Kennedy and Kennedy and JohnsonJohnsonUnit 8 Unit 8
Kennedy Defeats Nixon in Kennedy Defeats Nixon in 19601960
John Fitzgerald KennedyJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy-born in 1917, Navy in WWII-born in 1917, Navy in WWII
-served in congress and senate-served in congress and senate
-Supports fighting communism-Supports fighting communism
--wealthy political familywealthy political family
--Issue of religion, CatholicIssue of religion, Catholic
Richard Millhouse NixonRichard Millhouse Nixon-born in 1913, Navy in WWII-born in 1913, Navy in WWII
-served in congress and senate-served in congress and senate
-supports fighting communism -supports fighting communism
--son of a working class familyson of a working class family
--Eisenhower’s VPEisenhower’s VP
Televised DebatesTelevised Debates Chicago Debate, 1st of 4 Chicago Debate, 1st of 4 Pushed back to September due to Nixon injuryPushed back to September due to Nixon injury 70 Million watched70 Million watched Nixon just out of hospitalNixon just out of hospital Radio ‘victory’ for Nixon, TV VICTORY for JFKRadio ‘victory’ for Nixon, TV VICTORY for JFK
Kennedy Wins a close Kennedy Wins a close ElectionElection
Kennedy stands up for MLK swinging black Kennedy stands up for MLK swinging black votevote
very close popular vote very close popular vote 49.7%49.7% - 49.6%, - 49.6%, 34,220,984 -- 34,220,984 -- 34,108,15734,108,157 303303 – 219 Electoral – 219 Electoral States carried States carried 26 26 -- 22-- 22
1960 Electoral Map1960 Electoral Map
Kennedy launches New Cold Kennedy launches New Cold War StrategiesWar Strategies
Primary SourcePrimary Source
““Let every nation know whether it wishes Let every nation know whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.”assure the survival and success of liberty.”
John F. Kennedy, Inaugural John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961Address, January 20, 1961
Building the Nation’s Building the Nation’s MilitaryMilitary
Ike’s “Massive Retaliation” vs. Kennedy’s Ike’s “Massive Retaliation” vs. Kennedy’s ““Flexible ResponseFlexible Response” = Did not only focus on ” = Did not only focus on nuclear, also build up of Army, Navy and nuclear, also build up of Army, Navy and Special ForcesSpecial Forces
Pursuing New Initiatives in Pursuing New Initiatives in the “Third World” the “Third World”
Third WorldThird World = Developing nations not in line = Developing nations not in line with the US or Russia, Africa, Asia, and Latin with the US or Russia, Africa, Asia, and Latin AmericaAmerica
JFK wanted to reduce communism influenceJFK wanted to reduce communism influence Peace CorpsPeace Corps = sent volunteers to Third Word = sent volunteers to Third Word
countries for health care, education, and economic countries for health care, education, and economic developmentdevelopment
Alliance for ProgressAlliance for Progress = economic assistance to = economic assistance to Latin America, unsuccessfulLatin America, unsuccessful
Confronting Communism in Confronting Communism in CubaCuba
Fidel Castro and communist revolutionaries overthrow Fidel Castro and communist revolutionaries overthrow Batista regime in 1959Batista regime in 1959
Castro accepts Russian military and economic aidCastro accepts Russian military and economic aid Wants to nationalize land held by US citizensWants to nationalize land held by US citizens Anti-Communists move to FLAnti-Communists move to FL
COMMUNIST CUBA (1959)COMMUNIST CUBA (1959)
Fidel CastroFidel Castro becomes communist leader becomes communist leader and has close relationship with Russiaand has close relationship with Russia
CastroCastro
Bay of Pigs InvasionBay of Pigs Invasion planned by CIA under IKEplanned by CIA under IKE Cuban exiles trainedCuban exiles trained in Guatemala in Guatemala Invaded April 17, 1961 Invaded April 17, 1961 badly mismanagedbadly mismanaged 1100 out of 1400 killed or captured1100 out of 1400 killed or captured
Bay of PigsBay of Pigs
