,mzkdif
wpfrsKd;wnf;rSmyJ MP3? Wav? WMA? M4A ponfjzifh
trsdK;tpm;rsm;pGm uJGjym;rI &Sdygw,f/ Video rD'D,m
zkdifyHkpHawGrSmvnf;yJ MP4? AVI? 3GP? WMV? MPG ponf
jzifh uJGjym;rIawG awGU&rSmyg/ Image zkdifawGrSmvnf;
JPG? BMP? ICO? PNG? GIF? TIF ponfjzifh uJGjym;jcm;em;
pGm toHk;jyKMuygw,f/ 'Dvdk uGJjym;jcm;em;aewJh
Format ac: zJGUpnf;wnfaqmufrIyHkpHawG[m ukd,f
toHk;jyKr,fh ud&d,may:rSm tqifajypGm zwf&IEdkifpGrf;
&SdrI[m 'Dae&mrSm ta&;ygvmygw,f/
Oyrmtm;jzifh uRefawmfu Audio CD ay:u
oDcsif;av;awGukd MP3 Player av;xJudk xnfhjyD;
o,faqmifodrf;qnf;csifw,f/ 'grSr[kwf uRefawmfh
&JU Digital Video Camera xJu BuD;rm;us,fjyefYwJh
vIyf&Sm;rI AD'D,dkzdkifawGudk Internet ay:u oli,fcsif;
awGeJY ayghayghyg;yg; rQa0csifw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk&if uRefawmf
wdkY&JU rlv Format vdkYac:wJh zkdifzJGUpnf;rIyHkpHawGukd
ukd,fajymif;vJtoHk;jyKcsifwJh ud&d,may:rlwnfjyD;
23
jyefvnfajymif;vJay;zdkU vdkvmNyDayghAsm/ Audio CD
ay:rSm &Sdaewmu Audio CD &JU Format uRefawmfwdkY
MP3 Player awGu od&Sdem;vnfzwf½IEkdifwmu MP3
zdkifyHkpH? Digital Video Camera xJrSm toHk;jyKwJh Format
u MPG Format ? tifwmeufay:rSm ayghayghyg;yg;
rQa0wJhae&mrSm toHk;jyKwmu FLV qdkwJh Flash Video
zdkifyHkpH ponfjzifh uJGjym;ygw,f/
'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYu Media Converter rsdK;pHkudk
&SmazGtoHk;jyK&NyDayghAsm/ Audio zdkifawGudk ajymif;csif
awmh Audio Converter awG vkduf&Sm&? uGefysLwmxJudk
xnhfoGif;& ponfjzifh zkdifwpfckudk Format ajymif;vJ
toHk;jyKzdkU vkyf&ygw,f/ Image zdkifawG ajymif;csif
awmh Image Converter awG &Sm&jyefa&m/ tvkyf
awmfawmf½Iyfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk Format awG ajymif;vJ
ay;wJh Software awG qkdwmuvnf; tNrJwrf; tcrJh&
aewm r[kwfygbl;/ tcaMu;aiGay;NyD; 0,f,loHk;pJG&
wm rsm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh tcaMu;aiGeJ Y Software
awGudk tcrJhoHk;pJGvkdY&atmif ukd,fh&JU uGefysLwmxJrSm
Key Gen? Crack ponfjzif h tjcm; vHkjcH KrIr&S dwJ h
Software awGudk xyfrHoHk;pJG&ygw,f/ 'DvdkeJY uGefysLwm
xJrSm Format ajymif;vJwJh Software rsdK;pHkeJY rsufpd
aemufavmufatmif &Iyf,Sufaewm awGUzl;MurSmyg/
uGefysLwm? Mobile zkef;? Digital Camera? MP3
Player? PSP ponfwdkUay:rSm Audio? Video? Image? ISO?
CSO ponfjzifh zdkifrsdK;pHkudk Software wpfckwnf;eJY
ajymif;vJay;wmrsdK; r&Sdbl;vm;/ &Sdygw,fvdkY ajz&rSm
yg/ tcaMu;aiG awmfawmfay;&ovm;/ tcrJh toHk;
jyKEdkifwJh Software vdkYyJ ajz&rSmyg/ 'gjzifh tJ'D Software
u bmvJ/ Format Factory vdkUac:wJh Freeware wpfck
yg/ http://www.pcfreetime.com (odkYr[kwf) http:
//www.formatoz.com qdkwJh tifwmeufvdyfpmrSm
&,lEkdifygw,f/ b,fvdk zkdiftrsdK;tpm;awGukd ajymif;
vJrI vkyfay;EkdifovJ/ Format Factory u ajymif;vJ
ykH(1)
ay;EkdifwJh zdkiftrsdK;tpm;awGuawmh -
AD'D,dkzkdif trsdK;tpm;tm;vHk;ukd MP4? 3GP? MPG?
AVI? WMV? FLV? SWF file rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? toHzdkif
trsdK;tpm;tm;vHk;ukd MP3? WMA? AMR? OGG? AAC?
WAV file rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? yHk&dyfzkdif trsKd;tpm;
tm;vHk;ukd JPG? BMP? PNG? TIF? ICO? GIF? TGA file
rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? DVD rS video file odkUvnf;aumif;?
Music CD rS audio file rsm;odkYvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJ
Ekdifygw,f/
MP4 files awGukd iPod? iPhone? PSP? BlackBerry
format rsm;tjzpf toHk;jyKEkdifatmif ajymif;vJay;Ekdifyg
w,f/ RMVB? Watermark? AV Mux wdkYukdvnf; jyKvkyf
ay;Ekdifygw,f/
oHk;pJG&wm cufovm;/ rcufygbl;/ atmufrSm
zkdifawG zJGUpnf;xm;wJh yHkpHajymif;vJyHkav;awGudk Munhf
vkduf&if vG,fulw,fqdkwm awGUEkdifygw,f/
ykH(1)/ 'guawmh Format Factory ukd zGifhvdkuf&if
jrif&r,fh Main Window yg/ tJ'DurS rnfonhf AD'D,dk
zkdif trsKd;tpm;jzpfap? MP4 zkdifodkY ajymif;vJwJhtqifh
av;awGukd vufawGUvkyfMunhf&atmif/
yHk - 2 rSm jyxm;wJhtwkdif; Format Factory &JU
b,fbuf Sidebar rSm &SdwJh Video qdkwJh Tab ukd a&G;
vdkufyg/ uRefawmfwdkYu WMV trsKd;tpm; AD'D,dkzkdif
24
ykH(2)
ykH(3)
wpfckudk MP4 ajymif;rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf All to MP4 qdk
wmukd a&G;yg/ (All) qdkwm rnfonhf AD'D,dkzkdifjzpfygap
(To MP4) MP4 odkY ajymif;vJay;ygvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/
yHk - 3 rSm jyxm;ovdk Add File ukd a&G;cs,f
vdkufyg/
yHk - 4 rSm jyxm;wJhtwkdif; rdrd&JU rl&if; AD'D,kdzkdif
&Sd&mukd a&G;cs,fay;vdkufyg/ uRefawmfuawmh Sample
Videos Folder xJu Wildlife.wmv qdkwJh zkdifav;udk
OyrmtaeeJY a&G;cs,fxm;ygw,f/
Open? udk ESdyfvdkuf&if yHk - 5 twkdif; awGU&yg
vdrhfr,f/ tJ'DrSm AD'D,dkzkdifudk Crop (rdrdESpfoufonfh
tydkif;ukd a&G;cs,fjzwfawmufjcif;) ponfwkdYudk jyKvkyf
Ekdifygw,f/
AD'D,dkzkdif&JU Quality eJY t&G,ftpm;ukdawmh yHk -
6 rSm jyxm;ovdk Output Settings xJrSm pdwfBudKuf
a&G;cs,fEkdifygw,f/
ykH(4)
ykH(5)
25
ykH(6)
ykH(7)
ykH(8)
ykH(9)
ykH(10)
apmifh&ygr,f/
yHk - 9 rSmawmh ajymif;vJrItqifhawG jyD;oGm;vkdY
oiftvdk&SdwJh MP4 zkdifukd &&SdygjyD/
'DOyrmtwdkif; tjcm; Video? Audio? Image
ponfh Format wdkYukd BudKufESpfouf&m Format odkU
tvG,fwul ajymif;vJEkdifygw,f/
yHk - 10 rSmawmh Format Factory xJu Video
zkdifawGukd csdwfqufay;r,f? Video Joiner? Audio zkdif
awGukd csdwfqufaygif;pnf;ay;r,f? Audio Joiner?
Audio File eJY Video File awGukd aygif;pnf;ay;r,fh Mux?
Media File awG&JU tcsuftvufawGukd Munhf&IEkdifr,fh
Media File Info wdkYukd awGU&rSmyg/
rsufvk H;rsufvk H;rsufvk H;rsufvk H;rsufvk H;
yHk - 7 u twkdif; xGuf&Sdvmr,fh ajymif;vJNyD;wJh
MP4 AD'D,dkzkdifukd odrf;qnf;r,fhae&mudk Browse ukd
ESdyfNyD; a&G;cs,fay;yg/
tm;vHk; NyD;oGm;&ifawmh ykH - 8 rSm jyxm;wJh
twkdif; rdrd Format ajymif;vJr,fh zkdifudk uvpf
wpfcsufESdyf Select vkyfNyD; Start udk ESdyfvdkufyg/ rdrd&JU
zd kift&G,ftpm;BuD;&if BuD;ovkd tcsdefenf;enf;
26
bmtwGufbmtwGufbmtwGufbmtwGufbmtwGuf oHk;pG JrSmvJ? aiGb,favmufoHk;pG JrSmvJ? aiGb,favmufoHk;pG JrSmvJ? aiGb,favmufoHk;pG JrSmvJ? aiGb,favmufoHk;pG JrSmvJ? aiGb,favmuf tukefcHrvJ/tukefcHrvJ/tukefcHrvJ/tukefcHrvJ/tukefcHrvJ/
PC uGefysLwm wpfvHk;udk a&G;cs,fwyfqifzdkY twGuf taMumif;ESpfcsuftay: rlwnfNyD;pOf;pm;ygw,f/
rdrdtoHk;jyKvdkwJh uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnfNyD; wyfqifrnfh Hardware awGudk a&G;cs,f&wm jzpfygw,f/
(Oyrm - AD'D,dkvkyfief;twGuf toHk;jyKr,fqdk&if Graphic ydkif;udk OD;pm;ay;NyD;? oleJYvdkufzufrnfh RAM, CPU
wdkYudk a&G;cs,f&ygw,f/) wyfqifxm;wJh Hardware rsm;u toHk;jyKrnfh Software rsm;&JU vdktyfcsufxuf
omvGefaerSom tqifajyygvdrfhr,f/ Game wpfck upm;r,f qdkygpdkY/ tJ'D*drf;twGuf 3.0GHz CPU, 2Gb
RAM eJY 256Mb VGA wdkY tenf;qHk; vdktyfw,fvdkY awmif;qdkcJY&if olYxufydkomwJY Hardware rdrdrSm &dSxm;rS
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ydwfxm;cJYr,fqdk&ifawmif OS wpfckeJY Anti-Virus uJYodkYaom software rsm;udk wpfNydKifwnf; toHk;jyKae&OD;rSm
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rdrdoHk;csifoavmufeJY aiGoHk;Edkifoavmufudk rQwatmif csifYcsdefa&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/
27
CPU a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
uGefysLwm wpfvHk;udk CPU rS pwifNyD; a&G;cs,f
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tay:rlwnfum tjcm;ypönf;rsm;vnf; aps;EIef;
vdkufjrifhoGm;ygw,f/ uGefysLwm&JU tjrefEIef;uvnf;
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pmtkyfwpftkyfpmru jzpfoGm;ygvdrfYr,f/ usaemf
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rdrd toHk;jyKrnfh Software u 3.0 GHz CPU
avmuf vdktyfr,fqdk&ifawmh 2.0GHz &dSwJh Core 2
CPU wpfckudk tenf;qHk;taeeJY aa&G;cs,foifYygw,f/
CPU &JU vkyfaqmifEdkifrIudk speed 2 rsdK;eJY wGufcsuf
owfrSwfygw,f/ CPU Clock Speed eJY FSB speed wdkY
jzpfMuygw,f/ 2.0GHz qdkwJh Core 2 CPU &JU speed
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a&wGufyHk ESpfqjzpfNyD; a&;om;xm;wJY tjrefEIef;&JU
ESpfqvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ (Oyrm - intel T4200 Duo Core
2.0 GHz qdk&if core ESpfckrdkYvdkY 4.0GHz jzpfygw,f)/
CPU [m aps;tBuD;qHk; tpdwftydkif;jzpfNyD;? wyfqifrI
&JU t"du tpdwfydkif;vnf; jzpfygw,f/ vuf&dS Intel
Core 2 Duo Processor wpfck&JU wefzdk;[m 150 $ 0ef;
usifrSm &dSygw,f/ oleJYvdkufzufatmif wyfqifr,fqdk
&if cefYrSef;ajc olY&JU oHk;qcefY ukefusEdkifygw,f/ (PC
yHk; wpfckwnf;twGuf cefYrSef;ajcjzpfygw,f)/ b,f
avmuf tukefcH NyD; bmudka&G;cs,f&r,fqd kwm
tm;vHk;zwfNyD;csdefrSm pOf;pm;EdkifrSmyg/ usaemf pmquf
a&;zd k Y tqifajy&eftwGuf Intel® Core™2 Duo
Processor E8200 udk Oyrmxm; a&G;cs,fNyD; a&;oGm;
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rdrd pufrSm toHk;jyKr,fY CPU &JU tcsuftvuf
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www.intel.com aygY) / tck a&G;cs,fxm;wJY E8200
ukd pHxm;NyD; tenf;i,f a&;om;oGm;ygYr,f/ E8200
udk www.intel.com &JU Search box rSm xnfha&;NyD; &Sm
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tMurf;zsif; od&r,fY tcsuftvufuawmY -
CPU Clock speed (or) Processor Base
Frequency - 2.66 GHz
FSB speed – 1333 MHz
# of Core – 2
L2 Cache – 6 Mb
Instruction Set – 64 bit
Max TDP - 65 W
Sockets Supported – LGA 775 wdkY jzpfygw,f/
Clock speed rsm;taMumif;udk aocsm&Sif;jy&if
t&rf; &Snfvsm;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tao;pdwf odcsif
&if A+ pmtkyfawGrSm xyfrHavhvmMunfhyg/ tcku
a&G;cs,f wyfqifEdkif½Hk tMurf;zsif; ajymcsifwm jzpfvdkY
em;vnf&HkavmufyJ ajymygYr,f/ uGefysLwmtpdwf
tydkif;awG wpfNydKifwnf; tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef signal clock
rsm; vdktyfygw,f/ clock tBudrfta&twGuf rsm;
av uGefysLwm vkyfaqmifEIef;jrefav jzpfwJYtwGuf
CPU clock speed [mvnf; uGefysLwm tjrefEIef;
twGuf wkduf½d kufywfowfygw,f/ FSB speed
qdkwmuawmY processor ESif Y motherboard ay:&dS
tpdwftydkif;wdkY&JU tjyeftvSef communicate vkyfEdkif
aom speed yJ jzpfygw,f/ Core qdkwJh data pD;qif;rIu
28
2 (Duo) jzpfwJhtwGuf CPU clock speed ESifh FSB speed
wdkYudk ESpfqjzpfapygw,f/ (Core™ 2 Quad qdk&if core
–4 jzpfvdkY a&wGufyHkvnf; av;qjzpfygw,f)/
Cache rSm L1 ESifY L2 qdkNyD; &dSygw,f/ CPU cache
rsm;[m CPU ESifY Main memory (RAM) wdkYMum;wGif
Mum;cH Buffer tjzpf aqmif&Gwfygw,f/ xyfcgxyfcg
vkyfaqmif&aom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf data ESif h
instruction rsm;udk toHk;jyKrI tBudrfta&twGuf ay:
rlwnfí odrf;qnf;ygw,f/ awmif;qdkvkdufaom
data rsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf CPU onf cache xJwGif
&SmazGygw,f/ r&dSrSom RAM qDrS apmifYqdkif;&ygw,f/
Main memory (RAM) onf CPU avmuf vQifjrefpGm
vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&dSaomaMumifh apmifhqdkif;csdef
(loading time) &dSvmygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh cache yrmP
rsm;av uGefysLwm&JU vkyfaqmifcsdef apmifhqdkif;&rI
uif;a0;aavyJ jzpfygw,f/
Instruction Set – 64 bit qdkNyD; tcka&G;cs,f
xm;wJh CPU twGuf awGYygvdrfhr,f/ 64 bit CPU rS
omvQif x64 bit OS udk oHk;Edkifygvdrfhr,f/
Max TDP qdkwmu CPU &JU yg0gvdktyfwJY
yrmPjzpfvdkY Power supply a&G;cs,frItydkif;rSyJ quf
ajymygYr,f/
Sockets – 775 jzpfwJYtwGuf motherboard
udkvnf; 775 sockets wyfqifxm;wJh board udk a&G;
cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/
Z,m;&JUatmufrSmvnf; wGJzuf toHk;jyKEdkifwJY
Chipset trsdK;tpm;awG jyxm;ygw,f/ 'D processor
udk oHk;r,fqdk&if tJ'D chipset wpfrsdK;rsdK; wyfqifxm;
wJY Motherboard udk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/
Motherboard a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
Motherboard a&G;cs,fzd k YtwGuf t"du
ESpfcsufu rdrdtoHk;jyKvdkwJY processor eJY udkufnDzdkYeJY
wyfqifvdkwJY casing t&G,ftpm;eJY tqifajyzdkYyJ jzpf
ygw,f/ tck usaemfa&G;cs,fxm;wJh processor eJY udkuf
nDwJh ASUS P5E64 WS EVOLUTION udk EIdif;,SOfjy
ygYr,f/
1/ Sockets 775 jzpf Ny D; Core 2 Duo CPU udk
support vkyfygw,f/
2/ FSB speed 1333 MHz udk support vkyfygw,f/
3/ Intel X48 chipset wyfqifxm;wJYtwGuf a&G;
cs,fxm;wJY CPU eJY udkufnDygw,f/
'DoHk;csuf udkufnDNyDqdk&if a&G;cs,fxm;wJY CPU
eJY motherboard tqifajyoGm;ygNyD/ usefwJY hardware
udkawmY motherboard ay:rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm;ygYr,f/
4if;rSm wyfqifxm;wJY slots rsm;tvdkuf RAM, VGA,
Hard disk, Optical drive wdkYudk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/
Motherboard &JU aemufxyf owdjyKp&m wpf
csufu t&G,ftpm; jzpfygw,f/ Mini casing oHk;vdkol
rsm;twGuf motherboard t&G,ftpm;BuD;wmudk
rokH;oihfygbl;/ vuf&dSa&G;cs,fxm;wJY motherboard
uawmh Dimension: 12 inch x 9.6 inch jzpfygjzpfygjzpfygjzpfygjzpfyg
w,f/w,f/w,f/w,f/w,f/ 'gudk rSwfxm;NyD; casing 0,f&if jyefMunfh&
ygr,f/
29
RAM a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
RAM (Random Access Memory) vdk Yac:wJY
memory [m uGefysLwmvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaom
instruction ESifY data rsm;udk ,m,DodkavSmifxm;&ef
toHk;jyKjcif; jzpfygw,f/ Volatile memory (yg0g ay;
xm;csdefwGifom data rsm;udk odkrSD;xm;EdkifNyD;? yg0g jzwf
awmufvdkufonfESifY tm;vHk; aysmufysufoGm;aom
memory) trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ RAM trsdK;tpm;
a&G;cs,f&efrSm motherboard ay:rS slots rsm;ay: rl
wnfaomaMumifh motherboard udk jyefMunfhygw,f/
(website rsm;rS 0,f,ljcif; r[kwfyJ show room rsm;rS
wdkuf½dkuf0,f,lygu motherboard bl;xJwGifygaom
vrf;nTefpmtkyfudk zwfMunfhyg/)
4 x DIMM, Max.8 GB, DDR3 (1800) (1600)
1333/1066/800 Dual Channel memory architecture
pHkwGJvdkuf pdkuf&aom DIMM ESpfacsmif;wGJ slots
av;ckygNyD;? trsm;qHk; 8 GB xd pdkufEdkifygw,f/ DDR3
trsdK;tpm;udk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfNyD;? azmfjyxm;wJY RAM
speed awGxJu wpfrsdK;rsdK; jzpf&ygr,f/ DIMM Dual
Channel awGjzpfwJY twGuf memory ESifY speed wlnD
aom RAM ESpfacsmif;udk a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/ (wpf
acsmif;wnf; wyfqiftoHk;jyKEdkifaomfvnf; parallel
toHk;jyKjcif;u aumif;ygw,f/ xdkYaMumifY 1GB om
wyfqifvdkvQif 512 Mb ESpfacsmif;udk a&G;cs,foifhNyD;?
