University, Municipality, The Private Sector
and The Community:
Knowledge Management Collaboration Model for The City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefDepartment of Architectural Engineering
Faculty of EngineeringAssiut University - Egypt
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013 - Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Introduction
1
1- What is a KC?
2- What is a Knowledge Agent?
3- Statement of the problem
4- Aim and Objectives
Collaboration Models for Knowledge Management:
The City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, as a Case Study
IJKBD is indexed in:•Scopus (Elsevier)•Academic OneFile (Gale)•Google Scholar•InfoTrac Custom Journals (Gale)
IJKBD is listed in:•Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA): Journal list 2012
Khaled A. Youssef Department of Architecture King Abdul Aziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Mamdouh M. A. SobaihiDepartment of Landscape Architecture King Abdul Aziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,
Amro A. TaibahDepartment of Landscape Architecture King Abdul Aziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 3/44
What is a KC?The role of Knowledge Management (KM) …
“a city that aims at a knowledge baseddevelopment, by continuously encouragingthe Knowledge Management(KM) processes”.
This can be achieved through the continuousinteraction between its knowledge agentsthemselves and at the same time betweenthem and other cities' knowledge agents“.
(Ergazakis et al., 2006, pp. 65).Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 4/44
What are the Knowledge Agents?The role of Knowledge Management (KM) …
A ‘knowledge agent’ is any entity (human,organization, company, university,technology-park, etc.) that can manageknowledge.
• Universities• Government (Municipalities)• The Private Sector• The Community
(Ergazakis et al., 2008) Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 5/44
Statement of the ProblemCollaboration between Knowledge Agents
Ex. 1: Community-University partnerships
allow both agents to achieve:
• common goals• develop a culture of learning,• generate new knowledge, and• Facilitate the transfer of knowledge, and• increase the extent of mutual interactions
(Tresman et al., 2007)Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 6/44
Statement of the ProblemCollaboration between Knowledge Agents
Ex. 2: Industry-University Collaboration
These collaborations promote manyknowledge objectives including:
• facilitating the transfer of knowledge,• providing company-based training for
university members,• stimulating business-relevant education
and research,• increasing interactions, and• contributing to the knowledge base .
(Gertner et al., 2011)
University Industry
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 7/44
Statement of the ProblemCollaboration between Knowledge Agents
Whereis
theproblem?
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 8/44
Statement of the ProblemCollaboration between Knowledge Agents
Collaboration between any K-agents takes placewithout affecting or being affected by otheragents.
University Industry
and/or
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 9/44
Statement of the ProblemCollaboration between Knowledge Agents
• Active engagement of all involved agents islacking.
• It is difficult to create a “knowledge tank” or“knowledge storage” contributed to andaccessible by all K-agents.
• In addition, while “explicit knowledge” is easyto transfer across time and space; “tacitknowledge” is much more difficult to transfer.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 10/44
Statement of the ProblemCollaboration between Knowledge Agents
• The City of Jeddah is no exception when itcomes to the culture of knowledge exchangeand knowledge agent interactions.
• Most collaboration exists within a one ortwo-way environments.
• Multi-directional collaborations might takeplace in the limited context of a one dayworkshop.
Statement of the ProblemCollaboration between Knowledge Agents
• Within the educational context, collaborationis limited in most cases to the traditionalsummer training or internship model.
• Professionally, the typical paradigm takesplace where faculty members offerconsultation to government agencies and theprivate sector on an individual case by casebasis.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 12/44
Aim and ObjectivesCreating a Collaboration Model: Methodology
• Investigating the importance of different keyplayers (agents) in the creation of aKnowledge City.
• Reviewing and examining existingcollaboration models
• Establishing design guidelines for the model
• Developing the collaboration model.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 13/44
Role of K-Agents
2
1- Knowledge Creation Institutions
2- Government Agencies
3- The Private Sector
4- The Community
Role of K-Agents1- Knowledge Creation Institutions
• Universities, science parks, and researchcenters create knowledge and supportinnovation.
• Intellectual capital is an engine of economicand social development.