Using ships and planes provided by the Using ships and planes provided by the United States 1,400 Cuban exiles are United States 1,400 Cuban exiles are defeated by Castro's government defeated by Castro's government
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Soviet Union installs Soviet Union installs nuclear missiles in nuclear missiles in
CubaCuba capable of reaching most of the capable of reaching most of the continental United States continental United States
Kennedy orders a naval blockade of Kennedy orders a naval blockade of CubaCuba
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Soviet missiles in Cuba to ‘Soviet missiles in Cuba to ‘protect against an invasionprotect against an invasion’’ US quarantine/blockade of CubaUS quarantine/blockade of Cuba Secret Deal = US trades missiles in Turkey and Italy for Secret Deal = US trades missiles in Turkey and Italy for
missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba Kennedy gains prestige, Khrushchev loses it with hard Kennedy gains prestige, Khrushchev loses it with hard
linersliners Hot LineHot Line established between US and Russia established between US and Russia
Nuclear Test Ban TreatyNuclear Test Ban Treaty banned nuclear tests in banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater and in space. the atmosphere, underwater and in space.
STRUGGLE OVER STRUGGLE OVER GERMANYGERMANY
FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND US FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND US ZONES COMBINED INTO ONE ZONES COMBINED INTO ONE
SOVIETS STILL CONTROLLED SOVIETS STILL CONTROLLED BERLINBERLIN
STALIN BLOCKADED BERLINSTALIN BLOCKADED BERLIN NO FOOD OR FUEL COULD NO FOOD OR FUEL COULD
REACH THE CITYREACH THE CITY
The Berlin CrisisThe Berlin Crisis
Russia wants a formal division of Germany Russia wants a formal division of Germany and US out of Berlinand US out of Berlin
Kennedy refusesKennedy refuses Increased tension and military build upIncreased tension and military build up
Berlin WallBerlin Wall
Kennedy’s New Frontier Kennedy’s New Frontier JFK had JFK had CharismaCharisma – tailored clothes, quick – tailored clothes, quick
smile, good sense of humor, seemed youthful smile, good sense of humor, seemed youthful and energetic.and energetic.
Appointed “The Best and Brightest” to his Appointed “The Best and Brightest” to his cabinet from Ford Motor Corporation, cabinet from Ford Motor Corporation, Rockefeller Foundation, and Pulitzer Prize Rockefeller Foundation, and Pulitzer Prize winning historian. winning historian.
Promised America a Promised America a “New Frontier”“New Frontier”
Primary SourcePrimary Source ““I stand tonight facing west on what was once I stand tonight facing west on what was once
the last frontier…. From the lands that stretch the last frontier…. From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comforts and old gave up their safety, their comforts and sometimes their lives to build a new world here sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the west… But the problems are not all solved in the west… But the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won, and we stand and the battles are not all won, and we stand today on the edge of a new frontier – the frontier today on the edge of a new frontier – the frontier of the 1960’s– the frontier of unknown of the 1960’s– the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils– a frontier of unfulfilled opportunities and perils– a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams.”hopes and dreams.” JFK, July 15, 1960JFK, July 15, 1960
Kennedy’s Domestic Kennedy’s Domestic ProgramProgram Concentrated on Cuba and Berlin earlyConcentrated on Cuba and Berlin early ““The Other America”The Other America” 1962, M. Harrington 1962, M. Harrington Republican Congress did not accept Republican Congress did not accept
programs on minimum wage, social programs on minimum wage, social security increases, or extension of welfare.security increases, or extension of welfare.
