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Rabiesis a zoonotic disease
The disease infects domestic and wild animals,
and is spread to people through close contact
with infected saliva via bites or scratches.
symptoms
The incubation period is typically 1
3 months,may vary from 1 year.
The initial symptoms :
fever and often pain
or an unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking or
burning sensation (paraesthesia) at the wound site.
the virus spreads through the central nervous system,
progressive, fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord develops.
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1: ATTACMENT (receptors and virion interation).
2: Penetration (virus entry).3:Uncoating (envelope removal).
4. Transcription (synthesis of mRNAs).
5. Translation (Synthesis of structural proteins).
6. Processing (G-protein gycosylation).
7. Replication (production of genomic RNA from intermediate strand.8. Assembly. 9: Budding (complete virions).
CYCLE OF INFECTION
&
REPLICATION VIRUS
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Diagnosis
No tests - diagnose
rabies infection in humans
before the onset of clinical disease,
unless the rabies-specific signs ofhydrophobia or aerophobia are present,
the clinical diagnosis may be difficult.
Human rabies can be confirmedintra-vitam and post mortem
viral antigens or nucleic acids in infected tissues
(brain, skin, urine or saliva).
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Transmission
Deep bite or scratch by an infected animal.1. Dogs are the main host and transmitter of rabies.
2. Bats are the source of most human rabies deaths in
America and Canada.
3.Foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals, mongooses andBUT OTHER wild carnivore hostspecies are very rare.
Transmission can also occur
usually saliva comes into direct contact
with human mucosa or fresh skin wounds.
- Human-to-human transmission .
Rarely, rabies by inhalation
of virus-containing aerosol or via transplantation of an infected organ.
Ingestion ofraw meat or other tissues from animals infectedwith
rabies is not a source of human infection.
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Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
1.local treatment of the wound, initiated as soon as possible
2.potent and effective rabies vaccine that meets WHO
recommendations;
3. rabies immunoglobulin, if indicated.
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Category I
touching or feeding animals,
licks on intact skin
Category II
nibbling of uncovered skin,minor scratches or
abrasions without bleeding
Category III
single or multiple bitesor scratches, licks on broken skin;
contamination of
mucous membrane with
saliva from licks,
contacts with bats.
Categories of contact
with suspect rabiesPost-exposure prophylaxis
None
Immediate vaccination andlocal treatment of the wound
Immediate vaccination andadministration of
rabies immunoglobulin;
local treatment of the wound
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Who is most at risk?Dog rabies potentially threatens
1.rural areas where human vaccines and immunoglobulin are not readily.
2.Poor people are at a higher risk,
3.children aged under 15. the majority are male.
4.Travellers with extensive outdoor exposure in rural,
5.areas medical care may be limited should be considered at risk .
6.Children living in or visiting rabies-affected areas are at
particular risk.
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Eliminating rabies in dogs
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable disease.
The most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people (dogs
vaccination).
Preventive immunization in people
Safe, effective vaccines
used for pre-exposure immunization.This is recommendedfor :
1.travellers spending a lot of time outdoors, e
2.high-risk occupations laboratory
with live rabies virus and other lyssaviruses,direct contact with bats, carnivores, and other mammals in
rabies-affected areas.
3.children at higher risk (tend to play with animals),
4.living in or visiting high risk areas.
Prevention
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Rabies Treatmentno cure and death is almost certain,
1.Supportive care treatment
2.Post-exposure treatment
one dose of rabies immune globulin and
five doses of the rabies vaccine over a 28-day period.
rabies immune globulin and the first dose of the vaccine
Normally, additional doses of rabies vaccine
follow on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination
Older rabies vaccines required painful,daily injections in the abdomen (stomach) for up to three weeks,
and could produce severe side effects.
Current vaccines are relatively painless in arm,
(like a flu or tetanus vaccine) as soon as possible after exposure.
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Preventive immunization
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GEOGRAPHY RABIES
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