2GB toHk;jyKvdkygu 1GB ESpfacsmif; toHk;jyKjcif;u
ydkoifhawmfygw,f)/ vuf&dSa&G;cs,fxm;wJh ypönf;awG
t& tenf;qHk; 2GB awmY wyfqifoifhygw,f/ DIMM
DDR3 (1066) 1024Mb Kingston udk a&G;cs,fNyD; ESpf
acsmif;0,f,lygr,f/
Graphic Card a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
Video card (or) graphic card udk armfeDwmay:rSm
jrifawGY&aom yHk&dyfrsm; yHkazmf&eftwGuf toHk;jyKyg
w,f/ ,ck xkwfvkyftoHk;jyKaeaom motherboard
tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm display adapter wpfcktjzpf omref
OS wpfcktoHk;jyKEdkif½HkawmY xnfhoGif;wnfaqmuf
vmwm awGY&ygw,f/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap graphic toHk;
jyKrIrsm;aom Windows Vista ESif htxuf OS rsm;
twGufvnf;aumif;? Photoshop ESifh Video Edition
software rsm;twGufvnf;aumif;? Game rsm;twGuf
uRefawmf a&G;cs,fxm;aom ASUS board
uawmY RAM twGuf atmufygtwdkif; ajymxm;
ygw,f/
30
vnf;aumif; vHkavmufrI r&dSyg/ xdkYtwGuf oD;oefY
Graphic Card wpfckudk wyfqif toHk;jyK&ygr,f/ VGA
card wpfck&JU memory [m RAM &JU av;yHkwpfyHkcefY
jzpfoifhygw,f/ (Oyrm-RAM udk 2GB wyfqifr,fqdk&if
VGA udk 512 MB a&G;cs,fjcif;[m toifhawmfqHk; jzpf
ygw,f)/
VGA trsdK;tpm;awGxJrSm PCI Express uawmh
,aeYaemufqHk;ay: BUS wpfrsdK;yJ jzpfygw,f/ PCI
Express rSm slot trsdK;tpm;av;rsKd; &dSygw,f/ rdrd
motherboard rSm &dSwJY slot eJY udkufnDwJY PCI Express
wpfckudk a&G;cs,frSm jzpfygw,f/ PCI Express 1X, 4X,
8X, 16X qdkNyD; av;rsdK;jzpfygw,f/ atmufygyHkrSm
oHk;rsdK;jyxm;ygw,f/ 8X uawmY 4X ESifY 16X Mum;xJu
t&G,ftpm; jzpfygw,f/
rdrda&G;cs,fxm;wJY motherboard u bm slots
udk toHk;jyKEdkifrvJ jyefMunfhNyD;? tay:u ajymcJYwJY
memory a&G;cs,frItwdkif; &SmazGMunfhyg/ usaemfwkdY
a&G;xm;wJY Motherboard u PCIe x16 slot av;ck ygNyD;?
PCIe x4 slot wpfck ygygw,f/ PCIe X16 udk dual
channel oHk;vdkY&atmif pDpOfay;xm;wJhtwGuf VGA
t&rf;aumif;zdkYvdktyfwJY puftwGuf txl;oifhavQmf
wJh motherboard yg/ tckqufa&;zdkYtwGuf ASUS EN
GTS 250 OC udk a&G;cs,fygw,f/ nVidia 512Mb DDR3
jzpfvdkY usaemfwdkY vdkcsifwJh memory yrmP udkufnDNyD;?
PCIe 16X jzpfvdkY wyfqifzdkYvnf; udkufnDygw,f/
Hard Disk a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) onf tcsuftvufrsm;
udk odkavSmifay;xm;aom t"du storage device
wpfck jzpfygw,f/ non-volatile memory (yg0g ray;
xm;onfh tcsdefwGifvnf; data rsm;udk odkrSD;xm;EdkifNyD;?
rdrdudk,fwdkif Delete rvkyfrcsif; data rsm;udk xdef;odrf;
ay;xm;Edkifaom memory) trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/
Capacity udk HDD xJwGif odkavSmifxdef;odrf; xm;Edkif
rnfh data yrmPjzifh azmfjyNyD; bytes(B) ,lepfpepffjzifh
wdkif;wm ygw,f/ Bytes unit system \ wGufcsufyHkrSm-
1 bit = 0 or 1
1 Byte = 8 bits (01, 001, 111)
1 KB (kilobyte) = 1024 bytes
1 MB (megabyte) = 1024 kilobytes
1 GB (gigabyte) = 1024 megabytes
1 TB (tetrabyte) = 1024 gigabytes
ponfjzifh owfrSwfwGufcsufygw,f/ (HDD
xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaom ukrÜPDrsm;onf 1000 000 KB
udk 1GB tjzpf owfrSwfum a&mif;csMuygw,f/
uGefysLwmwGif wyfqifaomtcg system rsm;u
txufyg pepftwdkif; wGufcsufjyoaomaMumifY 1GB
tjynfhrjzpfawmYyJ 953 MB cefYom usef&dSawmYwmudk
awGYMurSmyg/ Flash drive rsm;ESifh Hard disk rsm; tm;vHk;
xdktwdkif;yif jzpfygw,f/ Gigabyte b,favmuf0,f
&if b,favmufusefrvJqdkwmudk txufygpepf
31
twdkif; rdrdbmom wGufcsufMunfhEdkifygw,f)/
vuf&d StoHk;jyKaeaom Hard drive rsm;udk
t&G,ftpm;ESpfrsdK;? BudK;qufoG,frIESpfrsdK; uGmjcm;ae
wmudk awGYMuygvdrfhr,f/ 2.5" HDD ESifY 3.5" HDD
qdkNyD; t&G,ftpm; ESpfrsdK;&dSNyD;? ATA (IDE) ESifY SATA
qdkNyD; connector ESpfrsdK;&dSygw,ff/ 2.5 vu® hard disk
udk Laptop ESifh Extra Hard disk rsm;xJwGif toHk;jyKae
Muygw,f/ rlvt&G,ftpm; yg;vsao;oG,fwm
aMumifh connector t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;wJY IDE jzifh
xkwfvkyfjcif;r&dSyJ SATA jzifYyJ xkwfvkyfygw,f/ 3.5
vu® hard disk udk PC yHk;rsm;wGif wifqiftoHk;jyKyg
w,f/ t&if extra hard disk taejzifYvnf; jyKvkyf
toHk;cscJYayr,fh t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;jcif;aMumifh ,ck
tcgwGif PC HDD tjzpfom oHk;Muygw,f/ 3.5" HDD
udkawmY IDE a&m SATA jzifhyg xkwfvkyfygw,f/ SATA
onf IDE uJYodkY master ESifY Slave drive cGJay;&ef rvdk
jcif;? BudK;t&G,ftpm;ao;aomaMumifh PC twGif;
av0ifavxGuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefjcif;? wyfqif& ydkrdk
vG,fuljcif;wdkYaMumifh aemufydkif;rSm SATA udkom vloHk;
rsm;vmMuygw,f/ SATA rsm;&JU Data Transfer rate
[m IDE xufydkjrefNyD; 150 Mb/Sec jzpfygw,f/
Hard disk 0,f,l&eftwGuf pOf;pm;&ef ESpfcsuf
&dSygw,f/ okdavSmifrIyrmP b,favmufoHk;rSmvJ?
b,fvdk connector trsKd;tpm;oHk;rSmvJ/ t&G,ftpm;
uawmY PC qifrSmjzpfvdkY 3.5" udkyJ oHk;&ygr,f/ HDD
udk odkavSmifxdef;odrf;EdkifwJY aowåmwpfvHk;tjzpfom
oHk;wmrdkY odkavSmifrIyrmPudkawmY rdrdBudKufoavmuf
xnfhvd k Y&ygw,f/ (Windows Vista twGufawmY
tenf;qH k; 12Gb vdkwmrk d Y b,favmufrsm;rsm;
jyóem r&dSayr,fY enf;oGm;cJY&ifawmY toHk;jyKEdkifrSm
r[kwfygbl;)/ odkavSmifrIyrmPESifY
trsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnfNyD; aps;EIef;
uGmjcm;wJYtjyif cache yrmP[m
vnf; HDD &JU aps;EIef;udk tenf;
i,f uGmjcm;apygw,f/
(Oyrm - Seagate S-ATAII
250GB ,8MB qdkNyD; a&;xm;wwfyg
w,f/ 8Mb qdkwm cache jzpfNyD;?
cache ESpfqjzpfoGm;&if aps;vnf;
E Sp fq jzp foGm;wwfygw,f)/
connector trs d K ;tpm;ud kawmY
Motherboard udk MunfYNyD;awmY 0,f
,lyg/ SATA &JU tm;omcsufawG
ajymcJYNyD;ygNyD/ 'gayr,fY wdk;wufwDxGifwJY enf;ynm
topfjzpfvdkY [dk;t&ifu PIII board awGrSm SATA
rygygbl;/ SATA a&m IDE a&m ygcJYr,fqdk&ifawmY
ajymp&mawmif rvdkawmYygbl; SATA yJ oHk;rSmyg/
Optical Drive a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
Laser udk oHk;NyD; data rsm;udk zwf½Ijcif;? a&;om;
jcif; jyKvkyfwJY Drive awGudk Optical drive vdkY ac:wm
odNyD; jzpfrSmyg/ vuf&dStaetxm;rSm Optical drive
32
wpfcka&G;r,fqdk&if tenf;qHk; DVD-RW avmufawmY
a&G;&ygvdrfYr,f/ Windows Vista u pvdkY tvm;wl
OS version tm;vHk;? Game awGtm;vHk;vdkvdkESifY Zmwf
um;rsm;[mvnf; DVD version awG jzpfaeygNyD/ Blu-
ray drive awGudk toHk;jyKvmNyDqdkayr,fY aps;EIef;
uawmY tvGefjrifhrm;aeygao;w,f/ CD-R, CD-RW,
DVD Combo, DVD-RW, BR-R qdkNyD; uGmjcm;wmESifYtrQ
trsKd;tpm;jrifhav aps;jrifhavyJaygh/ (DVD udk zwf½Hk
omzwfEdkifNyD;? CD udk a&;Edkif? zwfEdkifwJh drive udk DVD
combo drive vdkY ac:ygw,f)/ Optical drive ESifh HDD
[m storage device csif; wlwmESifhtrQ connector
trsKd;tpm;awG[mvnf; twlwlyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D
twGuf optical drive rSm disc trsKd;tpm; a&G;cs,f&wm
jzpfNyD;? HDD rSm storage yrmPa&G;cs,f&wmyJ uGmyg
w,f/ usefwm twlwlygyJ/
(Motherboard twGuf wpfckjznfhajymcsifwm
u SATA [m IDE vdk ESpfcGoHk;vdkYr&wJYtwGuf SATA
slot av;ckyJyg&if HDD drive jzpfap? Optical drive jzpfap
pkpkaygif; av;ckyJ oHk;vdkY&rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf
CD Burning udk pD;yGm;jzpf oHk;vdkolrsm;twGuf SATA
Drive rsm;udk a&G;cs,fcJhr,fqdk&if? SATA Slots rsm;rsm;
ygwJh motherboard udk a&G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f)
Heat sink a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
Heat sink vdkYac:wJh CPU cooler udk jrifYrm;vSwJh
CPU tylcsdef avQmYcszdkYtwGuf r&dSrjzpf toHk;jyK&yg
w,f/ CPU 0,f,lpOfrSm Core 2 Duo T6500 - BOX
qdkNyD; awGYrdMur,f xifygw,f/ (online store rsm;rS
0,f,lolrsm;twGuf ajymwm jzpfygw,f) CPU udk
'Dtwdkif;a&;jyxm;&if CPU wpfckwnf;omjzpfNyD;? BOX
vdkYyg&if Heat sink yg wGJa&mif;wJY trsdK;tpm; jzpfyg
w,f/ Heat sink twGuf a':vm oHk;q,fcefY ydk,l
wwfygw,f/
rdrdbmom Heat sink oufouf 0,f,l wyf
qifr,fqdk&ifawmY yxrqHk; Munfh&rSmu CPU Slot
trsdK;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ Slot wlrSom txdef;ukyf&r,fh
wdkifawG pulawG wyfqifvdkY&rSm jzpfygw,f/ rdrdyHk;&JU
tus,ft0ef;ESifh Heat sink &JU tjrifYudk xnfhwGufyg/
Motherboard &JU CPU slot ywfywfvnfrSm conductors
av;0dkif;aewmrsKd; &dSwwfygw,f/ usaemfa&G;xm;cJYwJh
board uvnf; 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ/ 'Dvdk motherboard rsKd;rSm
atmufajcedrfhwJh Heat sink rsKd;oHk;cJY&if wyfqifvdkY r&
wmrsKd; &dSygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf 'gudkvnf; xnfhpOf;pm;
ay;yg/
yefumygwJh Active Heat sink ESifY yefumrygwJh
passive Heat sink ESpfrsdK;&dSwm odMuygvdrfhr,f/ vuf&dS
toHk;jyKaewJh CPU &JU tvkyfvkyfEIef;ESifY tylcsdefawG
aMumifh yefumygwJh Active Heat sink udkyJ a&G;cs,f
oifhygw,f/ yHkoP²mefESifh trsdK;tpm;udkawmY rdrd
pdwfBudKuf a&G;cs,fEdkifygw,f/ uGefysLwmwpfckvHk;
toHtus,fqHk; qlnHwmqdkvdk Y (CD drive t&rf;
tvkyfvkyfaecsdefrS ty) Heat Sink yJ &dSygw,f/ power
supply rSmvnf; yefumygayr,fY heat sink avmuf
tywfa& rjrefygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifY qlnHoH enf;yg;wJY
Heat sink udk pHkprf;a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/
33
Power Supply a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;a&G;cs,fjcif;
Power supply udk casing rSm wpfcgwnf; wyf
qifNyD; a&mif;cswm rsm;ygw,f/ owdjyKa&G;&rSm awmY
Power ay;EdkifwJY Watt vHkavmufzdkYESifY a&G;cs,f
xm;wJ Y drive rsm;twGuf connector
rSefuefzdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ Watt vHkavmufzdkY
twGuf wGufcsufyHkuawmY tMurf;zsif;
pdwfrSef;jzifY 0,f,lEdkifovkd twdtus
vnf; wGuf,lvdkY &ygw,f/ rdrda&G;cs,f
xm;wJY device awGjzpfwJY CPU uae DVD
drive? Heat sink wdkYtxd olwdkYrSm a&;xm;
wJh vdktyfwJYyg0gyrmP Watt tm;vHk;udk csaygif;
vdkufyg/ (device tm;vHk;&JU t&nftaoG;awG jyo
xm;wJYae&mrSm olwdkYtwGuf vdktyfwJY Watt tm;udk
vnf; a&;jyxm;ygw,f)/
rdrda&G;cs,fxm;wJY device tm;vHk;&JU vdktyfwJY
yg0gyrmP[m 250W jzpfr,fqdk&if 400W power
supply udk a&G;cs,foifhyg w,f/ Disk drive rsm;ESifY
fan rsm;wGif &d Saom motor rsm;onf yg0gcvkyf
pzGifYcsdefwGif full speed odkY a&mufatmif yg0g ydkrdk
oHk;pGJ&aomaMumifY jzpfygw,f/ a&G;cs,fxm;wJY power
supply u Watt tm;ydkae&if jyóem r&dSayr,fh
avmufiSrI&dSzdk YawmY vdktyfygw,f/ Device awG&JU
yg0gvdktyfrI tMurf;rsOf;udk azmfjyay;vdkufygw,f/
Motherboard 15-30 watts
yg0gpm;enf;aom CPU 20-50 watts
tv,ftvwfESifY tjriYfqHk;yg0gvdktyfaom
CPU 40-100 watts
RAM 128MB vQif 7 watts
PCI add-in card 5 watts
tedrfYqHk;rS tv,ftvwf graphics card 20-
60 watts
tjrifYqHk; yg0gvdktyfaom graphics card 60-
100 watts
IDE hard drive 10-30 watts
Optical drives 10-25 watts
(usaemftcka&G;cs,fxm;wJY devices awGESifh
qdkvQif 450 W Power supply toHk;jyKygu avmufiSrI
&dSygw,f)/
Casing a&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGufa&G;cs,f&eftwGuf
Casing a&G;cs,fjcif;uawmY rdrdBudKufwJY t&G,f
