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Wastewater Treatment Practices in Japan
Lecturer: Hiroya Kotani
Executive Director of International Lake Environment Committee Foundation
14th December 2004
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The three typical events by mine poisoningin Meiji Era Japan (1868-1912)
The Water Pollution Event by Ashio Copper Mine Poisoning
The Air Pollution Event by Hitachi Mine Poisoning
The Air Pollution Event by Besshi Copper Mine Poisong
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The four big cases of Trial onSever Pollution Events in Japan
Minamata Disease (1969)
Niigata Minamata Disease (1967)
Itai-itai Disease (1968)
Yokkaichi Asthma (1967)
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The Four Main Industrial Areas
until 1960s in Japan
Keihin Industrial Area (around Tokyo-Hokohama Metropolitan
areas)
Chukyo Industrial Area (around Nagoya Metropolitan areas)
Hanshin Industrial Area (around Osaka-Kobe Metropolitan
areas)
Kitakyuushuu Industrial Area (around Northern Kyuushuu
Island areas)
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Consolidation of regulatory systems for pollution
control.
Enactment of two laws,
Water Quality Conservation Law and
Industrial Effluence Control Law in 1958.
Establishment of more relevant systems for pollution
control,
Water Pollution Control Law etc. in 1970.
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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (1)
RiverCategory Adaptability pH BOD5 SS DO Coliform
for Water Use Bacteria
/l /l /l MPN/100ml
River AA Note 1, 2-1 6.5 8.5 1 25 7.5 50
River A Note 2-2, 3-1, 6.5 8.5 2 25 7.5 1,000
Swimming
River B Note 2-3, 3-2 6.5 8.5 3 25 5 5,000
River C Note 3-3, 4-1 6.5 8.5 5 50 5
River D Note 4-2, 6.0 8.5 8 100 2
Irrigation
River E Note 4-3, 5 6.0 8.5 10 Non- 2floater
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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )
Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (2-1)Lake (Water volume 10 million )
Category Adaptability pH CODMn SS DO Coliform
for Water Use Bacteria/l /l /l MPN/100ml
Lake AA Note 1, 2-1, 6.5 8.5 1 1 7.5 50
3-1
Lake A Note 2-2, 2-3, 6.5 8.5 3 5 7.5 1,000
3-2,
Swimming
Lake B Note 3-3, 4-1, 6.5 8.5 5 15 5
Irrigation
Lake C Note 4-2, 5 6.0 8.5 8 Non- 2
floater
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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (2-2)
Nutrients on Lake(Water volume 10 million )
Category Adaptability T-N T-Pfor Water Use /l /l
Lake Note 1, 2, 3, 0.1 0.005
4,
Swimming,
Irrigation
Lake Note 2, 3, 4, 0.2 0.01
Swimming,
IrrigationLake Note 2-3(Special), 0.4 0.03
4, Irrigation
Lake Note 3-2, 4, 0.6 0.05
Irrigation
Lake Note 3-3, 4, 1 0.1
Irrigation
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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )
Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (3-1)Sea
Category Adaptability pH CODMn DO Coliform Extract
for Water Use Bacteria by n-hexane/l /l MPN/100ml
Sea A Note 1, 2-1,3, 7.8 8.3 2 7.5 1,000 ND
Swimming,
Industrial water
Sea B Note 2-2,3, 7.8 8.3 3 5 ND
Industrial water
Sea C Note 3 7.0 8.3 8 2
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Environmental Standards on Water Quality ( )
Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life (3-2)Nutrients on Sea
Category Adaptability T-N T-P
for Water Use /l /l
Sea Note 1, 2-1, 3, 0.2 0.02
Swimming,
Industrial water,Sea Note 2-1, 3, 0.3 0.03
Swimming,
Industrial water
Sea Note 2-2, 3, 0.6 0.05
Industrial water
Sea Note 2-3, 3, 1 0.09
Industrial water
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Regulatory Structure of Industrial Waste Water
in Japan
Factories etc. having ability discharging harmful substances :
Permission of Pref. Governor
Factories etc. discharging regulatory substances except harmful ones :
Submission of states to Pref. Governor
Regulatory Standards on Industrial Waste Water :
National Government General Standards in nation widePrefectural Governments (can) Stricter Standards than National ones
( : uwanose = putting on)
Other issues than national ones
( : yokodashi = side drawing)
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Regulatory Standards on Industrial Waste Water
Harmful Substances
/l
Item National Standard Standard in Shiga
Cadmium (Cd) 0.1 0.01
Cyanide (CN) 1 0.1
Organic Phosphorus 1 ND
Lead (Pb) 0.1 0.01Chromium (Cr+6) 0.5 0.05
Arsenic (As) 0.1 0.05
Total Mercury (T-Hg) 0.005 0.005
Alkyl Mercury (R-Hg) ND ND
PCB 0.003 0.003
Tri-chlorinated-ethylene 0.3 0.3
Tetra-chlorinated-ethylene 0.1 0.1
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 0.2 0.2
(cont.)