• Universities and knowledge creation centrescompete to attract the best professionals andstudents.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 15/44
Role of K-Agents1- Knowledge Creation Institutions
• The ranking of universities is influenced bythe knowledge creation process; including:
o Quantity and quality of journal articlespublished
o Awards and patentso Student graduation rateo Research expenditure, ando Number of start-up companies
generated by the research anddevelopment activities .
Role of K-Agents1- Knowledge Creation Institutions
• The role of knowledge creation institutions ininitiating and developing successful KCs isbecoming very evident., e.g. Barcelona,Stockholm and Manchester.
• These institutions are the ‘engines ofinnovation, change and economic growth’.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 17/44
Role of K-Agents1- Knowledge Creation Institutions
• In Jeddah, King Abdul Aziz University (KAU),King Abdullah University of Science andTechnology (KAUST), the Hajj research centreand many private knowledge creationinstitutions all exist.
• They lack the coordination amongstthemselves to benefit the society at amaximum capacity.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 18/44
Role of K-Agents2- Government Agencies
• Ergazakis, et al. (2006) argued that thereshould be:o a sense of social urgency for change,o “societal will” translated into “political
will”, ando unlimited support from the upper tiers
of government.
• In most successful KCs initiatives, the localgovernment agencies takes the responsibilityof the initiatives, and coordinates urban andeconomic development activities inconjunction with all K-agents.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 19/44
Role of K-Agents2- Government Agencies
• Examples of the success of governmentagencies are the initiatives in:
1. Dublin, Ireland; “Delft, TheKnowledge City”,
2. Denmark’s “Mind Lab” initiative,and
3. The initiatives of the DutchGovernment.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 20/44
Role of K-Agents2- Government Agencies
• In Jeddah, the ‘societal will’ has not yetdeveloped and need to developed parallel tothe ‘KC initiative’.
• The encouraging signs are there to be seen inthe JSP (2009) as listed below:o Attain a high quality of life for all,o Achieve and maintain sustainable
development,o Become a dynamic international,
commercial and tourism centre, ando Become a cultural centre for the
Muslim world.
Role of K-Agents3- The Role of the Private Sector
• Carrillo (2006) argues the private sector to beone of the most productive assets thatcontribute to the KC economy.
• The role of the private sector comes after thedevelopment of a strategic framework for theKC in its initiative.
• Barcelona, Dublin, Shanghai and Singaporecan be considered an example.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 22/44
Role of K-Agents3- The Role of the Private Sector
• Jeddah Development and UrbanRegeneration Company (JDURC) which wasestablished in 2006, is a major agent infacilitating the transformation of the City ofJeddah.
• JDURIC’s objective is to improve the qualityof experience for Jeddah’s residents andvisitors, and improve the local economy byproviding a platform for Public-PrivatePartnerships (PPPs).
Role of K-Agents4- The Role of the Community
• A KC should enable and foster the flow ofknowledge moments
• A “knowledge moment” is a spontaneous orplanned human experience in whichknowledge can be created, exchanged andtransformed into a new form.
• A knowledge moment happens at theintersection of people, places, processes andpurposes.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 24/44
Role of K-Agents4- The Role of the Community
• In a culture where dialogue is common,‘knowledge moments’ can be easily enabled.
• Creative people and “high human capital” arethe “critical resource” for knowledgemoments.
• Most successful KCs are investing in theirhuman capital, promoting individuals tobecome “knowledge citizens”.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 25/44
Role of K-Agents4- The Role of the Community
• In the City of Jeddah, there are manyconstraints in creating 'knowledge citizens‘,including:
o There is no KC initiative.o No agencies to drive the efforts.o The networks responsible for
knowledge exchange are weak.o Thus, the creation of the 'knowledge
citizens' is a very challenging task.
Models of Knowledge Management:
3
1- Between 2 K-Agents
2- Between more than 2 K-Agents
Models of Knowledge Management:A Review
Two-way linear interaction between 2 K-agents
Communities of Practice in KnowledgeTransfer Partnerships
Models of Knowledge Management:A Review
Joint communicative environment for 4 K- agents
“Environmental CommunicationCollaboration Model”, 2000, todevelop the First LatvianEnvironmental Communicationand Education Strategy (2000).
