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Sustainability and
Engineering Profession
(CON4433)
Lecture 4 Town Planning &
Urban Renewal
VTC 2013
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Content
Land Use in Hong Kong
Town Planning in Hong Kong
Hong Kong Planning Standards and
Guidelines (HKPSG)
Urban Living Space Issues
New Town Development
Urban Renewal
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Land Use
Space is the scarcest resource in Hong Kong and
competition for it has led to very high land prices.
Land use in
Agriculture
Industry
Commercial
Business zone concept
Residential
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Land Use in Agriculture
Approximate 6% of land can be considered as arable land.
The use of agricultural land has been affected by :
rapid urbanization and
economic pressures
Result :
brought changes to the rural community
1954 1979: 3,370 ha or 25% of agricultural land area is decreased
The value of land for agricultural is not economically comparison with industrial, commercial or residential usage.
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Land Use in Industry
Small and Light manufacturing industry is the major industry developed in Hong Kong.
The manufacturing activities used to be contained largely within the main urban areas.
Before 1970s: The smaller factories are found within the inner and older
urban districts. The larger factories are located in the newer urban districts.
Since early 1970s: government modified its industrial land policy to make land
available at low prices to industries employing a higher level of technology
In 1977, the Industrial Estates Corporation was founded, to develop and manage industrial estates
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Industrial Estates
A parcels of land should be assigned for the setting up of districts for small industries, within which multi-storey buildings are erected to house small industries.
Location of 3 industrial Estates: 1. Tai Po
2. Yuen Long
3. Tseung Kwan O
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Industrial Estates Tai Po
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Rezoning Business Zone
Concept
The Business zone is not intended to replace
either the Commercial (C) or Industrial (I) zone.
Business zone accommodates the clean industrial
and lower grade office/commercial uses
That NOT included: higher grade office/retail and hotel developments C Zone
conventional industrial activities I Zone
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Purpose of Town Planning in
HK
Town planning aims to promote: the health, safety, convenience and
general welfare of the community
It through the process of guiding and controlling the development and use of land,
to bring about a better organised, more efficient
more desirable place in which to live and work.
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Planning Organization and
Responsibilities
Before 1990 : The first planning unit in Hong Kong was established in the Public Works Department.
In 1990-now: the Planning Department was established amalgamating all the planning functions previously carried out by various offices, sections and units in Government department.
The Department is responsible for formulating, monitoring and reviewing urban and rural planning policies and associated programmes for the physical development of Hong Kong.
It deals with all types of planning and services the Town Planning Board.
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Hierarchy of Plans
Hong Kongs planning system is a three-tier planning system at three levels: territorial level,
sub-regional level and
district/local level.
Guiding the preparation of these plans is the Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines.
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Territorial level
Aim : Strategy + Vision of land use
2 types of Territorial level plan
Territorial development strategy
Port development strategy
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Territorial Development
Strategy
This strategy provides:
a broad landuse-transport-environmental-planning
framework to guide future developments and
the provision of strategic infrastructure.
It also serves as the basis for the preparation of
sub-regional and district-plans.
e.g. Hong Kong 2030: Planning Vision and Strategy
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Sub-regional Level
Sub-regional development strategies are prepared to translate the territorial planning visions and strategies into more specific planning objectives
5 sub-regions of Hong Kong are set
1. the Metropolitan area,
2. the North-east New Territories,
3. the North-west New Territories,
4. the South-east New Territories and
5. the South-west New Territories
To provide a framework for more detailed district planning and work programmes.
e.g. Metroplan, Harbour Plan Study
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District/local Level
District plans are detailed land use plans
which translate the broad planning principles
identified in the territorial and sub-regional
levels
There are two types of district plans
Statutory plans
Department plans
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Statutory Plans
They are prepared by the Town Planning
Board (TPB) under the Town Planning
Ordinance.
There are two types:
outline zoning plans (OZPs) and
development permission area (DPA) plans
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Outline Zoning Plans (OZP)
It shows the proposed land uses and major road systems of an individual planning scheme area.
Areas covered by OZPs are zoned for uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, open space, government/institution/community uses, green belt, conservation areas, comprehensive development areas, village type development, open storage or other specified purposes.
Attached to each OZP is a Schedule of Notes showing
Column 1: the uses which are always permitted
Column 2: in a particular zone and other uses for which prior permission from TPB must be sought
http://www.ozp.tpb.gov.hk/default.aspx
http://www.ozp.tpb.gov.hk/default.aspx
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Development Permission Area
(DPA) Plans
To provide interim planning control and development guidance for rural areas in the NT
Within the DPAs, development without the necessary planning permission will constitute an unauthorized development and will be subject to enforcement.
