FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT BIOLOGY PLANT BIOLOGY
(Bio 103)(Bio 103)
Nanette Hope N. Sumaya, MScDepartment of Biological Sciences
CSM, MSU-IIT, Iligan City , Philippines
COURSE DESCRIPTION COURSE DESCRIPTION
Overview of plant body, plant functioning, reproduction and
embryonic development, growth and development
Course Coverage1- Brief Introduction
- Forms of Plants2- Microscopy (lab part)3- Cells and Tissues
-Plant Cells-Plant Tissues
4- Organs- Roots-Stems-Leaves-Flowers-Fruits-Seeds Reproductive
Parts
PRELIM
MIDTERM
Cont...5- Physiology
-Water Relations
-Photosynthesis
-Cellular Respiration
6-Plant Movements
FINALS
Examination – 60% Quizzes – 15 % Reporting/Oral - 10% Attendance and
Assignments- 15%
TOTAL – 100%
Grading Grading SystemSystem
Course Materials
References: Mauseth, J.D. 1998. Botany: an introduction
to plant biology—2/e, Multimedia enhanced ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sudbury, Massachusetts.
Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, and S.E. Eichorn. 1999. Biology of Plants. 6th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.
Botanyis a branch of biology which is a branch of biology which deals with the study of PLANTS. deals with the study of PLANTS.
Modern plants Modern plants studies studies
Kingdom Plantae Over 325, 000 species of plants known Have different characteristics with different sizes
ranging from microscopic to macroscopic Diversity of plant forms leads to classification Various classification scheme
- based on water requirements- based on habitat or environment location-based on life duration-based on natural system classification-based on their habit of body appearance
FORM OF PLANTS
Autotrophic or independent plants
- Can manufacture their own food- Include ALL green plants which make
their organic foodby PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Also few non-green plants just like bacteria which manufacture their organic food
A. Based on Water Requirements
1. Mesophytes – those which require moderate supply of water.
2. Xerophytes – those which live in deserts or dry places and can withstand scanty supply of water.
3. Hydrophytes – those which thrive in watery or moist places and require abundant supply of water.
4. Halophytes- those which live in watery places, but in which the water is absorbed with difficulty because of its high salt content.
B. Based on their habitat or environment location
1. Aquatic plants- live in water
2. Terrestrial plants- live on land
3. Aerial plants- are above-ground and attached to other plants
C. Based on their life duration
1. Annual plants – live for one year or only one growing season
2. Biennial plants – live for two years. The first year is mainly limited to vegetative growth, and
the second year is its reproductive year
3. Perennial plants – live from year to year or more than two years
Examples: annual plants - corn, wheat, rice, lettuce, peas,
watermelon, beans, zinnia, marigold and etc.
biennial plants - onion, parsley, carrot, and etc.
perennial plants – fruits like avocado,pineapple, strawberry, banana,apple,tomato and etc..
-herbs like garlic, basil, oregano, ginger, black pepper and etc...
-vegetables like okra, potato, gabi, camote, eggplant and etc
- shrubs and trees
D. Based on their habit of body appearance
1. Trees – woody plants with single main stem which is commonly about 20 ft in length
2. Shrubs– woody plants in a relatively short
3. Herbs – plants with soft or succulent stems
4. Vines- climbing or twining plants, with stems which may be tender or
tough
Nonvascular Plants- lack vascular plants´ specialized means of transporting water and organic nutrients, do not have true roots, stems and leaves.
a. Division Hepatophyta (liverworts)
b. Division Bryophyta (mosses)
c. Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
E. Based on natural systems of classification
Seedless Vascular Plants:a. Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)b. Division Lycopodophyta (club mosses)c. Division Equisetophyta (horsetails)d. Division Pteridophyta (ferns)
Seed Vascular Plants:Gymnospermsa. Division Pinophyta (conifers)b. Division Cycadophyta (cycads)c. Division Gingkophyta (maidenhair tree)d. Division Gnetphyta (gnetophytes)Angiospermsa. Division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)Class Magnoliopsida (dicots)Class Liliopsida (monocots)
Divisions Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta –liverworts, mosses, hornworts. All are non-vascular and non-seed.
Divisions Psilotophyta, Lycopodophyta, Equisetophyta, Pteridophytawhisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns vascular and non-seed.
Cycads have a terminal rosette of leaves and bear seeds in cones.
All cycads have separate male and female plants.
Division Ginkgophyta has only on living species – Ginkgo biloba.
The leaves are lobed.
Like Cycads, Ginkgos have separate male and female trees.
Pinophyta is the largest and most diverse division of the gymnosperms.
Most are evergreen – keeping their leaves year-round.
A very few are deciduous – dropping all of their leaves atthe same time
Though there is only one division of angiosperms, Magnoliophyta ….
It is the largest and most diverse group of
seed plants on Earth.
Magnoliophytes produce flowers, then seeds enclosed in a fruit.
Magnoliophytes can be annuals, biennials, or perennials.