Collaboration Model for the City of Jeddah:
4
1- Guidelines
2- Proposed Model
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
1- A Strategic Vision to Guide the Collaboration
• The starting point is a strategic vision anddevelopment plans to design and implementa KC
“Without a sound strategy and a guiding vision,attempts to transform urban regions intocreative urban regions and cities into knowledgecities would likely result in failure”
Ergazakis et al. (2009)
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 31/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
2- Involvement of All Stakeholders
• Each agent has its own perspective on howand what direction the city or the regionshould follow in becoming a KC.
• This vision will identify the nature and level ofparticipation of each agent.
• The representatives of these stakeholderswould be the “associates”
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 32/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
3- A Body to Promote the Collaboration
• Ergazakis et al. (2010) examined 12 successfulKCs coming to the conclusion that thereshould be agencies/bodies to promote thedevelopment of knowledge-based regions.
• Representatives from many authorities haveto be under one roof – ‘The Body’.
• This body would be responsible for creatingthe environment, structures, and strategiesneeded for collaboration
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 33/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
3- A Body to Promote the Collaboration
• This body allowing all parties to have:o common culture,o routines,o language, ando similar ways of doing things.
• This body would assure the compatibility ofgoals, and the integration of objectives,aspirations and dreams of all parties involved.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 34/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
4- Cyclonic Model-based Flow of Knowledge
• The concept of a knowledge cycle is stronglypromoted
“the process of transforming data andinformation into knowledge and then back intovalue-added information is a cycle that is naturaland ongoing”.
Silver et al. (2000)Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 35/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
4- Cyclonic Model-based Flow of Knowledge
• Silver et al. (2000) proposed a knowledgemanagement cycle consisting of fourfundamental steps, including:
1) Observation and analysis2) Theory generation3) Testing and application and4) Knowledge consolidation.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 36/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
4- Cyclonic Model-based Flow of Knowledge
• Ganesh (2000) proposed a four-phaseknowledge cycle to develop organizationalknowledge. These phases are:
1) Knowledge Creation2) Knowledge Adoption3) Knowledge Distribution and4) Knowledge Review/Revision.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 37/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Guidelines
4- Cyclonic Model-based Flow of Knowledge
• OldenkampI (2002) designed a three-phasecycle for knowledge management paradigmstarting with:
1) Knowledge Development2) Knowledge Sharing and3) Knowledge Application.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 38/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Design and Implementation
• A body has to be created. The goals of thebody should include:
o The Vision of “Jeddah’s KC Initiative”o Identifying the Goals and Objectiveso Creation of Implementation Planso Creation of Administrative Structureso Creation of Monitoring and
Performance Measuring Agencieso Devise “Knowledge Storage Tanks” –
methods and formso Devise “Knowledge Exchange Programs”
(specifically for tacit knowledge)o Promotion of the initiative locally,
nationally, regionally and internationally
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 39/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Design and Implementation
Knowledge Management
Collaboration Model for The City of Jeddah
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Discussion and Conclusions
• The proposed model can is a mechanism forJeddah to reinvent itself as a KC.
• While many models suggest the political andsocietal will to be the starting point, in thecase of Jeddah a body is needed to championthe idea and bring different agents together.
• Without a “champion”, the spread of thephilosophy, its understanding andimplementation will surely delay thedevelopment of the city towards thisdirection.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 41/44
A Collaboration Model for the Knowledge Management in the City of Jeddah Discussion and Conclusions
• In the review of the existing situation ofJeddah, we have come to the realization thatsome agents are more developed .
• The “Knowledge Creation” bodies appearedto be more developed. They are thussuggested to lead ‘the body’ that will directthe KC initiative.
• The model represents a starting point forfurther discussion, analysis and testing. It isthe first step in creating an initiative ratherthan the first step in becoming a KC.
Dr. Khaled Ali YoussefUNIVERSITY, MUNICIPALITY, THE PRIVATE
SECTOR AND THE COMMUNITY: KnowledgeManagement Collaboration Model for TheCity of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
GCC 2020 MUNICIPALITIES CONFERENCEOctober 22-23, 2013, Dusit Thani Hotel - Dubai
Slide 42/44
Thanks for Attention