1963- congress passes 1963- congress passes “Equal Pay Act”“Equal Pay Act” = = equal wages for equal work, had many equal wages for equal work, had many loopholes, 1964 added race, color, religion, loopholes, 1964 added race, color, religion, national origin, or sexnational origin, or sex
Stimulating a Sluggish Stimulating a Sluggish EconomyEconomy
Advocated Advocated “Deficit Spending”“Deficit Spending” to create to create jobs and boost the economyjobs and boost the economy
raised taxes on “wealthy” and lowered raised taxes on “wealthy” and lowered them on the “middle class”them on the “middle class”
issued tax credits to businesses to expandissued tax credits to businesses to expand increased military spendingincreased military spending
Moving Cautiously on Civil Moving Cautiously on Civil RightsRights
was careful not to anger his own partywas careful not to anger his own party ““Civil Rights BillCivil Rights Bill” = prosecute voting rights ” = prosecute voting rights
violations and provided money to violations and provided money to desegregate schools. desegregate schools.
SPACE RACESPACE RACE
USSR launches the first man-made USSR launches the first man-made satellite satellite SputnikSputnik 1957 1957
AMERICA TRIED AMERICA TRIED
DESPERATELY DESPERATELY
TO CATCH UPTO CATCH UP
Racing into SpaceRacing into Space
Sputnik, 1957Sputnik, 1957 NASA, 1958NASA, 1958 1961, USSR Yuri Gagarin orbits earth1961, USSR Yuri Gagarin orbits earth Space RaceSpace Race = competition between the = competition between the
US and Russia to develop technology to US and Russia to develop technology to reach the moonreach the moon
JFK committed to reach the moon by 1970JFK committed to reach the moon by 1970 1969, 1969, Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong reaches the moon reaches the moon
The President is The President is AssassinatedAssassinated
JFK is very popular after 2 ½ years, except on JFK is very popular after 2 ½ years, except on civil rightscivil rights
November 1963 shot on a motorcade while November 1963 shot on a motorcade while campaigning in Dallascampaigning in Dallas
Lee Harvey OswaldLee Harvey Oswald fired 3 shots from the 6th fired 3 shots from the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depositoryfloor of the Texas School Book Depository
LBJ, VP takes overLBJ, VP takes over ““Warren Commission”Warren Commission” concluded that Oswald concluded that Oswald
acted aloneacted alone Nation is deeply saddenedNation is deeply saddened
Johnson’s Great SocietyJohnson’s Great Society
LBJ was from a working class Texas LBJ was from a working class Texas familyfamily, worked at a segregated school fro , worked at a segregated school fro Mexican-Americans, understands povertyMexican-Americans, understands poverty
helped pass the 1957 Civil rights Acthelped pass the 1957 Civil rights Act appealed to southern Protestants and appealed to southern Protestants and
poor democrats in 1960poor democrats in 1960 helped pass the 1964 Civil rights Act and helped pass the 1964 Civil rights Act and
demanded an end to discriminationdemanded an end to discrimination
LBJLBJ
Johnson Declares War on Johnson Declares War on PovertyPoverty
--Job CorpsJob Corps = training for ages 16-21 to get a = training for ages 16-21 to get a better jobbetter job
--VISTAVISTA = Volunteers in Service to America, = Volunteers in Service to America, Peace Corps in America, sends volunteers to Peace Corps in America, sends volunteers to poor American communitiespoor American communities
--Head Start ProgramHead Start Program = daycare, activities, = daycare, activities, playgroups for poor childrenplaygroups for poor children
HOUSINGHOUSING- BUILT 240,000 UNITS OF LOW - BUILT 240,000 UNITS OF LOW COST HOUSING AND PROVIDED HELP FOR COST HOUSING AND PROVIDED HELP FOR LOW/MODERATE INCOME FAMILIES FOR LOW/MODERATE INCOME FAMILIES FOR BETTER PRIVATE HOUSINGBETTER PRIVATE HOUSING
Johnson Defeats Goldwater Johnson Defeats Goldwater in 1964in 1964
Barry GoldwaterBarry Goldwater (R) “government is the problem, not (R) “government is the problem, not the solution”the solution”
Social, economic, racism, and poverty should not be Social, economic, racism, and poverty should not be addressed by the governmentaddressed by the government
Opposed government spending on education, public Opposed government spending on education, public housing, urban renewal, and wanted to repeal civil housing, urban renewal, and wanted to repeal civil rights legislationrights legislation
Johnson wins a landslide, 60% popular vote and Johnson wins a landslide, 60% popular vote and carries all the states except LA, AL, GA, SC, AZcarries all the states except LA, AL, GA, SC, AZ
Congress is solid DemocratCongress is solid Democrat LBJ wins a landslide, 61%-38% popular vote & 486-LBJ wins a landslide, 61%-38% popular vote & 486-
52 electoral vote52 electoral vote
The Great SocietyThe Great Society The challenge of the next half century is The challenge of the next half century is
whether we have the wisdom to us that whether we have the wisdom to us that wealth to enrich and elevate our national wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advocate the quality of the life, and to advocate the quality of the American civilization…. We have the American civilization…. We have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society.upward to the Great Society.