tpm;ESifY 'DZdkif;ay:rlwnfonfhtwGuf trsm;BuD;
ajymp&m r&dSygbl;/ Optical drive rsm;rsm;wyfqifcsifol
twGuf av;ckwyfqifEd ki faom mid tower ESif h
ajcmufckESifhtxuf wyfqifEdkifaom full tower rsm;udk
toHk;jyKoifhygw,f/ Mini tower awGu optical drive
twGufae&m ESpfckcefYom yg0ifNyD; ao;i,fayr,fY
t&G,ftpm; tenf;i,fBuD;rm;wJh motherboard ESifY
VGA card wdkYtwGuf tcuftcJ&dSEdkifygw,f/ pD;yGg;a&;
vkyfief;twGuf toHk;jyKvdkolrsm;ESif h gamer rsm;
twGuf mid tower u av0ifavxGufaumif;NyD;
vGwfvyfpGm jzKwfwyfEdkifatmif us,f0ef;onfYtwGuf
toifYavsmfqHk; jzpfygw,f/ Casing rsm;rSm power
supply rsm;yg wyfqifa&mif;csjcif;jzpfvdkY rdrdvdkcsifwJY
34
casing rSm vdktyfwJY power yrmP rvHkavmufcJY&if
(odkYr[kwf) power supply rygcJh&if oD;oefY 0,f,l
wyfqif&rSm jzpfygw,f/
tjcm;aomtjcm;aomtjcm;aomtjcm;aomtjcm;aom devices rsm;twGufrsm;twGufrsm;twGufrsm;twGufrsm;twGuf
Sound card, LAN card ESifY USB port rsm;twGuf
aemufqHk;ay: motherboard rsm;rSm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
p&m rvdkygbl;/ Soundcard twGuf tcsKdU board rsm;rSm
6 channels txd build on yg0ifwJYtwGuf Sound
Edition twGuf Specialist r[kwfcJY&if xyfpdkufp&m
rvdkygbl;/ Sound card pdkufzdkY vdktyfcJYr,fqdk&ifvnf;
motherboard ay:&dS slot vufusefrsm;ESifY udkufnD
atmif &SmzdkYyJ vdkygw,f/ TV tuner card uJYodkYaom
Media card rsm;twGufvnf; usef&dSaom media slots
ae&mvGwfrsm;ESifY udkufnDzdkYom vdkygw,f/ uD;bkwf
ESifY armufpftwGufawmY usaemftxl;wvnf a&;
om;aep&m rvdkawmYygbl;/ PS 2 ESifY USB ESpfrsdK;om
&dSawmYwm jzpfNyD; rdrdESpfouftqifajyovdk 0,f,l
oHk;pGJEdkifygw,f/
,cka&;om;cJYaom aqmif;yg;onf uGefysLwm
&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; tenf;i,f em;vnfapNyD;
udkufnDtqifajyrI&dSaom PC wpfvHk; wnfaqmuf
Edkif&eftwGuf a&G;cs,f jyifqifrI tydkif;yif jzpfygw,f/
b,ftrsdK;tpm;? b,fwHqdyfudkrS ydkaumif;w,fvdkY
r&nfnTef;cJYygbl;/ 'Dtwdkif; wpfckcsif; tao;pdwf
vdkufrMunfYyJ uGefysLwm wyfqifolawG rsm;pGm &dSyg
vdrf Yr,f/ tvGJtacsmfr&d S twdtusa&G;cs,fNyD;
em;vnfcsifolawGtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk; BudK;pm;
a&;om;jcif;om jzpfygw,f/ bmrS rjrif&yJ tcsuf
tvufawGudkMunfhNyD; 0,f,l&wJY Online store rsm;rS
0,f,lolrsm;twGuf t"duxm;a&;cJYjcif; jzpfyg
w,f/ Showroom rsm;wGif 0,f,lygu 'Dxufydkrd k
vG,fulvdrfhr,fvdkY xifygw,f/
oHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,foHvk Hi,f
35
Definition List
trsm;tm;jzif h t"dyÜm,fzGif hqd kcsufawGrSm
oHk;ygw,f/
<html>
<head><title>Example</title></head>
<body>
<h3>Definition List</h3>
<dl>
<dt>HTML
<dd>Language used to develop Web
Pages
<dt>Image
<dd>Any graphic such as an icon,bullet,
line, photo, or illustration
</dl>
</body>
</html>
Defination List u tjcm; List awGeJY rwlygbl;/
olUrSmu defination term eJY defination yg ygw,f/
p&ifawmh dl eJY p&ygw,f/ defination term udkawmh
<dt> toHk;jyKNyD; defination udkawmh <dd> oHk;yg
w,f/ olu tjcm; list eJY rwlwJh aemufwpfcsuf
uawmh tag tydwfrygwmyJ/ </dl> wpfckyJygw,f
qdkwmudk awGUEdkifygw,f/
uJ ... tckqdk&ifawmh HTML udk tMurf;tm;
jzifhavmufawmh odavmufNyDaygh/ tckuRefawmfwdkY
awG aoaocsmcsm od&atmif aemufxyf wpfcef;
oGm;&atmif/
uRefawmfwd k UawG tpyd kif;rSm bold, italic,
underline wdkYudk odcJhjyD;ygjyD/ tck 'Dtcef;rSmawmh
36
t&ifqHk; font taMumif;av; pajymygr,f/ uRef
awmfwdkYawG font awGajymif;r,f/ font size awGajymif;
r,f/ pmvHk;awGrSm color awGxnfhr,f/
tJ'gawGudk tjyif page wpfckeJY wpfck link
csdwfwmawGvnf; yg0ifrSmyg/ tJ'gawGudk rajym
cifrSm <center> taMumif;av;eJU pvdkuf&atmif/
Optional Tag
Move To Center
olu pmvHk;awGudk center a&mufatmif vkyf
ay;ygw,f/
<html>
<head><title>Example</title></head>
<body>
<center>
This is center
</center>
</body>
</html>
This is center qdkwmav;u tv,fydkif;udk
a&mufaewmudk awGU&ygr,f/ tJ'gav;udk oHk;jyD;
pmawGudk tv,fydkif;udk a&TUxm;vdkY &ygw,f/
<html>
<head><title>Example</title></head>
<body>
<h1 align=”justify”>Test</h1>
</body>
</html>
tJ'D code rSmqd k&i fawmh header awGu
tv,fudk a&mufaewmudk awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/
Marquee
marquee uawmh pmvHk;awGudk a&GUaezdkY vkyf
aqmifay;wmyg/
<html>
<head><title>Example</title></head>
<body>
<marquee>I’m moving</marquee>
</body>
</html>
tJ'D code rSmqdk&if pmom;av;u a&GUaewm
udk awGU&ygr,f/ b,fbufuae nmbufudk a&GUvm
wmyg/
Marquee rSm&dSwJh attribute awGuawmh Z,m;
(1) rSmMunfhyg/ marquee av;vkyf&wm aysmfp&m
awmh aumif;ygw,f/ pmvHk;av;awGu a&GUa&GUoGm;
wmav;udk MunhfjyD; auseyfrIav;&Edkifygap/ tck
font ydkif;udk qufvufavhvm&atmif/
Font
Font uawmh HTML rSmta&;ygwJh tydkif;yg/
Web Page wpfckrSm udk,fvdkcsifwJh font ukd ajymif;vJzdkY
twGuf font tag udkodrS jzpfrSmyg//
<html>
<head><title>Example</title></head>
<body>
<font face=”ZawgyiQone”>Zawgyi Font
jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf </font>
</body>
</html>
37
Attribute Name Properties Descripton
behavior alternate b,fuaenm? nmuae b,fjyefoGm;ygw,f/
<marquee behavior=”alternate”>I’m moving</marquee>
scroll olu default value yg/ b,fuae nm? nmbufa&mufoGm;&if 0ifoGm;jyD;
b,fbufae jyefpwmyg/
<marquee behavior=”scroll”>I’m moving</marquee>
slide oluawmh b,frSnm? NyD;&if nmbufvnf;a&mufa&m &yfoGm;ygw,f/
<marquee behavior=”slide”>I’m moving</marquee>
direction left oluawmh default value yg/ nmbufuae b,fbufudk oGm;r,fvdkY qdk
wmyg/
<marquee direction=”left” >I’m moving</marquee>
right oluawmh b,fbufuae nmbufudkoGm;r,fvdkY qdkwmyg/
<marquee direction=”right” >I’m moving</marquee> Page
up oluawmh atmufuae tay:vmr,fvdkY qdkwmyg/
<marquee direction=”up” >I’m moving</marquee>
down oluawmh tay:uae atmufqif;r,fvdkY qdkwmyg/
<marquee direction=”down” >I’m moving</marquee>
loop [number] oluawmh udk,fb,fESpfMudrf marquee udk vkyfcdkif;r,fqdkjyD; number
wpfvHk;xnfhay;&ygw,f/ 1 qdk 1 MudrfyJ vkyfr,faygh/
<marquee loop=”1" >I’m moving</marquee>
scrollamount [number] wpfcga&GU&if b,favmuf pixel a&TUrvJqdkjyD; xnfhay;&wmyg/ xnfhvdkuf
wJh eHygwfrsm;avav a0;a0;a&GU jrefjrefoGm;avavyJ/
<marquee scrollamount=”10">I’m moving</marquee>
scrolldelay [number] oluawmh b,favmufMum&if a&TUrvJqdkwmyg/ olu millisecond eJUyg/
1000 vdkYxnfhvdkuf&if 1 second MumrS wpfcga&GUrSmyg/ oluawmh eHygwf
rsm;avav MumavavygyJ/
<marquee scrolldelay=”1000">I’m moving</marquee>
Bgcolor [hex code] oluawmh marquee &JU back color ta&mifav;yg/ #009933 qdk&if
OR tpdrf;a&mifav;udk background xm;jyD; a&TUoGm;rSmyg/ color ydkif;udk
[Color Name] uRefawmf a&SUrSm ajymcJhjyD;ygjyD/
<marquee bgcolor=”#009933" >I’m moving</marquee>
Z,m; (1)
38
tJ'gqdk&if <font> eJY </font> Mum;rSm ½dkufxm;
wJh pmu zawgyi-one font eJY ay:aerSmyg/ face = ”font
name” udk xnfh&wmyg/
font tag rSmoHk;vdkU&wJh attribute awGuawmh
Z,m; (2) rSmMunhfyg/ tjcm; text formatting tags
Name Properties Description
color [hex code] color uawmh odNyD;om;yg/ tay:rSmvnf; uRefawmf ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ Oyrm -
OR <font face=”ZawgyiQone” color=”#006699">Zawgyi Font jzifh toHk;jyKxm;onf
[color name] </font>
size [number] oluawmh font &JU t&G,ftpm; ajymif;wmyg/ yHkrSefu size=3 yg/ pmvHk; size BuD;vdkvQif
size=4 uae 7 xdxnfhvdkY &ygw,f/ 1 uae 7 txd&dSygw,f/ 3 uawmh yHkrSefpmvHk;yg/
aemufjyD; +1 uae +6 &dSygw,f/ yHkrSefudk b,favmufwdk;r,fqdkyg/ +2 qdk&if yHkrSefu
3 qdkawmh 5 jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ tJvdkrsKd;yJ Q1 uae Q6 xd&dSygao;w,f/ Q1 qdk&if yHkrSefu
3 qdkawmh 2 jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ 'Dvdkav;oHk;vdkY &ygw,f/
<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”5">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>
<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”+2">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>
<font face=”ZawgyiQone” size=”Q2">Zawgyi Font jzifhtoHk;jyKxm;onf</font>
Z,m; (2)
Tag Description
<b></b> 'gudkawmh tay:rSmvnf; ajymjyD;ygjyD/ olu font udk blod vkyfwmyg/
<big></big> oluvnf; bold vkyfwmygyJ/
<blockquote> 'guawmh tab ckefwmaygh/ udk,fhpmydk'fav;udk wpfwef;xJ azmfjycsifwJhtcgrSm Page
</blockquote> oHk;Muygw,f/
<i></i> italic vkyfwmudk tay:rSmajymcJhbl;ygw,f/
<pre></pre> 'D code udkvnf; odrSmyg/ uRefawmfwdkYawG enter awG tab awG rvdkyJ oHk;cJhwmav/
<small></small> oluawmh pmvHk;udk yHkrSefxuf ao;atmif vkyfay;wmyg/
<strike></strike> tJ'gav;uawmh pmvHk;awG&JU tv,frSm rsOf;om;vdkufwmyg/
<sub></sub> oluawmh pmvHk;udk atmufem;qif;wmav;aygh/ H2 vdkrsKd;av;twGufaygh/
<sup></sup> oluawmh pmvHk;udk tay:wifwmyg/ 22 vdkrsKd;aygh/
<tt></tt> 'gu typing font udkajymwmyg/ typing &dkufovdk pmvHk;ay:atmiftwGufyg/
<u></u> 'gudkawmh odjyD;avmufjyDvdkY xifygw,f/ underline wm;wmyg/
awGudk Z,m; (3) rSm azmfjyvkdufygw,f/
tckqufNyD;awmh Link awG taMumif; ajymyg
r,f/ Link uawmh Web Page rSm t"du tcef;u
yg0ifygw,f/ Page wpfckeJYwpfck csdwfqufxm;zdkU
twGuf Link csdwfwwfzdkY vdkygw,f/
Z,m; (2)
39
Page Link and Image Link
Page Link vkyfw,fqdkwmuawmh page wpfck
uae aemuf page wpfckudk csdwfqufxm;ygw,f/
atmufu OyrmyHkav;udk Munhfvdkuf&if em;vnfEdkif
ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkUawG Home Page uae Gallery
Page udk Go To Home qdkwJh pmvHk;av; EdSyfvdkufwmeJY
ul;oGm;r,f/
aemufNyD; Gallery uaevnf; Home Page udk
Home qdkwJh pmvHk;av;udk EdSyfvdkufwmeJY Home page
udk jyefa&mufoGm;r,f/ tJ'DvdkrsKd;av;jzpfatmif uRef
awmfwdkU atmufutwdkif; a&;vdkufr,f/ File 2 ck&dS&
r,faygh/ index.html eJY gallery.html aygh/ ae&m twlwl
yJ odrf;xm;aemf/ C:\example\index.html eJU C:\
example\gallery.html tJvdkrsKd;av; ae&mtwlwl jzpf
&r,f/
Index.html
Gallery
<html>
<head><title>Example</title>
<body>
<!-- Link To Gallery Page -->
<a href=”gallery.html”>Gallery</a>
</body>
</html>
Gallery.html
Home
<html>
<head><title>Example</title>
<body>
<!-- Link To Home Page -->
<a href=”index.html”>Home</a>
</body>
</html>
tay:u code udk r&Sif;jycif ar;csifwmav;
awG ygvmr,fxifw,f/ <!-- --> u bmBuD;vJ qdkNyD;
awmh/ aemufNyD;awmh home page udk home.html eJU
odrf;vdkUaum r&bl;vm;/ bmvdkU index.html eJU odrf;
wmvJ/ bmawGuGmvJ/
<!-- comment --> tJ'gu comment a&;xm;
wmyg/ <!-- eJY --> Mum;rSm a&;xm;wJh pmawGudk
tvkyf rvkyfygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY home page udk bm
vdkY index.html eJU odrf;&vJqdk web page awGrSm pwuf
wJh page u index.html yg/ 'grSr[kwf default.html
aygh/ www.example.com vdkY ac:vdkuf&if page wpfck
wufvmr,f/ wu,fwrf;awmh www.example.