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Regulatory Standards on Industrial Waste Water (2)
Conservation Substances for Human Daily Life
/l
Item National Standard
Standard in Shiga
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) 5.8 8.6 6.0 8.5Extract by Normal-hexane
Mineral Oil 5 5
Fat and Food Oil 30 20
Phenol 5 1Cupper (Cu) 3 1
Iron (Fe) 10 10
Manganese (Mn) 10 10
Chromium (Cr) 2 0.1
Coliform Bacteria (MPN/100ml) 3,000 3,000Antimony (Sb) 0.05
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 160 15 120
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 160 15 120
Total Nitrogen (T-N) 120 8 80Total Phosphorus (T-P) 16 1 25
Suspended Solid (SS) 200 70 150
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Sources of Waste Water
Point Source Waste Water (Under Handling)
Domestic Waste Water
Industrial Waste Water
Non-point Source Waste Water (No Treatment)
Agricultural Effluent from Paddy Fields
Storm Water from Natural Fields
and Urban Area
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Domestic Waste Water
Urine and Feces
Other Domestic Waste Water
excluding Urine and Feces
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Treating Mechanism of Urine and FecesTraditional Type partially adopted in rural areas
Home Storage Tank Maturing Pit in Agricultural Field
Spread to Agricultural Field as Fertilizer
Traditional Type mainly adopted in rural areas and partially urban areasHome Storage Tank Vacuum up by Tank Lorry U.F. Treatment Plant
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections
Sludge Incineration Burying
or Composting Agricultural Field
Individual House Treating Type by Septic TankSeptic Tank set up in Individual House (Maturing by Aeration and Sedimentation)
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections
Sludge Vacuum up by Tank Lorry U.F. Treatment Plant
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after DisinfectionsSludge Incineration Burying
or Composting Agricultural Field
Note : Domestic Waste Water excluding Urine and Feces from houses adopting these
mechanisms is directly discharged to Public Water Area.
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Treating Mechanism of Domestic Waste
Water including Urine and Feces (1)
Individual House Treating Type by High Performance
Septic Tank
Septic Tank set up in Individual House (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections
Sludge Vacuum up by Tank Lorry U.F. Treatment Plant
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections
Sludge Incineration Burying
or Composting Agricultural Field
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Treating Mechanism of Domestic WasteWater including Urine and Feces (2)
Community Scale Sewerage System through Community Plant
Urban Community Plant
Piping to Urban Community Treatment Plant (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections
Sludge Vacuum up by Tank Lorry Sewage Treatment Plant
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfections
Sludge Incineration Burying
Rural Community Plant
Piping to Rural Community Treatment Plant (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)
Top Effluent Discharge to Public Water Area after Disinfection
Sludge Composting Agricultural Field
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Treating Mechanism of Domestic WasteWater including Urine and Feces (3)
Sewerage System
Piping to Sewage Treatment Plant (Decomposing by Aeration and Sedimentation)
Top Effluent Sand Filtration Discharge to Public Water Area after
Disinfections
Sludge Melting Incineration Construction Materials
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Industrial Waste WaterObjectives of treatment
Toxic substances removal
Adjustment to sound condition
Reduction of extra substances
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Methods for Waste Water (1)Primary treatmentRough Solid
Screening
Suspended Solids
Precipitation
Floatation
Secondary treatment
Soluble organic substances
Activated sludge method
Trickling filter
Oxidation ditch
Contact oxidation methodRotary disc method
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Methods for Waste Water(2)Tertiary treatmentSoluble inorganic substances
Chemical sedimentation method
Coagulating sedimentation
NitrogenBiological denitrification
Ammonia stripping
Ion exchange
Minute solidFiltration
Ultrafiltration
Remained organic substances
Activated carbon adsorptionChemical oxidation
Biological filter
Sterilization
Chlorination
Reverse osmosis method
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bar screen
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grease trap
Oil
Water
Rawwater Effluent
St d d ti t d l d
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Standard activated sludge process
Primarysedimentationtank
Rawsludge
Return
sludge
Finalsedimentation
tank
Aeration tank
Flowequalization
tank
Excesssludge
Rawwater
Effluent
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Trickling Filter
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Rawwater
Effluent
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Oxidation ditch
screen
Flow equalization tank
Rawwater Effluent
sedimentationtank
Oxidation pond
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Contact Oxidationair
Raw water
Effluent
Return of Sludge
finalsedimentationtank
aeration tank
Contact Media
R Di k
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Rotary Disk
Raw water
Effluent
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Coagulating sedimentation
H control Flocculants Coagulant aid
Sludge
Rawwater
Effluent
(rapid) (slow)
final
sedimentationtank
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C id ffl h d
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Cyanide effluents treatment method
First reaction
NaCN + NaOCl NaCNO + NaClH>10.5 ORP 350mv (10 min.)
(CNCl) (Oxidation-reduction Potential)
Second reaction
2NaCNO + 2NaOCl 2NaOCO3 + 3NaCl + N2H:7.5 ORP 650mv (30 min.)
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Chromium waste treatment chromium(VI) compound :soluble (Yellow)
+ H2SO4 (pH: 23)
+ NaHSO3 (ORP:300
reduction
chromium(III) compound (Blue)
+ NaOH (pH: 7.58)
Cr(OH)3
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Hg waste TreatmentOrganic Hg
Oxidizing decomposition (mineralization)
( H2SO4 + KMnO4, 70) (10 mg/L)
Inorganic Hg Sulfide coagulation method (H2S) pH 68
(0.01mg/L) Chelating resin Adsorption
(0.001mg/L >)
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Examples of Waste Water Treatment
Organic substance (Food, Livestock, Domestic )
Screen + Biological treatment
(+ Coagulating sedimentation + Filtration)
Organic substance (Textile, Paper and pulp)Separation of thick, thin waste and not required treatment
Screen(2 Stages) + Coagulating sedimentation+ pH control + Biological treatment
(+ Filtration + Activated carbon adsorption )
Inorganic substance (Concrete foundation)
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Inorganic substance (Concrete foundation)
Gathering all rain water on the plant site+ Polluted water (production process)
Precipitation + Reduction + pH control+ Precipitation Recycle for concrete mixing
Inorganic substance (with Toxic Substance)Separation of alkaline, acid waste water
pretreatment (CN, Cr6+, Hg) + pH control+ Coagulating sedimentation
+ Filtration + Activated carbon adsorption