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Departmental
Level
District
Level
Sub- Regional
Level
Territorial
Level
Hierarchy of plans - Summary
Territorial
Development
Plan
Port
Development
Plan
Sub-regional development plan
OZP and DPA Plan
Outline Development Plan
Layout Plan
Hong K
ong P
lannin
g
Stan
dard
s and G
uid
elines
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Hong Kong Planning Standards
and Guidelines (HKPSG)
The HKPSG is a policy document which sets out the provision standards, criteria for site reservation, locational factors and site requirements of various land uses. Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Residential densities
Chapter 3 Community facilities
Chapter 4 Recreation, open space and greening
Chapter 5 Industry
Chapter 6 Retail facilities
Chapter 7 Utility services
Chapter 8 Internal transport facilities
Chapter 9 Environment
Chapter 10 Conservation
Chapter 11 Urban design guidelines
Chapter 12 Miscellaneous planning standards and guidelines
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Applicable of HKPSG
The HKPSG is applicable to the three tiers of land use planning in Hong Kong. At the territorial planning level:
the HKPSG can be applied to determine the total land requirements for various uses and their distribution according to long term projections.
At the sub-regional level: the HKPSG is used to estimate the broad land use requirements
of the sub-region concerned and their allocation between districts.
At the district level: the HKPSG is mainly applied to identify specific areas and sites
for individual land uses and facilities and their orderly arrangements.
It is also used in the preparation of development statements for special areas and planning briefs for large scale development projects.
They are applicable to both the urban and rural areas.
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Issue of Urban Living Space in HK
High population density
Population congestion
Urban decay
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Population Density and
Congestion
Population density:
Average: 6,000 people/square kilometer (km)
In some districts, 40,000 to 50,000 people per square km.
Reason: fast-growing populations,
Cause:
lead to congestion and overcrowding
Implicate for the natural environment
also for our long-term economic competitiveness, our
social networks and public health.
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Urban Decay
large number of old commercial and
residential buildings which located on
Shamshuipo, Yaumatei and Western
These communities are:
poor quality housing
poor amenities to residents
offer few opportunities for social or economic
development.
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How can we create high quality
urban living space in Hong Kong?
Urban redevelopment,
Urban revitalisation
New town/New urban development
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Development Concept in HK
In new town:
to provide a balanced and self-contained community
provision of infrastructure and community facilities.
In rural townships,
the major focus is to improve and supplement existing infrastructure and community facilities
provide village flood protection schemes.
In new major developments in the urban area:
new land will be formed to allow growth,
to decant existing population
to provide or upgrade facilities to enable the re-development of old run-down areas.
The functional, environmental and aesthetic aspects of the developments are given
priority consideration.
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New Town Development in HK
New Town Development Programme since 1973
De-centralising the population to improve the living environment
The nine new towns are classified into three generations: 1st generation: Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin and Tuen Mun
2nd generation: Tai Po, Fanling/Sheung Shui and Yuen Long
the last gerneration: Tseung Kwan O, Tin Shui Wai and Tung Chung.
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Summary of the facilities in New
Town Development
Accommodate public and private housing
Essential infrastructure and community facilities
External transport system links to the urban area
Good road links to the adjacent districts.
Further enhancements of road links in the various
new towns are still on-going
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New Development Areas in the
New Territories
Previous planning and development studies have Areas in the New Territories, including: Kwu Tung
Fanling North
Hung Shui Kiu
The development of these New Development Areas will be triggered by future demand
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Urban Renewal
At present: 9 300 private buildings are 30 years' old and above in the
Metro Area
It cause the problems: poor environmental conditions
a lack of recreational or leisure facilities
The focus of revitalisation (recovery) in social, economic and environmental conditions.
The purpose of urban renewal: to improve the quality of life of residents
to reduce the number of inadequately housed people.
The Government has to balance the interests and needs of all sectors of the community without sacrificing the lawful
rights of any particular group.
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Role of the Urban Renewal
Authority
The Urban Renewal Authority was set up in May 2001
The URA should be accountable, open and transparent
Aim:
to speed up the renewal of old urban area where many building are in poor conditions, community facilities are inadequate and road layouts are below current standards.
to reduce the problem of urban deterioration through urban development and urban rehabilitation.
to facilitate better restructuring and replanning work
Nine sizeable target areas:
Kwun Tong; Ma Tau Kok; Sai Ying Pun; Sham Shui Po; Tai Kok Tsui; Tsuen Wan; Wan Chai; Yau Ma Tei; and Yau Tong
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Urban Redevelopment and
Rehabilitation
Urban Renewal=
Urban Redevelopment + Urban Rehabilitation
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Urban Redevelopment
It will target old, dilapidated buildings with poor living conditions.
These sites will be re-planned and rebuilt
the URA will assemble larger areas of land for comprehensive planning.
This will enable restructuring, for example of the local road and transport network and open spaces, to achieve a better utilisation of land and improve the overall district environment.
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Urban Rehabilitation
Proper maintenance of buildings is an essential
aspect of the regeneration of older urban areas.
The rehabilitation of buildings improves the built
environment and reduces the need or urgency for
redevelopment.
It is also in line with the Government's policy of
sustainable development.
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http://www.ura.org.hk/html/c804000e3e.html
http://www.ura.org.hk/html/c804000e3e.html