com/index.html qdkwmud k oGm;ac:xm;wmyg/
aemufu index.html rygvnf; tvkyfvkyfygw,f/
'gaMumifh Home Page qdk&ifawmh index.html
qdkNyD; oHk;&ygw,f/ 'grSr[kwf default.html qdkvnf;
40
&ygw,f/
uJ.. Link taMumif;vnf; qufoGm;&atmif/
link csdwfcsif&if <a href=”address”>Name</a>
qdkwJhyHkpHrsKd;eJY oGm;&wmaygh/ address qdkwmuawmh
udk,fcsdwfcsifwJh page aygh/ Name uawmh ay:apcsif
wJh emrnfaygh/
ar;p&mav;wpfck xyfay:vmwmudk awGU&yg
vdrfhr,f/ Link u tpuawmh tjyma&mif/ aemuf
awmh eDndKa&mif ajymif;oGm;w,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvnf;/
tJ'guawmh vistied jzpfjyD;oGm;vdk Yyg/ wpfcg click
vkyfjyD;&if tJvdkta&mif ajymif;oGm;ygw,f/ udk,f
EdSyfjyD;om;aygh/ ta&mifrajymif;csif&ifawmh body rSm
vlink qdkwJh attribute eJY link qdkwJh attribute rSm ta&mif
jyifvdkY &ygw,f/ <body vlink=”green” link= ”green”>
tJ'gqdk&ifawmh link color u tpdrf;a&mif jzpfaewmudk
awGU&rSmyg/ link vkyf&if vlwdkif;ar;wwfwhJ ar;cGef;
wpfck &dSygw,f/ file awGudk download csapcsifw,f/
b,fvdka&;&rvJ/ wu,fwrf;awmh vG,fygw,f/ link
address udk file udk ay;vdkuf½HkyJaygh/
<a href=”file.zip>Download</a> tJvdkrsKd;yHkpH
av;aygh/ uJ ... Link taMumif;a&muf&ifawmh path
vrf;aMumif;av; aumif;aumif;odzdkYvdkw,f/ awmf
awmfrsm;rsm;u rodbl;/ &Iyfw,fvdkY xifMuw,f/
wu,fwrf; tJvdkr&Iyfygbl;/
Path For Link
Path <a href=” atmufu path link”> Path </a> &Sif;vif;csuf
./file.html OR file.html ae&mwpfckxJrSm twlwlodrf;&if tJvdkac:vdkY &yg
w,f/ C:\example\index.html uae C:\example\
gallery.html udkac:&ifaygh/ ./ uawmh directory wlwlyJ
vdkY qdkwmyg/
./download/download.html OR download/ 'guawmh udk,fh folder atmufu folder udk xyfac:
download.html wmyg/
../file.html oluwmh rwlawmhbl;/ folder udk up vkyfNyD; ac:wm
yg/ b,fvdkrsKd;vJqdk&ifawmh C:\example\download\
index.html uae C:\example\gallery.html udkac:wm
aygh/ download qdkwJh folder tay:wqifhu file udk
ac:wmaygh/ ESpfqifh ac:csif&ifawmh ../../file.html
aygh/ ../ qdkwmu folder directory udk up vkyfvdkuf
wmyg/
http://www.mysteryzillion.com 'guawmh wjcm; website wpfckudk vSrf;ac:wmyg/
./download/file.zip OR download/file.zip download cszdkUtwGuf file awG image file awGudkvnf;
wdkuf½dkufac:vdkY &ygw,f/ image ydkif;awGudk uRef
awmf Page aemufydkif; qufvuf&Sif;jyygtHk;r,f/
41
'Dywfvrf;aMumif;awGtaMumif; aumif;
aumif;odzdkY vdkygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvnf;qdk udk,fh site
u BuD;vmwmeJYtrQ site structure u &IyfaxG;vm
rSmyg/ Link awGvnf; rsm;vmrSmjzpfvdkYyg/ 'gaMumifh
aoaocsmcsm odxm;oifhygw,f/
uJ ... tck uRefawmfwdkYawG page rSm yHkav;awG
xnfh&atmif/
Image
yHkawGuawmh web page wpfckrSm rjzpfrae
yg0if&ygw,f/ udk,fwnfaqmufwJh page udk vSy
NyD; t"dyÜm,fjynhfpHkzdkY twGufyg/ uJ ... yHkav;awG
xnfhMunhf&atmif/
<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg”> Apple Logo
</body>
</html>
wu,fvdkY yHkrjrif&yJ Muufajccwf(_)yJ jrif&
&ifawmh xnfhxm;wJh image ywfvrf;aMumif; rSm;wm
jzpfEdkifovdk image extension rSm;wmvnf; jzpfEdkif
w,f/ image xnfhvdkY&wJh extension awGuawmh jpg,
gif, png awGyJ/ image u size u BuD;aew,fvkdY
xifNyD; ao;csifw,fqkd&ifvJ &ygw,f/
<html> Page
<head>
<title>Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg” width=80px
height=80px> Apple Logo</body>
</html>
width eJY height qdkwJh attribute u yHk&JU size udk
xdef;csKyfay;ygw,f/ udk,fBudKufwJh tvsm;udk width
rSmxnfh? aemuf tjrifhudkawmh height rSmxnfhNyD; yHk&JU
size udk jyifvdkY&w,f/
<img src=”AppleQlogo.jpg” width=80px
height=80px alt=”Apple Logo”> Apple Logo
qdk&ifawmh alt qdkwJhtxJrSm a&;xm;wJh pmom;
udk yHkay: Mouse av; oGm;wifvdkufNyD; cPMumrSm
ay:vmrSmyg/
uRefawmfwdkYuawmh tool tip vdkY ac:wmyg/
Image ydkif;rSm ajymp&mawG awmfawmfrsm;yg
w,f/ olUrSm attribute awG xyf&dSao;w,f/ bm
vnf;qdkawmh text align aygh/ text align udk img code
xJrSm align qdkwJh attribute udk oHk;w,f/
Align &Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf&Sif;jycsuf
top pmwpfaMumif;udk yHk&JU ab;em;u align rSm
tay:qHk;rSm azmfjyay;wmyg/
bottom oluawmh default yg/ pmom;udk yHk
atmufbufrSm azmfjywmudk awGU&ygr,f/
middle pmom;udk yHktv,frSm ay;wmyg/
left oluawmh yHkudk page &JU b,fbufudk ydkY
vdkufNyD; pmom;tukefvHk;udk yHkab;rSm azmfjyay;
wmyg/
right oluvnf; Left eJY twlwlygyJ/ nmbuf
udk yHka&GUoGm;NyD pmom;tm;vHk;udk yHk&JU b,fbufrSm
azmfjyay;ygr,f/
tckqdk&if image eJY ywfoufNyD; awmfawmf
av; odavmufNyD xifw,f/ aemufxyfwpfck xyf
ajymtHk;r,f/
42
yHkao;ao;av;
udk EdSyfvdkufrS yHktBuD;
BuD; ajymif;oGm;ovdk
rsKd;av;aygh/ yHk size udk
width e J Y height
attribute eJ Y csK H Uwm
r[kwfbl;aemf/ yHkESpf
yH k/ wpfyH ku tBuD;?
aemufwpfyHkutao;
ayhg/ Photo awGud k
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ONLINE BOX
No.249, 36 street, Kyauktada Township, Yangon, Myanmar. Ph: 09 50 43164
email : [email protected]
43
Open System Interconnection (OSI) model
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OSI TCP/IP
Application (layer 7) Application
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Session (layer 5)
Transport (layer 4) Transport
Network (layer 3) Internet
Data link (layer 2) Network
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OSI Layer 7
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45
46
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47
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Friday
58
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AIT-KAAD paumvm;&SpfyftaMumif;ausmfausmfOD;ausmfausmfOD;ausmfausmfOD;ausmfausmfOD;ausmfausmfOD;
59
ay;urf;aeaom paumvm;&Spfyfay;urf;aeaom paumvm;&Spfyfay;urf;aeaom paumvm;&Spfyfay;urf;aeaom paumvm;&Spfyfay;urf;aeaom paumvm;&Spfyf
AIT (Asian Institute of Technology) ESif h
KAAD (Catholic Academic Exchange Service) wdkYyl;wGJ
í AIT-KAAD paumvm;&Spfyfudk uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtdk?
jrefrm? wDarmESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHrsm;rS xl;cRefolrsm;
tm;bGJYvGefqufvufoifMum;Ekdif&ef ay;urf;aeyg
onf/ ¤if;paumvm;&Spfyfudk avQmufxm;&,lNyD;? AIT
wuúokdvfwGif bGJUvGefr[mbGJU'D*&D (Master's de-
gree) odkYr[kwf yg&*lbGJU'D*&D (Doctoral degree) wdkY
udk wufa&mufqnf;yl;Ekdifygrnf/
AIT-KAAD paumvm;&SpfyfwGif ynmoif
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yg0ifygonf/ yHkrSefbGJUvGefoifMum;a&; y&dk*&rf
twGuf paumvm;&SpfyfaxmufyHhrI tcsdefumvrSm
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yg&*l'D*&DtwGuf paumvm;&Spfyf axmufyHhrIrSm
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onf/
KAAD qdkonfrSmqd konfrSmqd konfrSmqd konfrSmqd konfrSm
KAAD vdkY twdkaumufac:qkdonfh 'The
Catholic Academic Exchange Service' rSm *smref
uovpf paumvm;&SpfyftzGJUtpnf;wpfckyifjzpfyg
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axmufyHhay;aeygonf/
AIT qdkonfrSmqdkonfrSmqdkonfrSmqdkonfrSmqdkonfrSm
1959 ckESpfwGif befaumufü wnfaxmifcJh
aom Asia Institute Technology onf tqifhjrifhynm
a&;? okawoewdkYrSwqifh tm&Sypdzdwfa'otwGif;
a&&Snfwdk;wufzGHUNzdK;a&;? enf;ynmajymif;vJwdk;wuf
a&;udk jr§ifhwifaeaom wuúodkvfwpfckyif jzpfyg
onf/ tm&Sa'otwGif; xif&Sm;vmaeNyD; a'owGif;
&Sd public/private sector rsm;ESifh omru? urÇmwpf0Srf;
&Sd xdyfwef;wuúodkvfwpfcsKdUESifhyg csdwfqufxm;yg
onf/ AIT rS oifMum;ay;aeaom y&dk*&rfrsm;rSm-
Ä Master degree : MBA, MEng, Msc
Ä Executive Master Degree Programs
Ä Doctoral Degrees: DEng. DTechSc, PhD
Ä Diploma and Certificate Programs
AIT
(Asian Institute of Technology)
ESifh
KAAD
(Catholic Academic Exchange
Service) wdkY yl;wGJí
AIT-KAAD paumvm;&Spfyfudk
uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtdk? jrefrm? wDarmESifh
AD,uferfEdkifiHrsm;rS xl;cRefolrsm;tm;
bGJYvGefqufvufoifMum;Ekdif&ef
ay;urf;aeygonf/
¤if;paumvm;&Spfyfudk . . .
60
owfrSwft&nftcsif;rsm;owfrSwft&nftcsif;rsm;owfrSwft&nftcsif;rsm;owfrSwft&nftcsif;rsm;owfrSwft&nftcsif;rsm;
- avQmufxm;olonf *smrPDwGifaomfvnf;
aumif;? befaumuf&Sd AIT wGifvnf;aumif;
oifMum;EdkifcGifh &Sdygonf/
- oifMum;rINyD;qHk;ygu rdcifEkdifiHodkYjyefNyD;? zGHUNzdK;
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rsm;udk jyefvnfavsmf&rnf jzpfygonf/
- okawoeESifh ynmoifMum;rIudkom axmufyhH
jcif; jzpfygonf/
- tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;? EkdifiHwumat*sifpDrsm; odkY
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lic Charch rsm;wGif trsm;tusKd; aqmif&Gufol
jzpf&rnf jzpfonf/
- pnf;urf;vdkufemol? ynmvdkvm;ol? trsm;ESifh
aygif;zGJUaexdkifEkdifol jzpf&rnf/
AIT - KAAD paumvm;&SpfyfavQmufxm;olrsm;
onf AIT bGJUvGefoifMum;rI0ifcGifhtwGuf vdktyfcsuf
rsm;wGif -
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- w&m;0if todtrSwfjyK wuúodkvfwpfckrS bGJU
'D*&D (Bachelor degree) &&SdNyD; jzpf&rnf/
- ynma&;xl;cRefol jzpf&rnf/
- t*FvdyfpmuRrf;usifrI &Sd&rnf/
- usef;rma&;aumif;rGefol jzpf&rnf/
Ä yg&*l'D*&D (doctoral degree) rsm;twGuf
- r[mbGJU&&SdNyD;ol odkYr[kwf ,if;tqifhESifhnD
rQaom okawoepmwrf;jyKpk&ol jzpf&rnf/
- ynma&;xl;cRefoljzpf&rnf/
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- usef;rma&;aumif;rGefoljzpf&rnf/
- pmrsufESm 5 rsufESmxuf rydkaom tqdkjyK
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- avQmufxm;olonf AIT Admission and Schol-
arship Unit rS AIT 0ifcGifhavQmufvTmudk &,l
&rnfjzpfonf/ þodkY AIT 0ifcGifhavQmufvTmudk
AIT Admission Homepage (http://
www.ait.ac.th/interimpage/ait-visitor/admis-
sion/announce/KAAD. asp) rS &,lEdkifovdk?
admission@ ait.ac.th qDodkYvnf; tD;ar;vfjzifh
qufoG,fEdkifygonf/ KAAD-AIT paumvm;
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rnf jzpfygonf/
- ay;ydk YwifoGif;vmaom avQmufvTmrsm;udk
oufqkdif&m AIT rS wm0ef&Sdolrsm;u pdppf
a&G;cs,frnf jzpfonf/
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KAAD twGuf vdktyfaom taxmuftxm;
rsm;twGuf taMumif;Mum;rnf jzpfonf/
- befaumuf&Sd KAAD rS axmufcHrI &&Sdaom
avQmufvTmrsm;udk *smreDEdkifiH&Sd KAAD ynma&;
aumifpDxHodkY qufvufydkYaqmifvdrfhrnf jzpf
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ynma&;aumifpDrS csrSwfvdrfhrnf jzpfonf/
- atmifjrifaom avQmufvTm&Sifrsm;udk *smreD
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jzpfonf/
odvdkaom tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
twGuf atmufazmfjyyg tD;ar;vfjzihf qufoG,f
61
pHkprf;ar;jref;Ekdifygonf/
1. ASSOC- Prof. Jayant K. Routray
(KAAD- AIT Scholarship program Liaison
person AIT)
Email : routray @ ait. ac. th
2. Admission and Scholarships Unit
(Asian Inshitute of Technology)
Email : admission@ ait.ac.th
avQmufxm;&rnfhtcsdefavQmufxm;&rnfhtcsdefavQmufxm;&rnfhtcsdefavQmufxm;&rnfhtcsdefavQmufxm;&rnfhtcsdef
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rnfjzpfonf/ Zefe0g&Dvoifwef;zGifhcsdeftwGufrl AIT
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ESifh twl Passport t&G,f"mwfykH(2)yHk?
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tay: tuJjzwfcsuf jzpf&rnf/
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t&nftcsif; jznfhoGif;&mwGif AIT rS xkwfay;
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aqmif&GufrI axmufcHcsuf
- ynma&;rSwfwrf; rdwåLrsm;
- t*FvdyfpmuRrf;usifrI vufrSwf (TOEFL or
IELTS)
- avQmufxm;ol\ rdcifwdkif;jynf&Sd vlYtzGJU
tpnf;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m vlom;t&if;
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- avQmufxm;ol\ udk,f&nftusOf;
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jrifuGif;tusOf; (pmaMumif;a& 20 xuf
rydk&yg)
txufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;onf AIT-
KAAD paumvm;&Spfyfqdkif&m vdk&if;tcsufrsm;udkom
t"du azmfjyxm;jcif;yif jzpfNyD;? tao;pdwf tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk od&Sdygu atmufazmfjyyg 0ufqdkufbf
rsm;odkY 0ifa&mufí Munhf½Iod&SdEdkifygonf/
http:// www. Kaad.de/ english/ inhalte.thm
http:// www. ait.ac. th/ interimpage/ait-visi-
tor/ Admissions/ announce/KAAD. asp
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62
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63
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64
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ausmfOD;ausmfOD;ausmfOD;ausmfOD;ausmfOD;
65
All communication on the Web is carried out
among a set of computers that are interconne-cted
by a computer network. Web technology can be
used across an intranet (a network within a company
or organization) or across the global Internet. As
with all communications among computers,
computers that comprise the Web employ two types
of software: client and server (see Client/ Server
Architecture). To make information available, a
computer runs a server program. To obtain and
display information from a server, a computer user
runs a client program. The client ciontacts a server
to request information; the server responds by
sending a copy of the requested information. To
ensure that the exchange is meaningfull, the client
and server programs must follow a communication
protocol, a set of rules that the two programs use
to talk to one another. Like a language, a protocol
specifies both the form and meaning of each possible
message.
In principle, any computer can run a client or
a server. In practice, however, large, powerful
computers are usually chosen to run server software,
and small personal computers (PCs) are sufficient to
A WEB OF THE COMPUTERSM.STAR
66
run client software. Powerful computers are chosen
for server software because they must be able to
handle requests for information from millions of people
and do so quickly so that users who request
information from the server will not experience long
delays. PCs, however, are used by a single person to
requests a Web page. After a user makes a request,
the user waits for the information to be displayed.
Thus, the client program running on a user's
computer only needs to handle one activity at a
time. A server, however, must handle simultaneous
request from many clients, possibly millions.
The difference between the Web and the
Internet is similar to the difference between a
trucking service and a higway system. The Internet
corresponds to a highway that allows traffic to flow
between computers, and the Web corresponds to
a service that uses the highway to move information
from one computer to another. Confusion about the
difference between the Web and the Internet has
arisen because the Web has become extremely
popular and currently accounts for the majority of
Inernet traffic. However, other services also use the
Internet to carry their traffic. For example, the
Internet's electronic mail service permits users to
send and receive textual messages, and the file
transfer service allows a user to transfer a copy of a
file from one computer to another.
Although many services use the Internet to
carry data from one computer to another, each
service follows a separate set of rules that define
the messages used in the exchange. The Web uses
the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), electronic
mail uses the Simple Mail Tranfer Protocol (SMTP),
and file tranfer uses the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
The application program that users run to access
the Internet often blur the distinctoion among these
services. For example, an application program that
can send e-mail also allows a user to transfer the
contents of a file, and an application program used
to access the Web also allows the user to process
e-mail.
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67
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ay;ydkY vufcH&&SdapEdkifygw,f/ zdkifydkYaqmifrIwGifvnf;
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aqmifMu&mrSm tifwmeufudk toHk;jyKMuaomf
68
vnf; 0efaqmifrIwpfckpDwdkif;[m tokH;jyKaom
owif;twGuf owfrSwfxm;onhf enf;vrf;rsm;
udkom vdkufemaqmif&GufMuygw,f/ 0ufbf[m
Hyper Text Transfer protocol (HTTP) udk toHk;jyKNyD;?
tD;ar;vf[m Sinple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
udk toHk;jyKygw,f/ zdkifrsm;ydkYaqmif&mrSm File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) udk toHk;jyKMuygw,f/ tifwmeuf
toHk;jyKzdkY toHk;jyKolrsm; vkyfaqmifaeaom toHk;cs
y&dk*&rfrsm;[m txufazmfjyyg 0efaqmifrIMum;
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wpfck[m toHk;jyKolwpfOD;tm; zdkif\ taMumif;t&m
rsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;ydkYapEdkifovdk? 0ufbfudk toHk;jyK
aeonfh toHk;csy&dk*&rfwpfck[mvnf; toHk;jyKol
tm; tD;ar;vfay;ydkYrIukd jyKvkyfapEdkifygw,f/
&Sif;vif;csuf
All communication on the Web is carried out
among a set of computers that are interconnected
by a computer network.
txufyg0gus&Sd rsOf;om;xm;aom pum;vkH;
rsm;udk jzKwfum atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;Ekdifyg
onf/
All communication on the Web is carried out
among a set of computers interconnected by a
computer network.