LBJ, University of Michigan May 22, 1964LBJ, University of Michigan May 22, 1964
Health InsuranceHealth Insurance
amend Social Security with amend Social Security with MedicareMedicare (elderly) and (elderly) and MedicaidMedicaid (poor) (poor)
signed in Independence MO for Trumansigned in Independence MO for Truman
EducationEducation
Elementary and Secondary Elementary and Secondary Education ActEducation Act = provided funds for = provided funds for poor and minority communities for poor and minority communities for educationeducation
Protecting the Environment Protecting the Environment and the Consumerand the Consumer
““Silent SpringSilent Spring” 1962, Carson” 1962, Carson ““Unsafe at any SpeedUnsafe at any Speed” 1965, Nader” 1965, Nader Water Quality Act, 1965Water Quality Act, 1965 Clean Water Restoration Act, 1965Clean Water Restoration Act, 1965 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety
Act, 1966Act, 1966
New Immigration PoliciesNew Immigration Policies National Origins Act, 1921, 1924 favored National Origins Act, 1921, 1924 favored
E. European Immigration and limited it E. European Immigration and limited it from other areas of the worldfrom other areas of the world
Immigration and Nationality ActImmigration and Nationality Act, 1965 , 1965 welcomed all immigrants from around the welcomed all immigrants from around the worldworld
The LegacyThe Legacy Greatly expanded the power and role of the Federal Greatly expanded the power and role of the Federal
GovernmentGovernment Poverty and infant mortality declinedPoverty and infant mortality declined Medicare and MedicaidMedicare and Medicaid Head StartHead Start National Endowment of the Arts, 1965National Endowment of the Arts, 1965 Government wanted to ensure that everyone had an Government wanted to ensure that everyone had an
opportunity to share the wealth and promise of American opportunity to share the wealth and promise of American lifelife..
1960 22% below poverty, 1970 13% below poverty1960 22% below poverty, 1970 13% below poverty
The Supreme Court and The Supreme Court and ReformReform
1960’s Supreme Court = 1960’s Supreme Court = The Warren The Warren CourtCourt; most liberal in American history; most liberal in American history
Rights of Accused Rights of Accused CriminalsCriminals
Mapp v OhioMapp v Ohio 1961, guidelines for obtaining 1961, guidelines for obtaining evidenceevidence
Gideon v WainwrightGideon v Wainwright 1963, all criminals have 1963, all criminals have the right to a lawyerthe right to a lawyer
Escobedo v IllinoisEscobedo v Illinois 1964, evidence w/o 1964, evidence w/o lawyer is inadmissiblelawyer is inadmissible
Miranda v ArizonaMiranda v Arizona 1966, have inform 1966, have inform accused of 5th and 6th Amendment rightsaccused of 5th and 6th Amendment rights
Separation of Church and Separation of Church and StateState
Engle v VitaleEngle v Vitale 1962, School prayer is 1962, School prayer is Unconstitutional Unconstitutional