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aom 0gusrsm;yif jzpfNyD;? BudKufESpfoufovkd tokH;
jyKEkdifMuygonf/ Past participle verb (Ved/en) rsm;udk
txl;jyKazmfjyvkdaom Noun \ aemufwGifuyfí
Adjective taejzihf tokH;jyKonfhtcgwGif ¤if;a&SU&Sd
Relative Pronoun ESihf Be udkjzKwffí a&;&ygonf/
atmufazmfjyyg0gusrsm;udk avhvmMunhfyg/
1. The man who was helped by his wife worked
harder and harder.
The man helpled by his wife worked harder
and harder.
(ZeD;\tultnDud k &&S dc J haom olonf
tvkyfukd BudK;pm;oxufBudK;pm; vkyfukdifcJh
onf/)
2. Lessons that are learnt easily are soon
forgotten.
Lessons learnt easily are soon forgetten.
(tvG,favhvmxm;aom oifcef;pmrsm;
onf rMumrD arhaysmufoGm;onf)
3. Everyone likes the picture that was drown
by Zaw Lwin.
Everyone likes the picture drown by Zaw Lwin.
(aZmfvGifqJGcJhaom yef;csDum;csyfudk vlwkdif;
BudKufESpfoufMuonf)
4. An application program that is used to access
the web allows the users to process email.
An application program used to access the
web allows the users to process email.
M.Star
69
uRefawmfonf q&morm;
ESpfOD;jzpfaom q&mBuD; a&T'H k;
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ppfBudKacwfrS rif;om; cifarmif&if
70
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woço pG JrufoGm;apawmh&m
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pum;ajymuGufrsm;udk t*Fvdyf
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pmzwfy&dowfrsm; ... t&om
wpfrsKd; &Sdvdrfhrnf[k ... arQmfvifh
r dvsuf - 'Knowledge Bridge'
r*¾Zif;ü wpfrsKd;wpfzHk wifquf
vdkufygonf/
(1) rif; w,fcufwJh aumifbJ
uG,f? [if a&SUaemuf arQmf
jrifpOf;pm;wwfwJh tod
ÓPfvJ r&Sdbl;/
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&kHbJa[h}}
"Yarma Yarma, you're fool-
ish and stubborn also
nithout brain for present
and future." ''Jumping up
is nothing for the mollusc
to imatate the frog."
(2) 'guawmh ykvdyftxifudkAs?
usKyfwynh f &mr qd kwJ h
aumifu usKyfudk rkef;vdkY
ajymwkdif;? usKyfvlqdk;Adkvf
jzpf&awmhrSmvm;/
'It is just a thought of cop.
(pdic constable) Being
hated, my man Yarma said
... against me .. 'Am I a
lauless Person? (bandit?)
(3) 'Dr,f ... OD;bcspf usKyf
aoewfudk cifAsm;jyef ay;
vdkuf/ rjr0if;eJY cifAsm;eJY
vufxyfwJhtcg usKyfu
aiGwpfaomif;vufzGJUr,f
b,fhES,fvJ/ rdwfaqGcsif;
awGAsm/ ulnDEd kifwJhtcg
ulnDyg/
Here ... Mr. U Ba Chit
Please, give back my pistol
(revolver). If that is so, my
good will present even
10000 kyats for wedding
Reception of you and Ma
Mya win. How about it? I
say friendly help!.
(4) cifAsm; ... rjr0if;ud k
wu,f rcspfbl;eJY wlw,f/
b,favmuf oem;p&m
aumif;ovJ/ olrsm;cspfcsif;
udkvnf; usKyfrcGJcsifygbl;
cifAsm/
"you don't really love Ma
Mya Win, do you? So Pity!
To break the other's love-
I wish not."
(5) avSeHESpfzufeif;ovdk jzpf
ae&ifvJ usKyfzufudkom
wpfzufowf eif;csvdkuf
prf;yg/ usKyfu t&ifawGU
wJh olyg rjr0if;&JU/
'You couldn't make a deci-
sion- just to love for both
of us. (If it seemed to be
pressed on both sides of
the boat.) Press on my
71
side, Please. Me, the first!.
(I'm the first man!)
(6) tcGifhoifhovdk aemufrSay:
vmwJ h tcsp fopfud kvJ
tjypfvd k Y rqd koif hygbl;
rjr0if;&JU/
"New love, by opportunity,
is not to blame, of course."
(7) a&mh aoewf? rif;ighvdkypf
prf;? rif;,SOfrypf&Jygbl;/
wu,f rypf&JwJhaumifyg/
ighvdk ypfEkdif&if rif;Adkvfvkyf
awmh/ EdkYaywJh ... rif;
abmufqmav; bmav;
awmh xdk;csifxdk;&Jr,f ...
vmavuGm... &mr/
"Here pistol!" "Shot to the
mark just like me. you dare
not. No courage! If you can
try, you lead the gang.
However, you can dare
fight- boxing. Come on-
Challenge Yarma."
(8) tdrfu aiG 300 ygvm
w,f/ 150 ½IH;oGm;NyD/ tdrf
ukd ydkufqHygroGm;&if rdef;r
u wpfjypfAs/
"I have got-300 kyats. 150
has gone. Without money
back home, I will be
blamed by my wife."
(9) vmprf;yg? 0ifupm;prf;yg/
usKyf 2000^3000 ½IH;...
bmrQr jzp fbl ;/ r de f ;r
aMumuf&if usKyfem; rvm
eJY/ (aiGaMu;wefzdk; &Sdaom
acwf jzp fí ,ckacwf
aiGESihf wGufvQif odef; 100
ausmfayrnf/)
"Come on, man, join us.
Lost, money a lot for one
is nothing - even 2000 or
3000 Kyats." "Are you
afraid of Women? yet a
way from me please!"
a&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih fa&Trif;0efOD;bkef; jrih f
72
Any tD'D,HqdkonfrSm any
[laom pum;vHk; yg0ifzGJUpnf;
xm;aom tD'D,Hudk qdkvdkygonf/
atmufwGif Any tD'D,H
tcsKdUudk erlem0gusrsm;ESifh azmfjy
vdkufygonf/
any day
rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk[k
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
It doesn't matter when,
any day is fine with me.
(b,ftcsdef b,ftcg&,f
vdkY r[kwfygbl;/ b,faeYrqdk jzpf
ygw,f/)
any day now
]rMumcif} [k t"dyÜm,f&yg
onf/
The letter should arrive any
day now.
(pm rMumrDa&mufvmEkdif
onf/)
There could be a storm any
day now.
(rMumcif rkefwdkif; usvm
Ekdifonf/)
any day of the week
aeYwdkif;[k t"dyÜm,f&yg
onf/
I could eat fresh corn any
day of the week.
any longer
1/ ]aemufxyf wdk;í&Snf
onf} [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
If this skirt were any longer,
it would touch the floor. (þ
73
puwf onfxuf ydk&Snfvmrnf
qdkvQif Murf;jyifudk xdoGm;rnf/)
2/ t&ifwkef;uawmh rSefyg
onf/ ,ck r[kwfawmh[laom
t"dyÜm,fESifhvnf; oHk;onf/
they don't make that car
any longer.
(tJ'Dum; tckr[kwfawmh
bl;)
þteuft"dyÜm,fESifh oHk;
vQif no longer ESifh twlwljzpf
onf/
He no longer lives here.
(ol tck'DrSm raeawmhbl;)
any number of
many [laom teufjzifh
vnf;aumif; ? rnfonf hta&
twGufrqdk[laom teufjzif h
vnf;aumif;oHk;onf/
I can give you any number
of reasons for his absence. (ol
ysufuGuf&onfhtaMumif;awG
trsm;BuD;udk igajymEkdifonf/)
Any number of workers
might stay home [kqdkvQif b,f
avmuf ta&twGufrSe f;rod
aom tvkyform;rsm; tvkyfysuf
EkdifaMumif;udk ajymjcif;yif/
any old
bmtrsKd;tpm;rqdk [lí
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
Any old brand of detergent
suits me. (b,fvdk qyfjymrIef Y
wHqdyfrsKd;rqdkjzpfygw,f/)
Any old room would have
done.
(b,ftcef;rsKd;rqdk jzpfcJh
avmufonf/
any time
rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrqdk[k
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
Call me any time.
(ighqDudk tcsdefra&G; zkef;
qufyg/)
at any rate
bmyJjzpf jzpf ? b,fvd ky J
jzpfjzpf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
I may be away on business
next week, but at any rate I'll be
back by friday.
(aemuf oDwif;ywfr Sm
tvkyfudpöeJY tjyifudk a&mufae
wmrsKd;&Sdcsif&Sdr,f/ 'gayrJh aom
MumaeYavmufqdk&if jyefa&muf
rSmyg/)
At any rate, I promise to
be there even if I'm a little late.
(enf;enf;aemufuscsi f
usr,fqdkawmifrSvnf; b,fvdkyJ
jzpfjzpf uRefawmf tJ'Dudk a&muf
vmygr,fvdkY uwday;ygw,f/)
by any means
b,fenf;E Si f h rqd k[ k
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
By any means I've got to
get there.
(b,fenf;eJ Yrqdk tJ'Dudk
uRefawmfa&mufatmifoGm;&r,f)
by no means [kvnf; oHk;
onf/ ]vHk;0} [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
She is by no means an ex-
perienced teacher.
(ol[m tawGUtBuHK&SdwJh
q&mrawmh vHk;0r[kwfygbl;/)
by any stretch/by any
stretch of imagination.
by no stretch [lívnf;
negative ESifh oHk;wwfonf/ vHk;0
rjzpfEkdif? vHk;0rrSef[lí t"dyÜm,f
&onf/
74
She could not, by any
stretch of imagination, be consid-
ered a great actress.
(olYudk wu,fhudkawmfwJh
rif;orD;ygvdkY vHk;0 ,lqvdkY r&yg
bl;/)
By no stretch can he be
called a great writer.
(olYudk wu,fhudkawmfwJh
pma&;q&mBuD;&,fvdk Y ajymvkd Y
vHk;0rjzpfEkdifygbl;)
go to any length/go to
great length
wpfpHkwpf&mtwGuf tyif
yef;cHvkyfonf/ BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
onf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
They would go to length
to win.
(olwdkYEkdifzkdY tpGrf;ukef BudK;
pm;Muvdrfhrnf)
in any case/in any event/
at all events
bmyJjzpfjzpf? bmawGyJjzpfcJh
jzpfcJh rnfodkYyifqdkap[k t"dyÜm,f
&onf/
In any case, I to go.
(bmyJjzpfjzpf oGm;zkd Yawmh
pDpOfxm;wmyJ? oGm;awmhoGm;rSmyJ)
There is no point complain-
ing now where leaving tomorrow
in any case.
(nnf;nLaezd k YtaMumif;
r&Sdygbl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf reufzefqdk
xGufawmhrSmyJ/)
He may not be getting a
raise but in any case his boss
thinks highly of him.
(ol[m vpmwd k;&csifr S
&r,fjzpfaomfvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpf
olYtvkyf&Sifuawmh olwdkY txif
BuD;wmyJ/)
under any circumstances
(under no circumstances)
b,ftajctaerSmrqdk[k
t"dyÜm,f&onf/
We will phone her under
any circumstances. (b,ftajc
taerSmrqdk olYqDudk uRefawmfwdkY
zkef;qufr,f/)
Under no circumstances
should you lend Paul any money.
(aygvfudkawmh b,fvdk tajc
taewGifrS aiGracs;oifh)
isn't having any (of it)
wpfpHkwpfOD; pdwfr0ifpm;?
oabmrwl[laom t"dyÜm,f&
onf/
Oyrm - I suggested shar-
ing the cost, but he wasn't hav-
ing any of it, (ukefusp&dwfrQcHzkdY
uRefawmfu ajymw,f/ 'gayrJh
olu oabmrwlbl;/)
t*Fvdyfbmompum;wGif
tD'D,Hrsm;\ toHk;udk em;vnf&ef
ta&;BuD;ayonf/ o'gwwfvQif
0guszGJUpnf;yHkudk odEkdifaomfvnf;
tD'D,Hud k tD'D,HrSef;rodvQif
v H k ;aumuft" dy Üm, ftwd ki f ;
aumuf,loGm;rdwwfonf/ xdk
tcg qdkvdk&if; teufESifh wjcm;pD
jzpfoGm;wwfojzifh t*Fvdyfpm
avhvmvdkufpm;ol vli,frsm;
twGuf &nfpl;í þod k Yaom
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;wifjy
aejcif;jzpfayonf/
OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)OD;wifOD;(usL&Sif)
75
todynm? twwfynmrsm;onf vlom;rsm;
\ b0aexkdifrIykHpH [efyefrsm;tm; ajymif;vJapcJh
onfudk vlom;rsm; jzwfoef;vmcJhonfh twdwf
orkdif; ajc&mrsm;u azmfjyaeygonf/ awmeufxJrS
trSwfrxif awGU&SdcJhaomtoD;udk pm;okH;NyD; trSwf
rxif pGefYypfvkdufaom taphrS tyifaygufvmjcif;udk
od&SdcJhMuaom todynmonf vlom;rsm;udk vSnhf
vnf oGm;vmaom vltzGJUtpnf;tqifhrS tajc
pdkufaexkdifaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;tqihfodkY wufvSrf;
apEdkifcJ hygonf/ odk Y jzif h wkdif;Ed kifiHe,fedrdwfrsm;
ay:xGef;vmNyD; ? zvS,frI ? ukefoG,frIrsm;jzif h
aeYpOfb0rsm;twGif;odkY 0ifvmaeaomenf;ynmoDoDudk
76
vlom;rsm;\ b0aexd ki fr Iy H kp Huk d wpfqpfcs K d ;
wdk;wufapcJhygonf/ odcsifpdwf pl;prf;vdkpdwf jyif;jy
aom vlom;wpfcsKdU\ jyif;xefaom vHkv0D&d,rsm;
aMumifh avmued,mrrsm; ay:xGufvmum pufrI
tajcjyK vlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;udk vlom;rsm; xl
axmifEdkifcJhMujyefygonf/ avmuobm0w&m;\
vTrf;rdk;rIatmufrS avmuobm0w&m;udk xdef;csKyfyJh
udkifEdkifaom vlom;rsm; tjzpfodk Y atmifjrifpGm
wufvSrf;EdkifcJhMujyefygonf/ pufrIvGefacwfaemuf
uGefysLwmenf;ynmay:xGef; vmcJhaomtcg vlom;
rsm;\ b0&SifoefrIyHkpHrsm; onfvnf; pufrIacwfESihf
rwl qef;opfuGJJjym;jcm;em; vmjyefygonf/ ,aeY
uGefysLwm tajcjyKtifwmeuf enf;ynmonf
vlom;rsm;\ &yfwnfvIyf&Sm;rIyHkpHrsm; udk tajcrS
udkifvIyfum avmuvlYabmifopfwpfckqD odkY OD;wnf
aeygonf/ odkYaomfajymif;vJvmaeaom enf;ynm
udk qkyfudkifEdkifrI? tvSrf;uGmrIay:rlwnfí vlom;
rsm;\ pOf;pm;yHkpOf;pm;enf;rsm;? vkyfaqmifrI enf;
vrf;rsm;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;onfvnf; wjznf;jznf;
uGmjcm;vmaeygonf/
a&S;,cifay:xGef;cJhaom enf;ynmrsm;onf
wvrf;oGm;yHkpHomjzpfcJhygonf/ wDxGifxkwfvkyfolrS
onf pm;oHk;ol (odkYr[kwf) toHk;jyKolxHokdU a&muf
&Sdjcif;yHkpHyifjzpfonf/ pufrIacwfxdyfwef;enf;ynm
wpfckjzpfNyDF; vlxktrsm;qDodkY xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufcJh
aom &kyfjrifoHMum; (Telecision) onfyif? xkwfvTwf
olrSonf Munhf½Iol(odk Yr[kwf) pm;oHk;olqDodk Y[l
aom enf;ynmtjzpfom&yfwnfEdkifcJhayonf/ ,aeY
tifwmeufenf;ynmwGifrl wvrff;oGm;yHkpHr[kwf
awmhyJ vlom;tm;vHk;onf xkwfvkyfolrsm;jzpfEdkifum?
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif pm;oHk;ol (odkY) toHk;jyKolrsm;jzpf
aeygawmhonf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI[lír&SdawmhyJ vlom;
tm;vHk;wef;wlyg0ifvkyfaqmifEd kifaom vlYtzGJU
tpnf; tjzpfod k Y ajymif;vJaeygonf/ xk d Y jyif
tifwmeuf enf;ynmonf tpOf&SifoefvIyf&Sm;
aeaom vltzGJU tpnf;qDodkYvnf; oGm;aeygonf/
þodkYaom xl; jcm;qef;opfrI0daoo&Sdonfh tif
wmeufenf;ynmonf vlom;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;&Sifoef
rIrsm;tay: rnfonhf tusKd;oufa&mufrI&SdEkdifonf/
tem*wfwGif rnfokdYaom toGifo@mefodkY a&muf&Sd
Edkifrnfh qdkonfhawG;qcsufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f
aumif; NyD;? vlom;rsm;\ aeYpOfb0wGif rnfodkYaom
tusKd; oufa&mufrIrsm;&Sdaeonfqdkaom qef;ppfrI
onfvnf; ,aeYvlom;rsm;twGuf od&S dxm;zd k Y
ta&;BuD;ygonf/
taygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pmtaygif;vu©Pm
tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;
vlom;aeYpOfb0rsm;ay:wGif vTrf;rdk;BuD;pdk;ae
aom enf;ynmrsm; (tDvufxa&mepf ypönf;u&d
,mrsm;? rmvfwDrD'D,mESif h uGefysLwm) teuf
tifwmeufonf opfvGiftpGrf;xufrIt&SdqHk;enf;
ynmwpfckyifjzpfNyD;? vlwdkif;twGuf aeYpOfESifhtrQ ydkrdk
ta&;ygvsuf&Sdaeygonf/ tifwmeufonf vlom;
b0rsm;tm;BuD;rm;pGm ajymif;vJaeynmudk atmuf
azmfjytcsufrsm;u nTef;qdkaeygonf/
owif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvufowif;tcsuftvuf
&&S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I&& S dE d ki fr I
owif;tcsuftvuf&&SdEkdifrIonf ,aeY 21
&mpkurÇmBuD;\ t"du toufaoG;aMumyifjzpfyg
onf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&vsif ,aeYvlom;rsm;\
b0onf owif;tcsuftvufay:wGif wnf
aqmufxm;jcif;yifjzpfay&m owif;tcsuftvuf
77
tm;enf;csKdY,Gif;aeolonf aemufususef&pfcJhrnfrSm
trSef{uefyifjzpfayonf/ þodkY vlwdkif;twGuf
toufwrQta&;ygaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
udk tifwmeufrS vG,fulpGmjzifh&&SdEkdifygonf/ tGef
vdkif;&nfnTef;pmtkyfrsm;ESifh tbd"gefrsm;u pmtkyf
qdkifrsm;ESifh pmMunhfwkdufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;aeNyDjzpfonf/
p&dwfpuBuD;rm;aom pmtkyfrsm;ae&mwGif vG,ful
oufomaom tifwmeufowif;tcsuftvufu
0ifa&mufae&m,lvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ xdk Yjyif
urÇmay:&Sd *kPfj'yf&Sdowif;pmrsm;udk tifwmeufrS
aeYpOfzwf½IEdkifNyDjzpfygonf/ tcsKdUaom owif;pm
qdkufrsm;qdkvQif owif;a[mif;rsm;udk pmzwfol&SmazG
Edkifap&ef odrf;qnf;ay;xm;Mu&m tifwmeufacwf
wGif owif;tcsuftvuf&&SdrIrSm rcufcJawmhyg/
wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;wpfOD;E Si f hwpfOD;
qufoG,frIqufoG,frIqufoG,frIqufoG,frIqufoG,frI
(Communication)
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qufoG,frI (Communication)
onf tifwmeufacwfwGif xrif;pm;a&aomufudpö
rQomjzpfvmaeygonf/ tcsdef? ae&m uefYowfcsuf
rsm;r&Sdawmhyg/ urÇmhrnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdaeapumrl
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;csufcsif; qufoG,fEkdifaom tae
txm;odkY a&muf&Sdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf/ tD;ar;vf
(e-mail) onf or&dk;uspmydkYrIae&mwGif 0ifa&mufvm
NyD;jzpfovdk? tifwmeufrS owif;wdkay;ydkYrI (Sending
SMS) onfvnf; rdkbdkif;vfzkef;toHk;jyKjcif;xufrsm;
pGm ukefusp&dwfoufomapygonf/ ,aeY tifwm
eufenf;ynmjzifh wpfOD;udkwpfOD; qufoG,f&mwGif
toHjzifh omru&kyfudkygMunfhjrif qufoG,fEkdifNyD
jzpfonf/
ynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrIynm&SmazGrI
ynm&SmazGrIwGif tGefvd kif;ynma&;onf
urÇmvlom;tm;vHk;udk wajy;nDynmrdk;&GmoGef;
ay;aeygonf/ tifwmeufacwfwGif aiGaMu;? tcsdef?
t&G,f uefYowfcsufrsm;r&SdawmhyJ ynmudkrdrdtpGrf;
&Sdoavmuf &SmazGqnf;yl;EkdifNyDjzpfygonf/ urÇm
emrnfBuD; wuúokdvfrsm;\ 0ufbfqdkufrsm;rSonf
wpfOD;csif;0ufbfqdkufrsm;txd tifwmeufwGif
tvG,fwul0ifa&mufEdkifNyDjzpf&m ynm&&SdrIonf
ynmvdkcsifrIpdwfay:wGifom rlwnfaeygawmh
ygonf/ tifwmeuf\enf;ynmwpfckjzpfaom
Video conference ukd toHk;jyKNyD; tar&duef&S d
ynma&;udk urÇmwpfjcm;ae&mrS vlwpfa,mufu
ynm&SmazGrIwGif
tGefvdkif;ynma&;onf
urÇmvlom;tm;vHk;udk wajy;nD
ynmrdk; &GmoGef;ay;aeygonf/
tifwmeufacwfwGif
aiGaMu;? tcsdef? t&G,f uefhowfcsufrsm;
r&SdawmhyJ ynmudkrdrdtpGrf;&Sdoavmuf
&SmazGqnf;yl;EkdifNyDjzpfygonf/
urÇmhemrnfBuD; wuúokdvfrsm;\
0ufbfqdkufrsm;rSonf
wpfOD;csif;0ufbfqdkufrsm;txd
tifwmeufwGif . . .
78
pmoifcef;yHkpHuJhokdY oifMum;EdkifNyDjzpfygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tifwmeufonfr&Sd
rjzpfenf;ynmu&d,mwpfckyif jzpfygonf/ ukef
pnfwpfck (odkY) enf;ynmwpfck (odkY) tkdif'D,mwpfck
ponfhwpfckckudk OD;aqmifaeoljzpfvsif xdkpD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;onf aps;uGufxJwGif aiGudkvdkovdk&SmazGEkdif
oljzpfvmEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf&m rdrdtwGufvdktyf
aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tifwmeuftGef
vdkif;rS &SmazG&,lEkdifovdk? rdrdpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk aps;
uGufus,fjyefYatmif tifwmeufrS wqifh wpfurÇm
vHk;odkY aMujimEdkifygonf/
vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;vlrIpwd ki fvfrsm;
vlrIpwdkifvfrsm;onfvnf; tifwmeuftajc
jyK vlUtzGJUtpnf;qDodkY ajymif;vJaeNyDjzpfum? rdrd
tvdk&Sdonfh ukefypönf;rsm;ukd xdkif&mrx tGefvdkif;rS
wqifhrSm,l&&SdEkdifNyDjzpfygonf/ tcsdefukefoGm;vm&rI?
wef;pDapmifhqkdif;&rIwdkYrS uif;a0;EkdifNyDjzpfygonf/
rnfolrqdk rdrd\ vlrIqufoG,fa&;topfrsm;ukd
tifwmeufrSwqifh urÇmeJYcsdwfqufEdkifNyDjzpfygonf/
vlrsKd;? tom;ta&mif? touft&G,f? usm;r? &kyfqif;
½lyumponfh &kyfvu©Pmrsm;udk azmfjyaep&mrvdk?
tifwmeufrS wpfOD;udkwpfOD; qufoG,fEkdifrIonf
udk,ft*FgcsKdUwJholrsm; (The disabled) twGuf avmu
topfwpfck jzpfapygonf/ rdrdod&Sdvdkonfrsm;udk
tGefvdkif;rSwqifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ar;jref;Edkifovdk
tjcm;ol\ od&SdvdkrIrsm;ukdvnf; tGefvdkif;rSaeí
vSrf;í tultnDay;EkdifNyDjzpfygonf/ wenf;tm;
jzifh qdk&vsif tifwmeufonf urÇmol urÇmom;
tm;vHk;ukd wajy;nDtGefvdkif;tzGJUtpnf;tjzpfodkY
ydkYaqmifay;aeaom enf;ynmwpfckyifjzpfygonf/
tEkwfvu©PmtEkwfvu©PmtEkwfvu©PmtEkwfvu©PmtEkwfvu©Pm
tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;
tifwmeufonf vlom;tm;vH k ;twGuf
aumif;jcif;tjzmjzmtm;vHk;udk o,faqmifvmaom
ewfok'¨gaq;wpfckawmhr[kwfyg/ oHk;wwf&ifaq;?
roHk;wwfvsif ab;[laom qdk&d k;pum;twkdif;
tifwmeuftoHk;jyKrI\ ab;xGufqkd;usKd;rsm;ukd od&Sd
xm;oifhygonf/
tifwmeufudk pGJpG Jvrf;vrf; tvGeftuRHU
toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh? wpfOD;wnf;aexdkifrI tcsdefrsm;jym;
NyD;? rdom;pkESifh aEG;axG;pGmaexdkifrI? rdwfaqGoli,f
csif;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;azmfa&GpGm qufqHrI tcsdefrsm;enf;
yg;vmum vlom;\vlrIqufqHa&; yHkpHrsm;,dk;,Gif;
vmEdkifayonf/ tifwmeufay:wGif yuwdtrSef
w&m;udk zkH;uG,fum wpfOD;udkwpfOD; qufoG,frIjyK
Ekdifojzifh vlom;rsm;\ yGifhvif;&kd;om;aom txd
tawGUqufqHrI t&nftcsif;aumif;rsm;yGef;yJhvm
79
um p dwf& d ki f ;u d k c Re f ;z Gi f hay;ovd k jzp fE d ki fayonf/ od k Y jzp f&m
todw&m;vufudkifxm;í rSefuefaom&dk;om;rIudk tpOfowd&Sdoifh ayonf/
yuwd t&Sdw&m;uJhokdY zefwD;vkyfaqmifxm;rI (virtual world) onf vlom;\
tm&kHcHpm;rIudk txl;qGJaqmifEdkifay&m? tifwmeuf toHk;jyKjcif;wGif t,HkvG,fr
Iudk a&Smif&Sm;oifhNyD? ynm'kdif;umudk tpOfapmifhxm;oifhygonf/
uav;oli,fcsif;rsm; tay:wGifvnf; tifwmeuf\ vTrf;rdk;rIu BuD;rm;
vSonfjzpf&m rdrd&ifaoG;i,frsm;udk uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKrIrSonf tifwmeuf
toHk;jyKrI &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifapcsifonfrSm rdbwdkif;\ qEyif jzpfonf/ tem*wf\
tpGrf;xuf qufoG,fa&;jzpfaom tifwmeufudk uRrf;usifpGm toHk;jyKEdkifrIonf
vli,fwdkif;twGuf tvGefta&;ygvSygonf/ okdYaomf ynmaZmjzifh uGefysLwm
a&SUwGif wpfaeukefxdkifapjcif;? tifwmeufukd uav;xdef; taejzifhaomfvnf;
aumif;? tazmfoli,fcsif;tjzpf aomfvnf;aumif; qufqHapjcif;onf? cspf&m
ra&muf? ESpf&moufa&mufapygonf/ uav;oli,fcsif;rsm;twGuf obm0aq;
wpfckjzpfonfhjyif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rnfodkY jyKrIqufqHaygif;azmf&rnfudkvnf;
obm0enf;vrf;jzifh oifMum;xufjrufapygonf/
tvdk&Sd&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd tifwmeufay:wGif tvG,fwul
&&SdEd kifonfqdkaomfvnf;? owif;tcsuftvufwpfckonf rnfrQrSefonf
odkYr[kwf rnfrQtm;udk;tm;xm;jyKEkdifonfwdkYudk vlBuD;rsm;udk,fwdkif &Hzef&Hcg
a0cGJr& jzpfEdkifíum;? uav;vli,frsm;udk tifwmeufqDodkY yHktyfrxm;oifhyg?
tifwmeufenf;ynmqDodkY rnfodkY rSefrSefuefuef csOf;uyfavhvmoifonfwdkYudk
oufqdkif&m vlBuD;rdbrsm;u vrf;nTefrIjyKEkdifjcif;jzifh rvdkvm;tyfaom qGJaqmifrI
rsm;rS uav;oli,frsm;udk uif;vGwfaprnf jzpfayonf/
yef;wd ki fqDod k Yyef;wd ki fqDod k Yyef;wd ki fqDod k Yyef;wd ki fqDod k Yyef;wd ki fqDod k Y
,aeYynmacwf (21)&mpk tifwmeufenf; ynmvIdif;vHk;BuD;onf urÇmh
vlYtzGJUtpnf;wdkif;qDodkY 0ifa&muf&dkufcwfaeNyDjzpfygonf/ vlom;wpfOD;csif;pD\
aeYpOfb0rsm;twGif;odk Yvnf; 0ifa&mufpdrfh0ifvmaeNyD jzpfygonf/ þodkY
wdk;0ifvmaeaom enf;ynm\ aumif;usKd;qdk;uGufrsm;udk qef;ppfod&SdEdkifjcif;jzifh
enf;ynmvIdif;vHk;\ &dkufykwfrI'PfrS uif;vGwfum vIdif;vHk;ay:wGif tqifajyajy?
aMumhaMumharmharmhjzifh vdk&mc&D;yef;wdkifodkY ta&mufvSrf;EdkifMuygap[k .../
oDoDud koDoDud koDoDud koDoDud koDoDud k
uav;oli,fcsif;rsm;
tay:wGifvnf;
tifwmeuf\
vTrf;rdk;rIu
BuD;rm;vSonfjzpf&m
rdrd&ifaoG;i,frsm;udk
uGefysLwm
toHk;jyKrIrSonf
tifwmeuf
toHk;jyKrI
&if;ESD;uRrf;0if
apcsifonfrSm
rdbwdkif;\
qEyif
jzpfonf/
80
puf&kyfppfonfwpf&kyfESifh
&ifqdkiftawGU/ toem;cHcGihf r&Sd/
oem;wwfrnfvnf; r[kwf/
trSm;t,Gif; &SdcJhvQifvnf; tjypf
ay;qHk;rírS em;rvnf/
tarSmifxJ wdwfwdwfqdwf
qdwf&SdaeqJ rsufawmifwpfcsuf
tcwfrSmyif udk,fhudk,fudk,f xdef;
csKyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh puf&kyfppfonf
wdkY\ acwfodkY a&mufvmcJhNyD jzpf
onf/
olwd k Ywu,fyif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifaeMuNyD/ 21 &mpk
csrf;om<u,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;\
wdkufyGJ0if ppfonfrsm; jzpfvmMu
NyD/ rnfol Yud k owfjzwf&rnf
rnfodkYtqHk;owf&rnfudk qHk;jzwf
Ed kifpGrf;&S daom puf&kyfrsm;onf
,cifu odyÜHZmwfvrf;rsm;wGifom
&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif enf;ynmwdk;
wufrI jrefqefvGef;aom ,aeY
urÇmwGif vGefcJ haomig;ESpfu
&kyf&SifxJrS puf&kyfrsm; tjyifodkY
trSefwu,f ckefxGufvmavNyD/
2003 ckESpf/ tar&duefwdkY
tD&wfudk 0ifwdkufcs def? puf&kyf
ppfonf r&S dao;/ 2005 ckESpf
tukefodkYta&muf puf&kyfppfonf
2400 a&mufvmavNyD/ ,cktcg
wGif rawmh tqig;q,ftxdyif
wdk;um puf&kyfppfonf 12000
txd wm0efxrf;aqmifaeavNyD/
tar&duef Munf;a&av
yl;wGJppfqifa&;wyfzG J Y\ tBuD;
tuJu vmrnfh ESpf 20 twGif;
udk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfwdkufcdkufEdkifpGrf;
&Sdonfh puf&kyfrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkufjcif;
onf yHkrSefwyfom;rsm;ESifh wdkufcdkuf
onfhozG,f rxl;qef;awmhonfh
yHkpH jzpfvmrnf[k qdkonf/
aewdk;wyfzGJYonf NAdwdefum
uG,fa&; 0efBuD;Xmeu xkwfaom
puf&kyfrsm;udk tm;xm;toHk;jyK
aeNyD jzpfonf/ owif;rsm;wGif
ygupöwefESifh tmz*ef ppfajrjyif
rsm;ü &[wf,mOfrsm;ay:rS wdkuf
cdkufrIowif;udk awGY&NyDqdkygu xdk
wdkufcdkufrIonf armif;olrJh &[wf
,mOf puf&kyfrsm;u vlom;pifppf
rsm;udk owfjzwfvdkufMujcif;[k
azmfjyonfh owif;yif jzpfae
avNyD/
cvkwfESdyfvdkufNyD? ysHxGuf
vmrnf? aemufqHk; pcef;odkY jyef
vmrnf/
vlom;t&G,ftwdkif; jyK
vkyfxm;onfh puf&kyfrsm; &Sdao;
od yÜH 0 w¬K r [k wf a wmh o nhf
puf½kyfwdkY\ wdkufyGJacwf
Pollux
81
onf/ SWORDS [kac:onf/
olwdkYu ab;ywf0ef;usifudk 360
'D*&D vSnfhywfMunfhEkdifonfh tm;
omcsuf&S donf/ owfrSwfvdkuf
onfh ypfrSwfudk pufaoewfESifh
qGJí ypfcwfEdkifonf/ olwdk Yudk
tar&duef owif;Xmewpfckjzpf
onfh ajracG;owif;Xmeu ESpf
q,fhwpf&mpk\ ppfonfawmfrsm;
[k cyf<um;<um; wifpm;ac:onf/
vuf&SdwGifawmh puf&kyf ppf
onftrsm;pkudk ta0;uxdef;csKyf
wdkufcdkufaeqJ/ rdkifaygif; 7500
uaexdef;csKyfcHae&onfh puf&kyf
ppfonfrsm; wm0efxrf;aqmifae
Muonf/ xdktuGmta0;rS xdef;
csKyfrIudk &efolwdkYu Mum;jzwfjzwf
awmufypfavY&Sdonf/ xdef;csKyfrIrJh
oGm;jcif;onf xdkpuf&kyf &yfwefY
oGm;NyD; toufrJhoGm;jcif; jzpfav
onf/ xdkodk Y Mum;jzwfcH&jcif;udk
rnfodk Y wm;qD;rnfenf;/ quf
oG,frI jywfawmufoGm;onfhESihf
wpfNydKifeuf udk,fhudk,fudk,f xdef;
csKyfEdkifpGrf; &Sdatmif BudKwifjyKvkyf
xm; jci f ;onf taumif ;qH k ;
r[kwfygavm/ þonfyifvQif
udk,fwdkif xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh
puf&kyfwdkY\ tpyifjzpfavonf/
wpfcsdefu wdkufyGJrsm;wGif
enf;ynmudkoHk;um wdkufcdkufa&;
twGuf vlom;rsm;udk,fwdkif qHk;
jzwf wdkufcdkufMu&onf/ ,ckrl
xdkpuf&kyfrsm;u udk,fwdkifqHk;jzwf
wdkufcdkufMurnfjzpf&m wdkufyGJrsm;
wGif vlom;rsm;yg0if&efyif rvdk
awmhacs/ xdkt&monf ppfyGJwdkY\
ta&GUoabmudk jyaejcif;yif/
tar&duef yefw*Gef ppf
XmecsKyfpcef;rS wyfrSL; a*:'ef
*Refqifu wdkufyGJ0if puf&kyfrsm;
tay: þodkYajymonf/
“olwd k Yu raMumufwwf
bl;/ trdefYudk qHk;wJhtxd vdkufem
w,f/ olYab;u &Jabmf&Jbuf
wpfa,muf usoGm;&ifvnf; vSnfh
NyD; *&kpdkufrSm r[kwfbl;/ olwdkYu
vlawGxufydkaumif;atmif vkyf
EdkifrSmvm;vdkYar;&if [kwfw,fvdkY
ajym&r,f/ olwdkY&Sdae&ufeJY cifAsm;
&JU wu,fhvlom;wyfzGJU0ifawGudk
bmvdkYpGefYpm;touf pGefYckdkif;rSmvJ
Asm“ [lí/
odkYaomf vlom;rsm; trSm;
ruif;ovdk puf&kyfwdkYvnf; trSm;
ruif;/
tar&du&Sd pufrIvkyfief;
rsm;wGif oHk;aeonfh puf&kyfrsm;
onf wpfESpfwGif trSm;t,Gif;
av;&mcdkifEIef; vkyfonf/ puf&kyf
aMumif h jzpfonf h rawmfwqrI
tBuD;pm;rsm; ESpfwdkif;jzpfaeonf/
tvlrDeD,rfyHkavmif;puf&HkwpfckwGif
puf&kyf0efxrf;wpfOD;ay:odkY owåK
&nfrsm;avmif;csjcif;? um;udk,f
xnfyH kay:atmifxkonfh puf
twGif; trsdK;orD;0efxrf;wpfOD;udk
qGJrxkjcif;wdkY vkyfcJhonf/
*syef0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; *sLeD
cs D,d k udktdZkrdyif uHaumif;í
toufrao/ puf&HkwpfckodkY oGm;
a&muf MunfY&Ionfh 0efBuD;csKyfudk
puf&kyfu wdkufcdkufzl;onf/
xdktrSm; vkyfrdonfh puf&kyf
rsm;tm;vHk;onf wdkufcdkufowf
jzwfwwf&ef 'DZdkif;xkwfxm;onfh
puf&kyfrsm; r[kwf/
z ke f ;abvf usoif horQ
vufcHay;&ef vkyfxmonfh puf&kyf
rsm;rS &ifbwfudk vufeufESifhcsdef
vuf&SdwGifawmh
puf&kyfppfonftrsm;pkudk
ta0;u xdef;csKyf
wdkufcdkufaeqJ/
rdkifaygif; 7500
uaexdef;csKyfcHae&onfU
puf&kyfppfonfrsm;
wm0efxrf;aqmifae
Muonf/ xdktuGmta0;rS
xdef;csKyfrIudk &efolwdkhu
Mum;jzwfjzwfawmufypfavU
&Sdonf/
82
xm;onfh puf&kyfrsm;tjzpfodk Y
ajymif;oGm;onfhacwfay/
puf&ky fwd k Yonf Bud Kwif
oifMum;ay;rxm;vQif yef;oD;ESifh
c&rf;csOfoD;yif rcGJwwfonfh trsdK;
jzpfav&m t&yfom;ESif h &efol
rnfodkYcGJMurnfenf;/ trdefYemcH
um puf&kyfydkif&SifwdkY ppfudk ouf
aomifhoufom wdkufEdkifa&;udk
vkyfrnfom/
wkdufyG JtwGif; vlrsm;ud k
&uf&ufpufpuf oufjzwfolrsm;
udk ppf&mZ0wfaumif[kqdkvQif
vlu qHk;jzwfray;bJ olwdkYbmom
qHk;jzwfwdkufcdkufMuonfh udpörsm;
wGi f xdkpuf& ky frsm;uom ppf
&mZ0wfaumifrsm;ayavm/
puf&kyfppfonfrsm;ESifh wdkuf
cdkufvQif &efolrsm;rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf
tqHk;owfEdkifonfhwdkif udk,fhbuf
u txdtcdkufr&Sd wdkufcdkufEdkif
onf/ vG,fvG,fESifh tEdkif,lEdkif
onfh ppfyGJrsm; jzpfvmrnf/ ppfyGJ
qdkonfrSm udk,fhbufuvlrsm;udk
aoG;pGef;onfh ae&mrS qGJxkwfum
olYbufu vlrsm;omaoapqdk
onfh yHkpHjzpfvmavNyD/
wpfenf;ajym&vQif owf
jzwfolu pufrsm;jzpfNyD; ao&
onfu wu,hfvlom;rsm; jzpf
vm&avNyD/
tjcm;wpfzufu ajym&
vQif puf&kyfppfonfrsm;u vlom;
wdkYudk aoG;qmonfh wdkufcsifcdkuf
csifpdwfrsm; xdktavhtusifhrsm;
r&Sdatmif tpm;xdk;wm0efxrf;
aqmifay;olrsm;[k qdkonf/
vlwpfa,muf udk,f ha&SU
wnfhwnfhwGif&yfNyD; rsufvHk;csif;
qkdif pdkufMunfhaevQif xkdoludk
ypfcwf owfjzwfypfvdkufEkdifpGrf;
&Sdonfh ESvHk;om;&Sdzdk Y rvG,ful/
odkYaomf ypfcwfcH&rnfholudk cyfa0;
a0;u cyfao;ao;om uGefysLwm
rS wqifh jrif&vQif odyfrcuf
awmh/ tar&duefavwyfu 'kAdkvf
uav;wpfa,mufu xdkodkYjrif&
wdkuf&onfh tay:udk “tJ'guae
vludkypf&wmu AD'D,dk*drf;vdkyJAs“
[kqdkonf/
puf&kyfrsm;ESifh wpfzuf&ef
oludk wdkufcd kuf&onfrSm udk,fh
wyfom;rsm; tustqH k;r&S dí
aumif;ygonf/ odkYaomf xdkenf;
vrf;ud k wpfzuf&efoluvnf;
oHk;rnfqdkvQifa&m/ tBuD;tus,f
a&SmhcfjzpfEdkifonfh pOf;pm;p&myif/
xd ko d k Ywp fzufu txd
tcdkuf r&SdbJ tjcm;wpfzufuom
aoG;ajrus&onfh jzpf&yfrsm;onf
rSm;,Gif;ypfcwfcH&í qHk;&HSL;olrsm;
bufwGif vufpm;acsvdkpdwf? wpf
zufowf &ufpufrItay: em
usnf;pdwfrsm; ydkrdk jyif;xefvmap
onf[k xdkodkYaom ppfajrjyifrsm;
ESifh xdawGYae&aom vufbEGef
owif;pm wpfapmifu axmufjy
onf/ xdkodk Y ypfcwfcH&olrsm;\
usef&pfolrsm;u wefjyefwdkufcdkuf
a&; tzGJYrsm;udk axmufcHolrsm;
udk,fwdkif wdkufcdkufa&;orm;rsm;
jzpfvmMuonf[k xdkowif;pm u
azmfjyonf/
xdkodkYaom qdk;&Gm;em;usnf;
rIrsm; jzpfay:vm&ef odyÜHynm&Sif
rsm;? OD;aESmufrsm;? oef;aygif;rsm;
pGmaomaiGrsm;udk &if;ESD;cJhMu&onfh
tajctaersd K; qd kufa&mufae
onf/ odkYjzpf&m tcsdKUu udk,fwdkif
qHk;jzwfEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom puf&kyfppf
onfrsm;jzif h wkdufcd kufjcif;ud k
Oya'xkwfwm;jrpf&ef tqdkjyKMu
onf/
vlom;wdkY wDxGifxm;orQ
tm;vHk;aumif;onf[k rqdkom/
vlom;wdkYudk tjriftm&HkqHk;&IH;ap
onfh avqmtvif;wef;ESifh wdkuf
cdkufjcif;? tqdyf"mwfaiGYjzifh wdkuf
cd kufjcif;wdk Yudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
uefYuGufcJhMuNyD; jzpfonf/ puf&kyf
ppfonfrsm;jzifh wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;rsm;
tay:wGifvnf; tylwjyif;qHk;
jzwf aqG;aEG;Mu&rnfh tcsdefodkY
y d kíyd kí eD;uyfvmonfh tajc
taersm; wdk;íwdk;íom jrifae&
csdef jzpfygonf/
Pollux
83
enf;ynmopfrsm;? ypönf;opfrsm; ay:xGuf
vmwdkif; vSefYvkH;qefqef owif;pum;rsm; xGufay:
vmwwfwmu tqef;wus,f r[kwfyg/ wpfcg
wpfcg tJ'Dpum;awGu rSefuefwJh tem*wfta[m
awG jzpfNyD; trsm;tm;jzifhawmh ydkwGufrdjcif;? pum;qdk
awmifvdkarmufrdMujcif;om jzpfygw,f/ wpfudk,fa&
okH; uGefysLwmawG acwfpm;vmNyD; vkyfief;wdkif; ½kH;
wdkif;rSm tokH;jyKEdkifvmMuawmh puúLrJh½kH;awG jzpfawmh
r,fvdkY qdkcJhMuao;w,f/ 'gayrJhvnf; ckxd ½kH;awGrSm
puúLxkyfawG 0,fMu&wkef;ygyJ/ tD;bkcfawG ay:vmcJh
wmvnf; q,fpkwpfpk0ef;usifawmh &SdcJhygNyD/ ESpfig;&m
ausmf oufwrf;&SdwJh pmtkyf,Ofaus;rI[m BuD;rm;wJh
tvSnfhtajymif;eJY MuHK&awmhrSmyJvdkY cefYrSef;cJhMuw,f/
'gayrJh vlawG&JU pmtkyfzwfwJh "avh? pmtkyfzwf&wJh
t&omudk tD;bkcfawGu wu,fwrf; tpm;xdk;
ray;EdkifcJhao;ygbl;/ tckawmh 'g[m rESpfutxd?
uif;'JvftD;bkcf ray:ciftxdvdkY ajym&awmhrSm jzpf
ygw,f/
bmaMumifhqdk q,fpkwpfpktwGif; tD;bkcf
xkwfa0jzefYcsda&;[m vkyfief;ykHpHwpfcktjzpf atmif
atmifjrifjrif rjzpfvmyJ topfwDxGifrIeJY "avh
topfysKd;axmifrIvdk &Sdae&mu tarZkH&JU uif;'Jvf&JU
tD;bkcfxGufvmwJhtcg rMuHKzl;ao;wJh vufcHrI?
atmifjrifrIudk &&SdvdkufvdkY jzpfygw,f/ tD;bkcfawG[m
NyD;cJhwJh c&pörwf&moDrSm vla&G;trsm;qkH; *uf*suf
vnf; jzpfcJhw,fvdkY wcsKdUu qdkygw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh
xkwfa0a&;&JU tem*wfvdkYawmif xifjrifcsufay;Mu
w,f/ b,fvdkyJwGufwGuf tD;bkcfzwfpufawG[m
'DESpfrSmawmh owif;BuD;awGudk aqmifvmcJhMuwmyJ
jzpfw,f/ tarZkH&JU uif;'Jvf[m tarZkHa'ghuGrf
0ufbfqdkufrSm ta&mif;&qkH; xkwfukefjzpfcJhw,f/
tJ'Dhtjyif tarZkH tGefvdkif;pmtkyfqdkifuae tD;bkcf
rlawG[mvnf; ykHrSef ykHESdyfpmtkyfawGxuf ydkNyD;a&mif;cJh
&w,fvdkY yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf tarZkHu c&pörwf
aeYrSm aMunmcJhygw,f/ azmf&ufpwm okawoeu
pdppfolawGu 2009 ckESpftwGif; tar&duefwpfEdkifiH
wnf;rSm tD;bkcfzwfpuf okH;oef;avmuf a&mif;&
r,fvdkY rSef;cJhygw,f/ 'ghtjyif 'g[mtpyJ &Sdygao;
w,f/ uif;'Jvftjyif yvyfpwpfavmh*spf (Plastic
Logic)&JU usL,ltD; (QUE)&Sdw,f? bef;pftifEdkbJvf
(Barnes and Noble)&JU EGwf(Nook) &Sdw,f/ 'Dzwfpuf
awGu uif;'JvfrSmrygwJh t*Fg&yftopfrsm;? ydkus,f
wJh ½kyfxifjrifuGif;eJY xdawGUrIudk tm½kHcHvkyfaqmif
EdkifwJhrSefjyif wdk;vmw,f/ 'DvdkeJY tD;bkcfawG[m tck
2010 rSm ydkNyD; ta&;ygvlokH;rsm;vmzdkY &Sdw,f/
tD;bkcfawG&JU wGifus,frItvm;tvmawGudk
&aecdkufrSmyJ 2009 &JU aemufqkH;vawGrSm aemufxyf
arQmfvifhp&mwpfcku xyfay:vmw,f/ tJ'guawmh
tufyJvfu xGufvmzdk Y&S dwJh wufbvuf(tablet)
uGefysLwmygyJ/ vufawGUrxGufvmcifrSm 'Dud&d,mudk
tDvufx&Gef;epf ausmufoifykef;rsm;vmNyD?
pmtkyfrsm; qkwfcGmMu&rnfavm
aX;0if;ESpf
84
tdkifpvdwf(i-slate)vdkYvnf; ac:vdrfhr,fvdkY qdkcJhMuyg
w,f/ tDvufx&Gef;epfausmufoifykef;? tdkifausmuf
oifykef;aygh/ wufbvufyJac:ac:? tdkifausmufoif
ykef;yJac:ac: rwdkifrD tufyJvf&JU ta&mif;wGifus,f
wJh *uf*sufwpfrsKd;jzpfwJh tdkifzkef;tBuD;pm;eJY wlr,fh
tJ'Dypönf;opf[m rxGufvmcifuwnf;u owif;
BuD;aecJhNyD; 2010 ck? Zefe0g&Dvukefydkif;rSmawmh
tdkifyuf'f(iPad)qdkwJh emrnfudk ,lNyD; aps;uGufxJudk
a&mufcJhygNyD/ tvm;wlyJ NyKdifbuftdkifwDukrÜPDwcsKdU
&JU wufbvufuGefysLwmxkwfr,fh owif;awGvnf;
xGufay:aeygw,f/ vufyfawmhawG&JU tokH;wGif
us,frIu 'ufpawmh pm;yGJwifuGefysLwmawGudk
tpm;xdk;rNyD;cifrSmyJ wufbvufuGefysLwm? uGefysL
wm ausmufoifykef;awGu vufyfawmhawGxuf
tokH;wGifus,fvmOD;r,fh tajctae &SdvmEdkif
ygw,f/
tck xGufvmwJh tufyJvf&JU uGefysLwm
ausmufoifykef; tdkifyuf'f[m wpfpifwDrDwmyJ xlNyD;
*&rf 700 yJ av;ygw,f/ rSefjyifudk wdkYxdNyD; apcdkif;
Edkifw,f/ BuKd;rJhtquftoG,f&w,f? tifwmeufeJY
qufEdkifw,f/ awmufywJha&mifpkH ykHazmfjrifuGif;
&Sdw,f/ csufowif;pm EdkAifeDu tufyJvfeJY tufyJvf
&JU ]tjyq&mBuD;} pwdAfa*smhbfudk csD;yykHu ]tdkifaygh'f
[m *Dwem;axmifwJh avmuudk ajymif;vJay;vdkuf
w,f/ tdkifzkef;u w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fwJh avmu
udk ajymif;vJay;w,f/ tck tdkifyuf'fu uRefawmfwdkY
&JU pmtkyfzwfykH? owif;pmzwfykHeJY "mwfykHawGMunfhykH
udk tvsiftjref ajymif;vJay;vdrfhr,f}wJh/
bmyJjzpfjzpf tdkifaygh'fudk tvkH;a& oef; 250
a&mif;NyD;om;jzpfwJh tufyJvfukrÜPDtwGuf tdkif
yuf'f xkwfa&mif;Edkifwm[m ta&;BuD;wJh vkyfief;
pD;yGm;toGifvu©PmjzpfNyD; atmifjrifrI&zdkYtwGuf
vkyfief;taeeJY ,kHMunfpdwfcsxm;EdkifwJh tajctae
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'gxuf ta&;BuD;wmu 'Dypönf;opf
uae aqmifusOf;ay;vmEd kifwJ h vlrIa&;toGif
vu©Pmudk ydkNyD; tav;ay;oifhwmygyJ/ tdkifyuf'f
[m uRefawmfwdkY&JU ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m tavhtxawG
udk ajymif;vJapEdkifygw,f/ taMumif;&yftwGif;om;
udk zefwD;ol? wnf;jzwfxkwfay;ol? jzefYcsdolawGeJY
pm;okH;olawGMum;u yg0g[efcsufudkvnf; ajymif;
ay;Edkifygw,f/
uif;'JvftD;bkcf&JU atmifjrifcsdef? tdkifyuf'f&JU
owif;[dwfawG ajy;aepOftcsdefawGrSmyJ ykHESdyfrD'D,m
bufu owif;pmr*¾Zif;awG&JU apmifa&usrI?
aMumfjimcef;rI? tifwmeuf0ufbfqdkufawG&JU tokH;
wGifus,fjyefYvmrIawGeJYtwl tifwmeufrD'D,m&JU
tcrJh owif;tcsuftvuf &,lEdkifrIawGtay:
jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkwJh toHAvHawG xGufay:vmcJh
urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfrSm
tifwmeufrD'D,may:u
aMumfjim&aiGawGuvnf;
avQmusoGm;awmU
tifwmeuf&JY taMumif;&yftrsm;pk
tcrJhay;EdkifrI[m axmufwnf&mxyf&Smzdkh
jzpfvmw,f/ ½l;ywfrm;a'ghu
owif;aumfydka&;&Sif;awG[m
olwdkY&JY0ufbfqdkufawGu
taMumif;&yfawGudk
&,lzwf½IEdkifzdkY . . .
85
w,f/ urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfrSm tifwmeufrD'D,m
ay:u aMumfjim&aiGawGuvnf; avQmusoGm;awmh
tifwmeuf&JU taMumif;&yftrsm;pk tcrJhay;EdkifrI[m
axmufwnf&mxyf&SmzdkY jzpfvmw,f/ ½l;ywfrm;a'gh
u owif;aumfydka&;&Sif;awG[m olwdkY&JU 0ufbfqdkuf
awGu taMumif;&yfawGudk &,lzwf½IEdkifzdkY tcaMu;
aiG,lwmrsKd; ysKd;axmif&vdrfhr,fvdkY qdkvdkufygw,f/
owif;taMumif;&yfudk tcrJhay;wmudk xdef;
xm;csifwJh NyK difbufawGuawmif wpfpk Hwpf&m
tajymif;tvJudkawmh cGifhjyKvm&w,f/ Oyrmjy&&if
*g'D,ef;rD'D,mtkyfpk[m *g;'D,ef;a'ghpDtdka'gh,lau
(Guardian.co.uk) 0ufbfqdkuf&JU yifrtaMumif;&yf
awGudk tcrJhwifxm;pOfrSmyJ rD'D,m*g;'D;,ef;a'ghpDtdk
a'gh,lauvdk acgif;pOfwcsKdUeJY uRrf;usifolawG&JU
u@awGudk aemufqkH;rSm tcay;ykHpHtjzpf a&TUypfzdkY
tMuHjyKwm cH&w,f/
tJ'DrSm tD;bkcfawGeJY rD'D,mwufbvuf&JU rsKd;
opfawG 0ifvmcJhwmygyJ/ 0ufbfay:rSm taMumif;&yf
awGudk tcrJh&aeus y&dowfudk tcay;ykHpHajymif;zdkY
qGJaqmif&wm vG,fawmh rvG,fygbl;/ ud&d,m
topftay:u rwlwJhykHpHeJY&SdwJh taMumif;&yftwGuf
tcay;zdkY awmif;qdk&ifawmh enf;enf;ydk jzpfEdkifrSmyg/
'geJYyJ tD;bkcfawG&JU ysHUESHYatmifjrifrI[m pmtkyfeJY
owif;pmawGudk ykHESdyfrD'D,mawGxuf oufomvSwJh
EIef;xm;eJY tifwmeufuwpfqifh tcay;zwf½IwJh
"avh ysKd;axmifpwifEdkifr,fh tvm;tvmudkvnf;
&vmEdkifygw,f/
tckqdk&if vuf&SdzGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrIawGt& tD;
bkcfawG? uGefysLwmausmufoifykef;awG[m pm;yGJwif
uGefysLwmawG? vufyfawmhuGefysLwmawGxuf
pmtkyfawGeJY ydkeD;pyfvmygw,f/ vdk&mae&mudk vG,f
vifhwul o,faqmifvmEdkifNyD? pmtkyfeD;yg; udk,f&
wG,f&vG,ful tqifajyvmygNyD/ wpfNyKdifeufwnf;
rSmyJ w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f? tifwmeuf tquf
toG,fvkyfvdkY&wJh qufoG,fa&;ud&d,mvnf; jzpf
aeovdk uGefysLwmtjzpfvnf; tokH;awmfcHrSm jzpfyg
w,f/ 'Dawmh ausmufoifykef;uGefysLwmudk pmtkyf?
w,fvDzkef;? uGefysLwm rsKd;pyfud&d,mvdkY qdk&ifvnf;
rrSm;avmufygbl;/
tJ'D ausmufoifykef;uGefysLwmawG[m tD;
bkcftjzpf tokH;awmfcHNyD; pmtkyfawGudk vlY,Of
aus;rIuae z,f&Sm;ypfrSmvm;/ tJ'DvdkyJ w,fvDzkef;
awGudka&myJvm;? uGefysLwmawGudka&mvm;/ enf;
ynmopfeJY ypönf;opfawG[m uRefawmfwdkY&JU xkH;
"avhawGudk tenf;eJYtrsm; ajymif;ypfrSm aocsmay
r,fh vkH;0OokHvdkYawmh wpfxpfcsa[mzdkY rjzpfEdkifyg/
'gayrJh 'Dausmufoifykef;uGefysLwmawG[m vmr,fh
ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; vlokH;rsm;wGifus,fvmEdkifwJh
ypönf;jzpfzdkY aocsmygw,f/ qufoG,fa&;ud&d,m jzpf
ovdk todynmb@mwdkuftjzpfvnf; tokH;awmfcH
ygvdrfhr,f/ wpfcsdefrSmawmh tck ausmydk;tdwfBuD;awG
azmif;um;aeatmif vG,fNyD; ausmif;wufaeMuwJh
uRefawmfwdkY uav;awG[m ausmufoifykef; uGefysL
wmav;awGudk prwfususudkifNyD; ayghayghyg;yg;
ausmif;oGm;aeEdkifvdrf hr,fqdkvdkuf&if 'gaeYcif;
tdyfrufwpfck r[kwfygbl;/ enf;enf;av;a0;w,fyJ
xm;OD;? trSefwu,f rsufarSmufjyKEdkifwJh tajctae
wpf&yf taotcsm jzpfEdkifavmufygw,f/
aX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp faX;0if;ESp f
nTef;
Are ebooks and tablets the future for printmedia? – Stuart Andrews
A look at the Nook – Lev Grossman, time.com,Jan 18, 2010
Apple’s Blank Slate – Daniel Lyons, time.comApple’s ideas influence information culture –
baltic-review.com, Jan 28, 2010
86
2010 jynhfESpf[m pma&;olwdkY EkdifiHtwGuf tjyKoabm ajymif;vJrI (positive
change) awG rsm;pGm jzpfay:vmEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY tm;vHk;u arQmfrSef;xm;MuNyD; jzpfyg
w,f/ tJhovdk tjyKoabm ajymif;vJrIawGxJu pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:
aygufvmEdkifrIeJY ywfowfNyD; ,ckvrSm knowledge Bridge r*¾Zif;rS q&m OD;0ifhausmf
(bPfvkyfief;ynm&Sif)eJY q&mOD;at;ausmf (MHR) wdkYESifh awGUqHkar;jref;jzpfcJhyg
w,f/
ar;/ / NyD;cJhwJh Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYu AD,uferfEdkifiHrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh
tmqD,HEdkifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;rsm; awGUqHkaqG;yGJrSm jrefrmEdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;u ,ck
ESpftwGif;rSm vGwfvyf^w&m;rQw^,HkMunf&wJh (Free, Fair and Credible)
a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yrnfjzpfaMumif; xyfrHtwnfjyK ajymMum;cJhygw,f/ tJhovdk
2010 tNyD;rSm jzpfay:vmr,fh uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;[m rsm;pGmajymif;vJ
vmvdrhfr,fvdkY arQmfvifh&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY ueOD;taeeJY jzpfvmEdkifr,fh Expected
Conditions awGeJY ywfowfNyD; q&mwdkY&JU tjrifudk odvdkygw,f/
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; arQmfvifUcsufrsm;2010 tvGef
vif;okdufnGefh (jrefrmhajr)
87
OD;0ifhausmf/ / Stock Share Market BuD;ray: &if
awmifrS tckqdk&if Capital Market ay:vmNyDvdk Y
ajymvdkY&ygw,f/ Oyrm tpdk;&u aiGwdkufpmcsKyfxkwf
a&mif;wmrsKd;aygh/ aemufwpfcku EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'
(Political economic) taeeJY Munhf&ifvnf; tpdk;&
u jynfolvlxkqDudk pepfwus enf;rSefvrf;rSefeJY aiG
acs;wJh Positive Trend ukd awGU&ygw,f/ ykHrSeftm;jzihf
tpdk;&rsm;[m tJhovdkyJ jynfolvlxkqDudk aiGacs;&yg
w,f/ 'gayr,fh ckeu Business Growth jzpfvmzdkY?
Stock Market ay:vmzdk Yqdkwmuawmh trsm;yd kif
ukrÜPDawG b,favmuf EkdifiHwumpHeJYudkufnDovJ
qdkwmay:rlwnfygw,f/
[kdwkef;u vkyfxm;wJh ppfwrf;awGt&awmh
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm opfawmeJY zufpyfukrÜPDwpfckyJ
EdkifiHwumpHeJY udkufnDw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ wu,f
wrf ; International Accounting Standard e J Y
udkufnDzdkYu jynfolvlxk (Public) udk yGihfvif;jrifom
wJh pm&if;Z,m;awG xkwfjyefzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ txl;
ojzih f ud k,f h&JUb@ma&;tajctae (Financial
Position) udk ay:ay:xifxif rjyEdkifoa&GUawmh Stock
Market ay:vmzdkY awmfawmfa0;OD;r,f/ tenf;qHk;
ig;ESpfavmuf tcsdef,l&OD;r,f/ csufcsif;BuD;awmh
ray:Edkifao;bl;/ 'gayr,fh Capilal Market awmh ay:
aeNyD/ 'gudku 'Dig;ESpfavmuftwGif;rSm pdwfcs&wJh
aiGwdkufpmcsKyfawGeJY Trading vkyfMu? wpfzufuvnf;
trsm;ydkifukrÜPDawGtaeeJY enf;vrf;wus vkyfMu
r,f qdk&ifawmh ig;ESpfavmuftwGif;rSm Stock Market
ay:vmzdkY arQmfrSef;vdkY &ygw,f/
q&mOD;at;ausmf/ / Business Environment
BuD;xJrSmu Forces tcGJuav;awGtaeeJY 'D Politi-
ocal Forces &Sdw,f/ aemuf Social wdkY Technolgi-cal
wdkY&Sdw,f/ tJh'DrSm olu qufpyfaew,f/ Politi-cal
tajctaet&rf;aumif;wJh wpfEk difiHeJ YwpfEd kifiH
qufqHa&;t&rf;aumif;wJh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHqdk&if pD;yGm;
a&;vnf; t&rf; tqifajyEd ki fw,f/ tJ hawmh
Favuorable qdkwJhaumif;aompD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJjcif;
vmrSm aocsmw,f/ aemufwpfcsufu EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH
taeeJYMunhf&ifawmifrS EkdifiH&JU EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJrI
[m tJh'DEdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&; ajymif;vJrIudk jzpfap
ygw,f/
ar;/ / ,aeY uRefawmfwdkY&JU jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;
[m ukefoG,frI (Trade) eJY ukefpnfa&mif;0,fazmuf
um;rI Hard Economy awGay:rSmom rSDcdkae&ygw,f/
After 2010 rSm Soft Economy, Service Industry
awGjzpfwJh Cohsulantancy, Service, Law fim pwJh
knowledge Economy awGzG HU NzdK;vmEd kifyg ovm;
cifAsm/
ykHrSeftm;jzihf tpdk;&rsm;[m
tJhovdkyJ jynfolvlxkqDudk
aiGacs;&ygw,f/
'gayr,fh ckeu Business Growth
jzpfvmzdkY?
Stock Market ay:vmzdkYqdkwmuawmh
trsm;ydkifukrÜPDawG
b,favmuf EkdifiHwumpHeJh
udkufnDovJ qdkwmay:rlygw,f/
[kdwkef;u vkyfxm;wJh
ppfwrf;awGt&awmh
88
OD;0ifhausmf/ / 2010 uawmh Transaction
Period vdkjzpfaew,f/ 2009 udk oef;acgifvdkYajymvdkY
&Sd&if 2010 u oef;acgiftvGefuav;yJ&Sdao;w,f/
t&kPfra&mufao;bl;/ 'Dawmh odyfNyD; expectations
awmh vkyfvdkYr&ao;bl;/ ck 2010 Second Half aygh/
tJ'DrSmawmh enf;enf;av; pD;yGm;a&; jyefwufvm
vdrfhr,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh wdk&pfqifrf (Tourism)
uvnf; acgif;armhvmwm&,f EU uvnf; a&xGuf
ypönf;awGudk zGihfay;vmwm&,faMumifh Local pD;yGm;
a&;[m aumif;vmEkdifw,f/ 'DMum;xJrSm EkdifiHa&;
uvnf; aumif;wJh tvm;tvm Positive Changes
jzpfcJhr,fqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;[m 2010?
2011 rSm aocsmaygufaumif;vmygvdrhfr,f/ cifAsm;
wdkY uRefawmfwdkY arQmfvifhxm;wJh Service Industry
vnf; trsm;BuD; zGHUNzdK;vmEdkifygw,f/
OD;at;ausmf/ / acwfawG pepfawG uvnf;
tqifhqifhwdk;wufvmwmyJav/ ck q&mwdkY jrefrm
EdkifiHu Primary Sector vdkYac:wJh v,f,mom;ig;
xkwfukef u@u ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vkyfukdifvmcJhwm
yJav/ wpfcg Secondary Sector jzpfwJh pufrI vufrI
vkyfief;uvnf; twkdif;twmwpfcktxd &Sd vmNyD/
tJh'D wwd,tqifhjzpfwJh 0efaqmifrI (Serv-ice)
vkyfief;vTmyJ zGHYNzdK;zdkY&Sdygw,f/
tJ'D zGHUNzdK;rItvm;tvmxJu avmavm
q,f jrefrmjynfrSm cdkifcdkifrmrm jyvdkY&wmuawmh
yk*¾vdubPfvkyfief;? yk*¾vdu usef;rma&;vkyfief;?
aemuf ICT vkyfief;wdkYyg/ 'gayr,fh t&Sdeft[kef
aumif;jcif; raumif;jcif;qkdwm&,f xkxnfBuD;jcif;
ao;jcif; qdkwm&,fom pum;ajymaewmyg/ aemuf
wpfcg 'Dbufu Primary Sector yJjzpfjzpf? Secondary
Sector yJjzpfjzpf? ESpfck pvkH;yJjzpfjzpf wtm;rsm;vmNyD
pHkvmNyD qdk&if olY aemufu uyfNyD; vdkufvmwmu
wwd, Service Sector yJ/
t&ifwkef;u xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief; puf&kH 10
&kH&Sdwkef;u bmrS0efaqmifrIay;zdkY rvdktyfao;bl;
xifayr,fh puf&kH 100 jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm Production
eJY Operation udk Consultancy ay;wJh vkyfief;rsKd;awG?
Total Quality Mangement (TQM) ppfaq;aqmif &Guf
oifMum;ay;wmrsK d;awG? ISO vkyfay;r,fh tzJGU
tpnf;rsKd;awG ay:vmygvdrfhr,f/ tJhawmh Second-
ary Sector wdk Y? Primary Sector wdk Y t&Sdeft[kef
jrifhvmavav? xkxnfyrmP BuD;vmavav olYudk
Support ay;wJh Service vkyfief;awGu aemufu
vdkufvm&avavyJ/ 'Dawmh Service Sector u wdk;
udkwdk;wufvmrSmyg/ Oyrm- vGefcJhwJhtESpf 50? 60
u UK EdkifiHu0efBuD;csKyfu aemuftESpf 50 qdkolwdkY
UK EdkifiH[m urÇmudk Soft Commodities Export
vkyfwmatmifjrifwJh vkyfief;jzpfr,fvdkY BudKa[mudef;
xkwfcJhw,f/
tck British Council uwqif h Export
vkyfvdkufwJh British Qualification [m ,aeY UK &JU
Soft Commoditiy ygyJ/ wu,fawmh Service Industry
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90
U WINT KYAW
Date of Birth - 31 May, 1947
Education - B.com (Banking, Finance and Insur
ance),1967 Institute of Economics,
Yangon.
- R.L (Registerred lawyer), 1963
Department of Higher Education
Position - Course Director of LCCI Account
ing at KMD
- part Time lecturer of Management,
ABE(london)/ KMD
- part Time Lecture of Financial
Mangement, Myanmar Egress
U AYE KYAW
Date of Birth - 1959
Education - B.A (Eco-
nomics), 1980
Institute of Economics, Yangon.
- Post Graduate Diploma (CIM,UK)
- Fellow (F.A.B.E) (ABF, UK)
Position - MD, Myanmar Human Resources
(MHR)
- Senior Professional (SHRM, USA)
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91
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92
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93
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Knowledge Bridge Magazine vay;rSm ,lvkdvQif6 vpmrSm,lvQif (10% Discount) 1350 _ 6 = 8100 usyf12 vpmrSm,lvQif (20% Discount) 1200 _ 12= 14400 usyf
txl;tpDtpOftjzpf 6 vpm0,f,lvQif knowledgebridge.net tD;ar;vftaumihfwpfck ESihf 12vpm 0,f,lvQif tD;ar;vftaumihf okH;ck arwÅmvufaqmif&&Sdrnf jzpfygonf/ rSm,lvkdolrsm;onf Online rS4if;? r*¾Zif;wkdufokdh4if; vdyfpmtjynfUtpkHESifU qufoG,f&ef zkef;eHygwfwkdhjzihf ay;ykdYrSmMum;Ekdifyg/
Knowledge Bridge Magazineemail : [email protected]
website : www.knowledgebridge.netPh: 09 50 43164, 09 50 98606
94
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100
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101
N/A - Not Acceptable
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N2S - Needless 2 Say
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NADT - Not A Darn Thing
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NAGI - Not A Good Idea
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NAHM - Not A Happy Man
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NAHW - Not A Happy Woman
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NAK - Not Acknowledged
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NB - Nota Bene
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NBTD - Nothing Better To Do
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NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement
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NE1 - Anyone
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NFS - Network File System
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NHOH - Never Heard Of Her
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NHOH - Never Heard Of Him
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102
NHTOB - Never Heard That One Before
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NIAA - No Idea At All
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NIDWTC - No I Don’t Want To Chat
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NIME - Not In My Experience
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NINO - Nothing In, Nothing Out
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NITS - Nervous In The Service
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NM - Never Mind
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NM - Not Much
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NMJ - Not My Job
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NMN - No Middle Name
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NMP - Not My Problem
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NOPE - Not On Planet Earth
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NOYB - None Of Your Business
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NPAA - No Problem At All
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NPF - No Problem Found
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NPLU - Not People Like Us
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NPNG - No Pain No Gain
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NQA - No Questions Asked
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NRN - No Reply Necessary
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NSFW - Not Suitable For Work
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NT - No Text
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NTDW - Nothing To Do With
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NTDWI - Nothing To Do With It
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NTFS - New Technology File System
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NTG - Not Too Good
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NTK - Need To Know
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NTK - Nice To Know
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NTL - Nevertheless
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NTL - Nonetheless
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NW - Next Week
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NW - No Way
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NYM - New York Minute
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NYP - Not Your Problem
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103
104